Windows 2000

^[15]. In Islam, the former office of Caliph held similar meaning, as the leader of all Muslims, subordinate only to the prophet Muhammad. The report did emphasise that TCO was only one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall picture that was being shown in their report could change. In the Discordian religion, a pope is "every single man, woman, and child on this Earth." (page 00036 of the Principia Discordia). IDC also did not take into account specific application servers — servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a specific vendor — when they performed their study. In the Russian Orthodox Church it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a "pope". They found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than Windows 2000 servers and also found that none of the businesses they interviewed used 4-way SMP Linux computers. The heads of the Coptic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria are also called "popes", the former being called "Coptic Pope" or "Pope of Alexandria" and the latter called "Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa"; the parallel construction "Pope of Rome" is frequently used in the Eastern churches.

The report did not take into consideration the impact of downtime to the profitability of the business (although they did apply a 40% productivity factor, in order to recognize that employees are not entirely unproductive during periods of IT infrastructure downtime) though it did find that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows 2000 Servers. "The Black Pope" is a derogatory name given to the Superior General of the Society of Jesus due to the Jesuits' practice of wearing black cassocks (compared to the pope's always wearing white robes), and to the order's specific allegiance to the Roman pontiff. The report also found that the greatest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and downtime. Though antipope movements were significant at one time, they are now overwhelmingly minor, fringe causes. They determined, however, that Linux had a better TCO than Windows 2000 when it came to web serving. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (see Papal Schism). IDC determined that the four areas where Windows 2000 had a better TCO than Linux — over a period of five years for an average organization of 100 employees — were in the use of file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure. An antipope is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it.

IDC's report was based on telephone interviews of IT executives and managers of 104 North American companies in which they determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security and networking services. Some objectors to the papacy occasionally refer to the Catholic Church and its members by the pejorative term papist to point up what they believe to be an inappropriate focus of attention on the office and an improper attribution of certain divine favors ex officio. According to the report, Windows 2000 had a lower TCO for four infrastructure items and Linux had a lower TCO for web serving. They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that this is evidence that the office is divinely protected. IDC looked at security and other infrastructure tasks, and Web Serving. Peter after he denied Jesus). In October 2002, Microsoft commissioned IDC to determine the total cost of ownership (TCO) for enterprise applications on Windows 2000 versus the TCO of Linux on the same enterprise applications. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle Judas Iscariot, and even St.

^[14]. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the Catholic Church. The server that RIS runs on must be Windows 2000 Server and the server must be able to access a network DNS Service, a DHCP service and the Active Directory services. Peter, like Alexander VI and Callixtus III from the Borgia family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. The remote computer must also meet the Net PC specification. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to St. ^[13] RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a network interface card that has a Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot ROM installed or that it has a network card installed that is supported by the remote boot disk generator. Some objectors to the Papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office.

This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on a network. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably. Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the pope is the Antichrist or the False Prophet spoken in the Book of Revelation. Remote Installation Services (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows 2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer over a network from a central server. In Western Christianity, these objections — and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in — both contributed to, and are products of, the Protestant Reformation. Using SMS allows installations to happen over a wide geographical area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems. The Papacy's complex relationship with the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the monarchical character of the office of pope.

Those operating systems that can be upgraded in this process must be running a version of Windows that can be upgraded (Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4, Windows 98 and Windows 95 OSR2.x) and those versions must be running the SMS client agent that can receive software installation operations. Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of Apostolic Succession, or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honour or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction or they reject both claims of honor or jurisdiction, as well as claims of Papal Infallibility, as unscriptural. Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade system to Windows 2000 to multiple systems. Several of these communities refer to such claims as "Ultramontanism.". If a system has different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images would need to be maintained. Because none of them recognise the First Vatican Council as truly ecumenical, they regard its definitions concerning jurisdiction and Infallibility (and anathematisation of those who do not accept them) as invalid. The primary reason for using Sysprep is for deploying Windows 2000 to a site that has standard hardware and that needs a fast method of installing Windows 2000 to those computers. In any event, these churches see no foundation at all to papal claims of universal immediate jurisdiction, nor to claims of Papal Infallibility.

