Computer and video games

Take for example South Korea. Generally speaking, Old World (European) wines are named for the place of production, with the grapes used often not appearing on the label. Computer games are huge business worldwide. Wines are usually named either by their grape variety or by their place of production. A large number of summer blockbuster films spawn a companion game, often launching at the same time in order to share the marketing costs. Instead of labels, the bottles (red, as well as white) had printing in gold on them, as seen in the illustration. The game and film industries are also becoming increasingly intertwined, with companies like Sony having significant stakes in both. An example is the Mildara Rhine Riesling produced in 1973 to mark the opening of the Sydney Opera House.

This is untrue; in the United States, video game sales have exceeded the movies' total box office revenue each year since about 1996, but the movie studios trounce the video game publishers when the movies' "ancillary revenue" is counted, meaning sales of DVDs, sales to foreign distributors, and sales to cable TV, satellite TV, and broadcast television networks. Some wines, produced to mark significant events in a country or region, can also become collectible because of labelling design. There is a commonly repeated, mistaken belief that video game sales now exceed the revenues of the movie industry. False labeling is another dishonest practice commonly used. Retail PC game sales have been declining slightly each year since about 1998, but this fact should be taken with a grain of salt: the retail sales numbers from NPD do not include sales from online downloads, nor subscription revenue for games like MMORPGs. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing. These figures are sales in dollars, not units; unit shipments for each category were higher than the dollar sales numbers indicate, as more software and hardware was sold at reduced prices compared to 2003. Wine fraud scams often work by charging excessively high prices for the wine, while representing that it is a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles.

It reported that as of 2004:. Also investment in fine wine has attracted a number of fraudsters who have played on fine wine's exclusive image, and their clients' ignorance of this sector of the wine market. The NPD Group tracks computer and video game sales in the United States. Many wine writers have decried the trend, as it has pushed up prices to the point that few people will consider drinking such valuable commodities, and consequently they are kept in bottles undrunk where they eventually deteriorate into a substance very much like red wine vinegar in taste (and desirability). In South Korea, computer games are preferred, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games; there are over 20,000 PC bang Internet cafes where computer games can be played for an hourly charge. The most common wines purchased for investment are Bordeaux and Port. Japanese consumers avoid computer games and instead buy video games, with a strong preference for games created in Japan, that run on Japanese consoles (1 reason the Xbox series is less popular). Secondary markets for these wines have consequently developed, as well as specialised facilities for post-purchase storage for people to "invest" in wine.

Sales of different types of games vary widely between these markets due to local preferences. Exclusive wines come from all the best winemaking regions of the world. [3]. Some high-end wines are veblen goods (for conspicuous consumption). China is not considered a significant market, most likely because an estimated 95% of video games sold in the country are pirated. For restaurateurs, serving old vintages is a risk that is compensated through elevated prices. Other significant markets include Spain, Germany, South Korea, France, and Italy. This is for a reason: diners will often return wines that have spoilt and not bear the expense.

The four largest markets for computer and video games are the United States, Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom. Restaurants will often charge between two to five times the price of what a wine merchant may ask for an exceptional vintage. The average age of the video game player is now 30 [2], belying the myth that video games are largely a diversion for teenagers. Part of the expense associated with high-end wine comes from the number of bottles which must be discarded in order to produce a drinkable wine. The popularity of computer and video games, as a whole, has been increasing steadily ever since the 1984-1987 drop-off caused by the video game crash of 1983, and the popularity appears to be continuing to increase. On the other hand, they may spoil after such long storage periods, unbeknownst to the drinker about to open the bottle. This term has now expanded to include any game that has more direct action, with fewer long term objectives, focuses on time limits and, for the most part, shorter in-game levels. Such wines are often at their best years, or sometimes decades, after bottling.

Arcade games that are no longer profitable to lease can be purchased by private individuals, many of whom then explore the game dynamics by altering the programs in minor ways. Red wines, at least partly because of their ability to form more complex subtleties, are typically the most expensive. Controls are similar to those available for many consoles (albeit usually as peripherals) and range from the classic joystick and buttons (Pac-Man), to light guns (Duck Hunt), to pads on the ground that sense pressure (Dance Dance Revolution). At the highest end, rare, super-premium wines are amongst the most expensive of all foodstuffs, and outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle. These are programmed, equipped, and decorated for a specific game, consisting of a video display, a set of controls, and the coin slot. It can sometimes profit from aging 2-3 years and some Prestige Cuvées even much longer. Arcade games, traditionally, are "coin-operated games", played on a standalone device originally leased to commercial entertainment venues. French Champagne is often non-vintage, but still expensive.

Because they are designed to be played on the go, they were traditionally small enough to carry conveniently in a bag or jacket (the Virtual Boy being an exception to this), but due to their small size, handheld consoles have reduced processing power compared to larger consoles, meaning that games are shorter, and until the release of the Nintendo DS, were largely limited to 2D. There are exceptions though. Handheld consoles act as their own controllers, which the player uses to interact with the game, as well as having in-built display and audio output devices. Conversely, wines such as White Zinfandel, which don't age well, are made to be drunk immediately and may not be labeled with a vintage year. Handheld games are played on handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo Game Boy line, the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP. Some vintage wines are only made in better-than-average years. Consoles themselves branched off from personal computers around two decades ago, a fact which is still evident not only in the name, but also in many of the peripherals available for many consoles, like the keyboard and mouse peripherals released for the Sony PlayStation 2 and the Sega Dreamcast. Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages.

The player usually interacts with the game through a controller, and video and sound are typically delivered to the player via a television through composite A/V cables, although most modern consoles support additional outputs, such as surround sound, progressive scan, and High Definition setups through the use of component cables. Whilst vintage wines are generally made in a single batch so that each and every bottle will have a similar taste, climatic factors can have a dramatic impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality. Console games are played on a video game console,or "home console", a specialized computer specifically designed to play games of a certain format. They are therefore more expensive than non-vintage wines. Some of these games, such as Runescape, however, have expanded far beyond this, and can often be considered on the same level as "mainstream" PC games. For most types of wine, the best-quality grapes and the most care in wine-making are employed on vintage wines. Some are on going user-based games that have no ending. These wines often improve in flavor as they age, and wine enthusiasts will occasionally save bottles of a favorite vintage wine for future consumption.

These games generally do not share the same magnitude of development costs, depth, or seriousness of PC and console games, and are generally quick to complete by comparison. "Vintage wines" are made from grapes of a single year's harvest, and are accordingly dated. The Internet is also host to thousands of small web-based games, written using formats like Flash and Javascript. Wines may be classified by the year in which the grapes are harvested, known as the "vintage". Online games need to allow several people to play at the same time, so not all genres are suitable; the most popular genres include MMORPGs, FPSs, racing/driving games, strategy games, and sports titles. Specific flavors may also be sensed, at least by an experienced taster, due to the highly complex mix of organic molecules, such as esters, that a fully vinted wine contains. It is now a key feature of modern games, with the inclusion of Internet connectivity in consoles such as the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Gamecube (although it was only fully exploited on the Xbox); portable consoles such as the PSP or DS that use Wi-Fi, and in mobile/cellular phones. Dry wine, for example, has only a tiny amount of residual sugar.

The first console to incorporate this feature was the Sega Dreamcast. The sweetness of wines can be measured in brix, at harvest, but is in actuality determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation. Online gaming began with PC games, but has expanded over time to include most modern consoles. Wines may be described as 'dry' (meaning they are without sugar), off-dry, fruity, or sweet, for example. Online Games are those which are played over the Internet. Different grape varieties are associated with the aromas and tastes of different compounds. Ease of software piracy is also a much greater threat with PC games, although console hardware modifications do make it possible to play pirated games on them as well. They are made up of chemical compounds which are similar to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices.

Without the proper hardware, the game may perform poorly or not run at all, as opposed to console software, in which the software is designed based on the set hardware configuration of the console. Wines may be also classified by their primary impression on the drinker's palate. One possible explanation for the declining sales of personal computer games in relation to that of consoles can be found within the PC itself: a computer must meet certain minimum requirements such as CPU speed, Random access memory (RAM), system clock speed (MHz or GHz), video card memory, hard drive space, operating system, Internet connection speed (for online games) and other criteria. Grappa is a dry colorless brandy, distilled from fermented grape pomace, the pulpy residue of grapes, stems and seeds that were pressed for the winemaking process. For more information, see sales. Brandy is a distilled wine. According to the Entertainment Software Association, console games have outsold computer games roughly four units to one in 2003 and 2004 [1]. Fortified wines are often sweeter, always more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy.

There is, however, a continuing movement to get the most popular games to run under the Mac and Linux operating systems, although it is still small. In most countries except the United States, champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from a region in France. Today, most major PC games require a recent version of the Windows operating system to be installed on the computer. Other international denominations of sparkling wine include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), Cava (Spain), Spumante or Prosecco (Italy). PC games are often more detailed than console games because of early market releases of their external architecture and graphics cards. In France, wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are called Méthode Traditionnelle. Video feedback is received by the user through the computer screen, sound through speakers or headphones. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container, where the gas is caught and remains in the wine.