This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new Windows 2000 installations, but it also means that the reference and target computers must have the same HALs, ACPI support, and mass storage devices — though Windows 2000 automatically detects plug and play devices. The primacy is therefore regarded primarily as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the Roman Empire, a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon. Sysprep allows the duplication of a disk image on an existing Windows 2000 Server installation to multiple servers. Peter was ever bishop of Rome at all. The Winnt.exe program must also be passed a /unattend switch that points to a valid answer file and a /s file to point to the location of one or more valid installation sources. Peter in any unique sense not true of any other bishop, or raise questions about whether St. The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with hardware configuration still needing to be done later. However, these churches generally reject that the Pope is the successor to St.

The Syspart method is started on a standardised reference computer — though the hardware need not be similar — and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer's hard drive to the target computer's hard drive. Some non-Roman-Catholic Christian communities, such as the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Old Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Independent Catholic Churches, and even some Lutherans, accept the doctrine of Apostolic Succession, and therefore accept (to varying extents) the papal claims to a primacy of honour. Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), via the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), via running the Winnt32.exe program using the /syspart switch or via running the Remote Installation Service (RIS). However, the pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Roman Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1.) objections to the extent of the primacy of the pope; and (2.) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself. The Winnt.exe or Winnt32.exe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation. The pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is dogmatic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Roman Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council anathematised all who dispute the pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file, or predefined script in the form of an INI file that has all the options filled in already. From this term is derived the name Sedevacantist, which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected pope, and that there is therefore a Sede Vacante; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and especially the replacement of the Tridentine Mass with the Novus Ordo Missae are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid pope to have done these things.

An attended installation requires the manual intervention of an operator to choose options when installing the operating system. The Latin term sede vacante ("vacant seat") refers to a papal interregnum, the period between the death of the pope and the election of his successor. Installations can be attended or unattended. Traditionally, the new pope takes the Papal oath (the so-called "Oath against modernism") at his coronation, but Popes John Paul I, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI have all refused to do so. It can be installed onto servers via traditional media (such as via CD) or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition Sic transit gloria mundi ("Thus fades worldly glory"). Windows 2000 can be deployed to a site via various methods. There the pope was crowned with the triregnum and he gave his first blessing as pope, the famous Urbi et Orbi ("to the City [Rome] and to the World").

It also supports failover and load balancing. Peter's Basilica, with the newly-elected pope borne in the sedia gestatoria. ^[12] A limited edition 64 bit version of Windows 2000 Advanced Server was made available via the OEM Channel. Until 1978, the pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to St. It released Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows Datacenter Server:. He then announces the new pope's Christian name along with the new name he has adopted as his regnal name. Microsoft released various versions of Windows 2000 to cater to different markets and business needs. Peter's Square the following proclamation: Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam! ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a pope!").

The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes:. The senior Cardinal Deacon then announces from a balcony over St. Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of Windows 2000 also supports fault tolerant volume types. The pope then assumes a place of honor as the rest of the Cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" ("adoratio"), and to receive his blessing. It also requires that one or more domain controllers exist to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory directory services. Donning the appropriate vestments and re-emerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "Fisherman's Ring" by the Cardinal Camerlengo, whom he either reconfirms or reappoints. It requires that a DNS service that supports SRV resource records be installed, or that an existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this functionality. The new pope is led through the "Door of Tears" to a dressing room in which three sets of white Papal vestments ("immantatio") await: small, medium, and large.

Active Directory can only be installed on a Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows 2000 Professional computer. The Dean then asks, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope then announces the regnal name he has chosen for himself. Groups of trees that do not exist within the same namespace can be linked together to form forests. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election?" If he replies with the word "Accepto," his reign as pope begins at that instant, not at the coronation ceremony several days afterward. Active Directory can organise groups of resources into a single domain and can link domains into a contiguous domain name space together to form trees. The Dean of the College of Cardinals then asks the successfully elected Cardinal two solemn questions. Active Directory Networks can vary from a small installation with a few hundred objects, to a large installation with millions of objects. At the end of the conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, church bells were also rung to signal that a new pope had been chosen.

This allows all of the information and computer settings about an organization to be stored in a central, organized database. (Traditionally wet straw was used to help create the black smoke, but a number of "false alarms" in past conclaves have brought about this concession to modern chemistry.) When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke (fumata bianca) through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope. Active Directory stores information about its users and can act in a similar manner to a phone book. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound in order to produce black smoke, or fumata nera. Active Directory allows administrators to assign enterprise wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization, and is one of the main reasons why many corporations have moved to Windows 2000. Once the ballots are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special oven erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from St Peter's Square. ^[11]. One of the most famous aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world.

The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft File Replication Service (FRS). Balloting continues until a pope is elected by a two-thirds majority (since the promulgation of Universi Dominici Gregis the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days). DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. Assuming the number of ballots matches the number of electors, each ballot is then read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain — this provides fault tolerance to DFS. Before being read, the number of ballots are counted while still folded; if the total number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots that exist on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for any elector to insert multiple ballots.

There can be two ways of implementing DFS on Windows 2000: through standalone DFS, or through domain-based DFS. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar. A DFS root can only exist on a Windows 2000 version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server. Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. When users try to access a share that exists off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share. The election of the pope almost always takes place in the Sistine Chapel, in a meeting called a "conclave" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, cum clavi, until they elect a new pope). The Distributed File System, or DFS, allows shares in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. Pope John Paul II abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all popes will be elected by full vote of the Sacred College of Cardinals by ballot.

They all have advanced functionality not found in Windows 2000 Professional, among these features are support for DFS, Active Directory and advanced fault-tolerant volumes. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in 1621. The Windows 2000 server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. Traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection (by committee), or by plenary vote. The console can be accessed in one of two ways:. By the mid-Sixteenth century, the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors. The commands are limited to ones for checking and repairing the hard drive(s), repairing boot information (including NTLDR), replacing corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enabling/disabling services and drivers for the next boot. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year Sede Vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268.

It presents itself as a simple command line interface. The Second Council of Lyons was convened on May 7, 1274, to regulate the election of the pope. It is usually used, however, to recover the system from errors causing booting to fail, which would render other tools useless. Under present canon law, the pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80. The Recovery Console is an application that is run from outside the installed copy of Windows and that enables a user to perform maintenance tasks that cannot be run from inside of the installed copy, or cannot be feasibly run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the Dean of the College of Cardinals before assuming the Pontificate. ^[10]. Pope Urban VI, elected 1378, was the last pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election.

It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder. In 1059, the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179. It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism. The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. The System File Checker (SFC) also comes bundled with Windows 2000. However the language of that passage of the will is not clear and others have interpreted it differently. Windows XP was the first system to integrate these two programs into one, adopting the REGEDIT.EXE behavior with the additional NT functionality. After his death it was reported that in his last will and testament he had considered abdicating in 2000 as he neared his 80th birthday.

Therefore, the only way to access the full functionality of an NT registry was with REGEDT32.EXE, which uses the older multiple document interface (MDI), which newer versions of regedit do not use. Articles on the death of John Paul II. Because REGEDIT.EXE was directly ported from Windows 98, it does not support permission editing (permissions do not exist in Windows 9x). He died on 2 April 2005 after a long period of ill-health and was buried on 8 April 2005. REGEDT32.EXE was also written for the Win32 API and requires all actions to be performed from the top menu bar. Pope John Paul II did not resign. REGEDIT.EXE was written for the Win32 API and supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. Nevertheless, 332 §2 gave rise to speculation that either:.

REGEDT32.EXE represents them as a list of strings. It was widely reported in June and July 2002 that Pope John Paul II firmly refuted the speculation of his resignation using Canon 332, in a letter to the Milan daily newspaper Corriere della Sera. REGEDIT.EXE represents the three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. The Code of Canon Law 332 §2 states, If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone.. REGEDT32.EXE has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys. A nine-day period of mourning (novem dialis) follows after the interment of the late pope. REGEDIT.EXE has a left-side tree view that begins at "My Computer" and lists all loaded hives. Peter's Basilica.

One acts like the Windows 9x REGEDIT.EXE program and the other could edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32.EXE program could. The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the crypt of a leading church or cathedral; the popes of the 20th century were all interred in St. Windows 2000 comes bundled with two utilities to edit the Windows registry. The deceased pope's seals are defaced, to keep them from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed. Lastly, it also contains a services viewer, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them on demand, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. The Chamberlain cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. It also contains a disk management snap-in, which contains a disk defragmenter as well as other disk management utilities. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons.

This contains the event viewer — a means of seeing events and the Windows equivalent of a log file, a system information viewer, the ability to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, a device manager and a tool to view all the local users and groups on the Windows 2000 computer. But in the case of Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign. The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (found in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel). Usually the ring is on the pope's right hand. ^[9]. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the Fisherman's Ring. User mode consoles can have full access granted user so they can make whatever changes they desire, can have limited access so that users cannot add to the console but they can view multiple windows in a console, or they can have limited access so that users cannot add to the console and also cannot view multiple windows in a console. A doctor may or may not have already determined that the pope had passed away prior to this point.