They are played on the personal computer with standard computer interface devices such as the keyboard and mouse, or additional peripherals, such as joysticks. They vary from just a slight bubbliness to the classic Champagne. Personal computer games are commonly referred to as "computer games" or "PC games". Sparkling wines, such as champagne, are those with carbon dioxide, either from fermentation or added later. During the last generation of gaming, most major PC game releases have coincided with the release of console versions, and titles initially developed for a single platform are often ported to others if they prove to be successful. Rosé wines are a compromise between reds and whites: the skin of red grapes is left in for a short time during fermentation, or a small amount of red wine is blended with a white wine. Many games intended for PCs are now just as prevalent on consoles, with many developers creating versions for more than one platform. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'blush'.

The final home platform is the PC. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. The 3 main home video game platform companies are Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony, who between them have created seven of the eight home platforms most commonly used today. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by the skin being left in contact with the juice during fermentation. Games are not interchangeable between platforms so, for example, Xbox games will not work in your PC. Grapes with colored juice are known as teinturiers, such as alicante bouchet. Personal computers, consoles, handheld systems, and arcade machines are all common. The colour of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation.

Today there are many different devices, or platforms, on which games may be played. These include classifications such as sparkling, still, fortified, rosé, and blush. The increase in the popularity of online gaming has also resulted in sub-genres being formed, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). Wines may be classified by vinification methods. Most games nowadays are a combination of two or more genres (e.g action/RPG). Their producers will try to minimize differences in sources of grapes, hide any hint of often-unremarkable "terroirs", or climatically under-performing harvest years, by:. The most common genres in use today include platformer, adventure, role-playing game (RPG), first person shooter (FPS), third person shooter (both these are sometimes refered to as shoot-'em-ups), sports, racing, fighting, action (note that this term is abused often), puzzle, simulation, and real time strategy (RTS). However, flavor differences are not necessarily a desirable quality for large producers of table wine or more affordable wines, where consistency is more important for mass-market wine brands.

Games, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres based on gameplay, atmosphere, and various other factors. Many small producers use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the aroma and taste influences of their unique terroir. Although the use of this term is often disputed, as it is considered too vague for the range of concepts it describes, it is currently the most commonly used and accepted term for this purpose when describing video games. The variety of grape(s), aspect (direction of slope), elevation, and topography of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, the climate and seasonal conditions under which grapes are grown, the local yeast cultures altogether form the concept of "terroir." The range of possibilities lead to great variety among wine products, which is extended by the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes. It includes direct interaction, such as controls and interface, but also design aspects of the game, such as levels and graphics. Grafting is done in every wine-producing country of the World except for Chile, which has yet to be exposed to the bug. In computer and video gaming, gameplay (sometimes called "Game mechanics") is a general term that describes player interaction with a game. This is common practice because North American grape species are resistant to phylloxera.

The second generation Microsoft offering, the Xbox 360, will be powered by a multi-core CPU, the PlayStation 3 will be powered by Cell processor technology, and the Nintendo Revolution will allow the gamer to interact with the game via a wireless motion sensing controller and promises more innovations, although full technical specifications are yet to be revealed. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European vinifera vines that have been grafted onto North American species rootstock. Sony with the PlayStation 3, Nintendo with the codenamed Nintendo Revolution, and Microsoft with the Xbox 360 are all participating in this coming year's "technology race". Hybrids are not to be confused with the practice of grafting. The end of 2005 and first and second quarters of 2006 will see the next generation of console gaming in the form of continuing advances in processor technology, graphics technology, design innovation, and even platform specific gaming community infrastructure. Although generally prohibited by law in traditional wine regions, hybrids are planted in substantial numbers in cool-climate viticultural areas. In Western countries the consoles have had similar levels of success,the PSP sales being slightly bigger, but in Japan the DS has been a huge hit, vastly outselling the PSP. Concord wine (Vitis labrusca species).

The Nintendo DS (DS stands for Dual-Screen) is a highly innovative console, and the PSP is much more powerful and also includes limited media capabilities. Vitis labrusca, Vitis aestivalis, Vitis muscadinia, Vitis rupestris, Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis riparia are native North American grapes, usually grown for eating in fruit form or made into grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine, eg. The other two more technically advanced handhelds to be released in 2004, the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable (PSP), didn't help the N-Gage. Wine can also be made from other species or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of two species. In 2004 Nokia released a re-tooled N-Gage, the N-Gage QD which didn't fare much better. Blended wines are in no way inferior to varietal wines; indeed, some of the world's most valued and expensive wines from the Bordeaux, Rioja or Tuscany regions, are a blend of several grape varieties of the same vintage. It was criticized for being poorly designed, and flopped. When one of these varieties, such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, or Merlot, for example, is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75 or 85%) the result is a varietal, as opposed to a blended wine.

Nokia entered the handheld market with its N-Gage game-phone hybrid on October 7 2003. Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species, Vitis vinifera. Sega became a third-party developer for Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft in 2002. In 2000, Great Britain imported more wine from Australia than from France for the first time in history. Sega realised they could no longer compete, and announced they would discontinue the Dreamcast and no longer manufacture hardware. The leaders in export volume by market share in 2003 were:. Nintendo released their successor to the Nintendo 64, the GameCube, and the first all new Game Boy since the consoles inception, the Game Boy Advance. The vineyards of Algeria used to produce many fine wines, especially during and immediately after the era of French colonization, but civil strife since the 1970s has greatly reduced this industry.

Its flagship game, Halo: Combat Evolved, is also available at the system's launch. In the United States, California accounts for the largest share of wine producers, including Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Monterey, Paso Robles, and Santa Ynez. In 2001 Microsoft entered the videogame console industry by releasing its new home console, the Xbox. The 13 largest export nations (2005 dates) – Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States of America, Germany, South Africa, Portugal, Moldova, Hungary, Croatia and Argentina. It was an instant hit and became the best-selling computer game of all time, surpassing Myst. Grapevines prefer a relatively long growing season of 100 days or more with warm daytime temperatures (no greater than 95°F/35°C) and cool nights (a difference of 40°F/23°C or more). The Sims was also released. The world's most southerly vineyards are in the South Island of New Zealand near the 45th parallel.

In 2000 Sony released the widely anticipated PlayStation 2. Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the Equator. 1998 saw the releases of the Sega Dreamcast in Japan (1999 in the US) and the Game Boy Color from Nintendo. The advent of wine in Europe was the work of the Greeks who spread the art of grape-growing and winemaking in Ancient Greek and Roman times. The Saturn was successful in Japan but a failure in North America, leaving Sega outside of the main competition. By the end of the Old Kingdom, five wines, all probably produced in the Delta, constitute a canonical set of provisions, or fixed "menu," for the afterlife. By the end of this period, Sony had dethroned Nintendo, the PlayStation outselling the Nintendo 64. Winemaking scenes on tomb walls, and the offering lists that accompanied them, included wine that was definitely produced at the deltaic vineyards.

In particular, SquareSoft, which had released all previous games in its Final Fantasy series for Nintendo consoles, now turned to the PlayStation; Final Fantasy VII (1997) was a huge success, establishing the popularity of role-playing games in the west and making the PlayStation the primary console for the genre. The industry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and Canaan during the Early Bronze Age, commencing from at least the Third Dynasty (2650 – 2575 BC), the beginning of the Old Kingdom period (2650 – 2152 BC). Nintendo's choice to use cartridges instead of CD-ROMs for the Nintendo 64, unique among the consoles of this period, proved to have negative consequences. 3000 BC. The flagship title, Super Mario 64, became a defining title for 3D platform games. A thriving royal winemaking industry was established in the Nile Delta following the introduction of grape cultivation from the Levant to Egypt c. After many delays, Nintendo released its 64-bit console, the Nintendo 64 in 1996, selling more than 1.5 million units in only three months. In Ancient Egypt, wine played an important part in ceremonial life.

Both consoles used 32-bit technology; the door was open for 3D games. None of these areas can be singled out, despite persistent suggestions that Georgia is the birthplace of wine[3]. In 1994-1995, Sega released Sega Saturn and Sony made its debut to the video gaming scene with the PlayStation. Wild grapes grow in the northern Levant, coastal and southeastern Turkey, the Caspian coast of Iran, Armenia, and Georgia. Basic 3D graphics entered the mainstream with flat-shaded polygons enabled by additional processors in game cartridges like Virtua Racing and Starfox. However, the first large-scale production of wine must have been in the region where grapes were first domesticated, the Near East. CD-ROM drives were first seen in this generation, as add-ons for the PC Engine in 1988 and the Megadrive in 1991. It could have been anywhere in the vast region, stretching from Spain to Central Asia, where wild grapes grow.