User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. It has long been claimed that a pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late pope's head thrice with a silver hammer and calling his birth name three times, though this is disputed and has never been confirmed by the Vatican; there is general agreement that even if this procedure ever actually occurred, it was likely not employed upon the death of John Paul II. Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree can be displayed and for consoles to be saved. Any decision that needs the assent of the pope has to wait until a new pope has been elected and takes office. In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or created in user mode. During the "Reading Festival", the Sacred College of Cardinals, composed of the pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Cardinal Chamberlain; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Snap-ins can be either standalone (performs one function), or extensions (adds functionality to an existing snap-in). The current regulations regarding a papal interregnum — i.e., a sede vacante ("vacant seat") — were promulgated by John Paul II in his 1996 document Universi Dominici Gregis.

Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull Laudabiliter in 1155 (authorising Henry II of England to invade Ireland), the Bull Inter Caeteras in 1493 (leading to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which divided the world into areas of Spanish and Portuguese rule) the Bull Regnans in Excelsis in 1570 (excommunicating Elizabeth I of England and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), the Bull Inter Gravissimas in 1582 (establishing the Gregorian Calendar). Each of the tools is called a console, and most consoles allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000 computers from one centralised computer. In addition to the pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost prince bishop of Christianity (especially prominent with the Renaissance popes like Pope Alexander VI, an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and Pope Julius II, a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III), the pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Windows 2000 introduced the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. As has been hitherto mentioned, the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in 1870 with their annexation by Italy. ^[8] It also has support for many different locales, a list of which can be found on Microsoft's website. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish ruler Charlemagne as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire; from that date it became the pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor or any monarch with affiliations with the church until the crowning of Napoleon.

It supports Arabic, Armenian, Baltic, Central European, Cyrillic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkic, Vietnamese and Western European languages. Peter). Windows 2000 has support for many languages other than English. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by Pope Leo I's confrontation with Attila in 452 and was substantially increased in 754, when the Frankish ruler Pippin the Younger donated to the pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called Papal States (properly the Patrimony of St. They included several utilities designed to make the system more accessible:. Though the progressive Christianisation of the Roman Empire in the fourth century did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. Microsoft made an effort to increase the usability of Windows 2000 for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities. See Donation of Constantine for discussion of the broader authority the papacy has argued the Catholic Church possesses in affairs of state.

Windows 2000 also added support for iSCSI protocol. While approval is generally granted, it is at the pope's discretion. All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of dynamic disk volumes (along with basic storage): simple volumes, spanned volumes and striped volumes:. Most of these functions are performed by and through the various dicasteries of the Roman Curia, with the pope simply approving their actions prior to becoming official. Windows 2000 introduced the Logical Disk Manager for dynamic storage. He can appoint bishops to dioceses, erect and suppress dioceses, appoint prefects to the Roman dicasteries, approve or veto their acts, modify the Liturgy and issue liturgical laws, revise the Code of Canon Law, canonize and beatify individuals, approve and suppress religious orders, impose canonical sanctions, act as a judge and hear cases, issue encyclicals, and issue infallible statements on matters pertaining to faith and morals which, according to the Church, must be believed by all Catholics. ^[7] Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files has been built in to the EFS system. The pope has many powers which he exercises.

Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. It enables each person to attain salvation through his or her free cooperation.". It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. This grace comes from Christ; it is the result of his sacrifice and is communicated by the Holy Spirit. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the file header. For such people, salvation in Christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the Church, does not make them formally a part of the Church but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. Pope Pius IX stated in his encyclical Quanto conficiamur moeror (1868): "We all know that those who are afflicted with invincible ignorance with regard to our holy religion, if they carefully keep the precepts of the natural law that have been written by God in the hearts of all men, if they are prepared to obey God, and if they lead a virtuous and dutiful life, can attain eternal life by the power of divine light and grace." Pope John Paul II wrote in his encyclical Redemptoris Missio: "But it is clear that today, as in the past, many people do not have an opportunity to come to know or accept the Gospel revelation or to enter the Church...

EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively smaller amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher is used. Many popes stressed that those who are "invincibly ignorant of the Catholic religion" can still obtain salvation. As of February 2004, its encryption has not been compromised. However, this dogma has been misinterpreted by both Catholics and non-Catholics alike. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). and if separated from the Body of Christ he is not one of His members, nor is he fed by His Spirit.". It allowed any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently to the end user. The Catholic Church alone is the Body of Christ..

The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong encryption into the Windows file world. Blessed John XXIII said: "Into this fold of Jesus Christ no man may enter unless he be led by the Sovereign Pontiff, and only if they be united to him can men be saved." Pope Paul VI also said: "Those outside the Church do not possess the Holy Spirit. Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another. This teaching is often summarized by the phrase "extra Ecclesiam nulla salus" (outside the Church exists no salvation), which has been reaffirmed by many popes throughout the centuries. Reparse points are used to implement Volume Mount Points, Directory Junctions, Hierarchical Storage Management, Native Structured Storage and Single Instance Storage. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that "it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every creature to be united to the Roman Pontiff" (Pope Boniface VIII). Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of Papal infallibility, sc. such that.

Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeroes. 331 defines the power of the pope as "supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power"). Microsoft released the third version of the NT File System (NTFS) — also known as version 5.0 — in Windows 2000; this introduced quotas, file-system-level encryption (called EFS), sparse files and reparse points. The powers of the pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that "he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgement" and that "the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon" (can. In order to improve performance on computers running Windows 2000 as a server operating system, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimising the operating system for background services or for applications. The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, "On the power and character of the primacy of the Roman pontiff," states that (s.1) "the definition of the ecumenical council of Florence, which must be believed by all faithful Christians, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a world-wide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people," that (s.2) "by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate" and that "clergy and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of hierarchical subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world.". Users have the option of dumping the first 64KB of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for debugging purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000 event log. The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, "On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs", states that (s.1) "that which our Lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time," that (s.3) "whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church", and that (s.5) "if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the Lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema.".

^[6] Microsoft recognised that the infamous Blue Screen of Death (or stop error) could cause serious problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred. The first chapter of this document is entitled "On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter", and states that (s.1) "according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of God was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the Lord" and that (s.6) "if anyone says that blessed Peter the apostle was not appointed by Christ the Lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church militant; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our Lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be anathema.". This prevents programs (with the exception of Microsoft's update programs) from replacing critical Windows system files and thus making the system inoperable. The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ (July 18, 1870). As well as these features, Microsoft introduced a new feature to protect critical system files, called Windows File Protection (WFP). The ommission of the tiara in the pope´s personal coat of arms, however, did not mean the total disappearence of it from papal heraldry, since the coat of arms of the Holy See was kept unatered. Windows 2000 also has several standard system utilities included as standard. The distinctive feature of the crossed keyes behind the shield was maintained.

Certain features are common across all versions of Windows 2000 (both Professional and the Server versions), among them being NTFS 5, the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), the Encrypting File System (EFS), dynamic and basic disk storage, usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. With the recent election of Benedict XVI in 2005, his personal coat of arms eliminated the papal tiara; a mitre with three horizontal lines is used in its place, with the pallium, a papal symbol of authority, more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan archbishops as a sign of communion with the See of Rome, was added underneath of the shield. The lowest level drivers are either legacy Windows NT device drivers that control a device directly or can be a PnP hardware bus. This flag was first adopted in 1808, whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colours of the Pontificate. The Windows Driver Model (WDM) exists in the intermediate layer and was mainly designed to be binary and source compatible between Windows 98 and Windows 2000. The flag most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See ("Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. Kernel mode drivers exist in three levels: highest level drivers, intermediate drivers and low level drivers. Though unique for each pope, the arms are always surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an X) behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver triregnum with three gold crowns and red infulae, or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn ("two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or").

^[5] The microkernel is also responsible for initialising device drivers at bootup that are necessary to get the operating system up and running. In heraldry, each pope has his own Papal Coat of Arms. The microkernel often interfaces with the process manager. Main article: Papal regalia and insignia.. The microkernel sits between the HAL and the executive and provides multiprocessor synchronization, thread and interrupt scheduling and dispatching, trap handling and exception dispatching. Other important passages include Luke 22: 31 – 32, John 1: 42, and John 21: 15 – 17. The HAL includes hardware specific code that controls I/O interfaces, interrupt controllers and multiple processors. Peter:.

It was designed to hide differences in hardware and therefore provide a consistent platform to run applications on. Chief among these passages is Matthew 16: 18 – 19, wherein Jesus Christ says to St. The Windows 2000 Hardware Abstraction Layer, or HAL, is a layer between the physical hardware of the computer and the rest of the operating system. The Roman Catholic Faith maintains that the institution of the Papacy has a biblical basis, and cites certain key passages in support of this contention. It contains various components, including:. As such, between 1309 and 1378 the popes lived in Avignon (the Avignon Papacy), a period often called the Babylonian Captivity in allusion to the Biblical exile of Israel. It deals with I/O, object management, security and process management. The pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not required to live there; according to the Latin formula ubi Papa, ibi Curia, wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the pope is Bishop of Rome.

The executive interfaces with all the user mode subsystems. Consequently Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The kernel mode stops user mode services and applications from accessing critical areas of the operating system that they should not have access to. Peter (see Apostolic Succession). Kernel mode in Windows 2000 has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The name "Holy See" (also "Apostolic See") is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the Apostle St. It consists of a security subsystem (grants/denies access and handles logons), workstation service (helps the computer gain network access) and a server service (lets the computer provide network services). It is the pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the pope's court (the Roman Curia) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church.

The integral subsystem looks after operating system specific functions on behalf of the environment subsystem. The former Papal summer palace, the Quirinal Palace, has subsequently been the official residence of the Kings of Italy and President of the Italian Republic. There are three main environment subsystems:. Historically the official residence of the pope was the Lateran Palace, donated by the Roman Emperor Constantinus I. These applications, however, run at a lower priority than kernel mode processes. He also possesses a summer palace at Castel Gandolfo (situated on the site of the ancient city-state Alba Longa). The environment subsystem was designed to run applications written for many different types of operating systems. The pope's official seat is the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, and his official residence is the Palace of the Vatican.

Two subsystems make up the user mode layer of Windows 2000: the environment subsystem and the integral subsystem. John Paul II. User mode in Windows 2000 is made of subsystems capable of passing I/O requests to the appropriate kernel mode drivers by using the I/O manager. (His Holiness), as in H.H. All user mode applications access system resources through the executive which runs in kernel mode. Writing informally, pious Catholics will often use the abbreviation H.H. Such programs are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. This title, however, was not abandoned altogether: the pope is still refered to as "Dominum Apostolicum" in the Latin version of the Litany of the Saints, a solemn Catholic prayer, and in some translations of it.

The user mode refers to the mode in which user programs are run. Other titles used in some official capacity include Summus Pontifex ("Highest Pontiff"), Sanctissimus Pater and Beatissimus Pater ("Most Holy Father" and "Most Blessed Father"), Sanctissimus Dominus Noster ("Our Most Holy Lord"), and, in the Medieval period, Dominus Apostolicus ("Apostolic Lord"). Windows 2000 is a highly modular system that consists of two main layers: a user mode and a kernel mode. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God"), the latter title dating to the time of Pope Gregory I the Great. The worms have also had political consequences as many companies in several countries started to call for government action to prevent further damages from Windows worms. Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei ("NN. In August 2003, two major worms named the Sobig worm and the Blaster worm began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers, resulting in the largest down-time and clean-up cost ever. Bishop of the Catholic Church"), while the heading is NN.

Code Red and Code Red II were famous (and highly visible to the worldwide press) computer worms that exploited vulnerabilities of the indexing service of Windows 2000's Internet Information Services (IIS). Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae ("NN. Several notable security flaws have been found in Windows 2000. The signature of Papal bulls is customarily NN. The only elements of the Windows project which were included in Windows 2000 were the ability to upgrade from Windows 95 or Windows 98, and support for the FAT32 file system. Max." or "P.M." (abbreviation of the ancient title Pontifex Maximus, literally "Greatest Bridge-maker", but usually translated "Supreme Pontiff"). Windows Me was released as a substitute, and the Neptune project was forwarded to the production of Whistler (Windows XP). VI"), the "PP." standing for Papa ("Pope") (or, according to unofficial sources, Pater Patrum, "Father of Fathers"), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation "Pont.

However, the project lagged in production time – and only one alpha release was built. x" (e.g., Pope Paul VI signed his name as "Paulus PP. Windows Neptune started development in 1999, and was supposed to be the home-user edition of Windows 2000. PP. Microsoft has replaced Windows 2000 Server products with Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Professional with Windows XP Professional. The pope's signature is usually in the format "NN. Windows 2000 has since been superseded by newer Microsoft operating systems. This full title is rarely used.