The PC Engine eventually lost out to the Super Famicom, but retained enough of a user base to support new games well into the late 1990s. Exactly where wine was first made will probably never be known. In Japan, the PC Engine's (Turbografx 16) 1987 success against the Famicom and CD drive peripheral allowed it to fend off the Mega Drive (Genesis) in 1988, which never really caught on to the same degree as outside Japan. The identifications have not yet been replicated in other laboratories. The NEC TurboGrafx 16 was the first 16-bit system to be marketed in the region, but did not achieve a large following, partly due to a limited library of English games and effective marketing from Sega. These identifications are regarded with caution by some biochemists because of the risk of false positives, particularly where complex mixtures of organic materials, and degradation products, may be present. The North American market was dominated by the Sega Genesis early on after its debut in 1989, with the Nintendo Super NES proving a strong, roughly equal rival in 1991. The identifications are based on the identification of tartaric acid and tartrate salts using a form of infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

While some of the other systems remained in production until the mid-90s, the Game Boy remained at the top spot in sales throughout its lifespan. Records include jars from the Pottery Neolithic (5400-5000 BC) site of Hajji Firuz Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of present-day Iran and from Late Uruk (3500-3100 BC) occupation at the site of Uruk, in Mesopotamia[2]. Although most other systems were more technologically advanced, they were hampered by higher battery consumption and less third-party developer support. Wine residue has been identified by Patrick McGovern's team at the University Museum, Pennsylvania, in ancient pottery jars. Several rival handhelds also made their debut around that time, including the Sega Game Gear and Atari Lynx. There is scanty evidence for earlier domestication of grape, in the form of grape pips from Chalcolithic Tell Shuna in Jordan, but this evidence remains unpublished. Included with the system was Tetris, a popular puzzle game. Grapes were, of course, also an important food.

In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, the first handheld console since the ill-fated Microvision ten years before. There is also increasingly abundant evidence for wine making in Sumeria and Egypt in the third millennium BC. See the article on Console wars for additional information on that facet of game history. Domesticated grapes were abundant in the Near East from the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, starting in 3200 BC. The last two decades of game history have been marked by separate markets for games on video game consoles, home computers and handhelds. It is unlikely they could have been the basis of a wine industry. and many others of today's popular Nintendo genre. However, wild grapes are small and sour, and relatively rare at archaeological sites.

The video game crash of 1983, however, produced a dark age in the market that was not filled until the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) reached North America in 1985.This presented Americans with games such as Mario Bros. This would have been easier following the development of pottery vessels in the later Neolithic of the Near East, about 9000 years ago. The late 1970s to early 1980s brought about the improvement of home consoles and the release of the Atari 2600, Intellivision and Colecovision. It is plausible that early foragers and farmers made alcoholic beverages from wild fruits, including wild grapes (Vitis sylvestris). He created a system with limited capabilities called the brown box, which paved the way for the next wave of home consoles. Little is known of the prehistory of wine. The first home console video games, were created by Ralph Baer who is now known as the creator of video games. [1].

The 1970s also saw the release of the first home video game consoles. Some believe this word was derived from the Georgian ghvino while still others have also argued that it originated from the Arabic "Wine" " which means grape. The paddles were white bars with a dot moving between them. The word wine comes from the Old English win, which derives from the Proto-Germanic *winam which was an early borrowing from the Latin vinum (related to Greek οἶνος), which can mean either the "wine" or the "vine" . One of the best-known of these games is Pong, a simple game simulating Ping Pong. . Arcade games were developed in the 1970s (Pac-man to Frogger) and led to the so-called "Golden Age of Arcade Games". The English word wine and its equivalents in other languages are protected by law in many jurisdictions.

The first video game was Space War created at MIT in 1962. However, in such cases a qualifier is often legally required (e.g., "elderberry wine"). The first primitive computer and video games were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and ran on platforms such as oscilloscopes, university mainframes and EDSAC computers. Wine-like beverages can be produced by the fermentation of other fruits and flowers (fruit or country wines), barley (barley wine), rice (sake), and even honey (mead). . Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of grapes and grape juice. In common usage, "computer game" or "PC game" refers specifically to games played on a personal computer, "console game" refers to games played on specifically-designed set top box, that play through a TV and "video game" (or "videogame") refers to any game played on a device that plays through your TV but also includes PC, Console, Mobile Phone or PDA or other handheld device. The series was very popular and a wine named Falcon Crest even went on the market.

A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. Mondovino, USA/France 2004: A documentary film directed by American film maker, Jonathan Nossiter, explaining the impact of globalization on the various wine-producing regions. A computer game is a computer-controlled game that players may interact with. Yellow Tail A vineyard based in Australia. PC game sales: $1.1 billion, down 2% from 2003 [6]. Trefethen Vineyards Winner of first place among Chardonnays at Wine Olympics. Console and portable hardware and accessory sales: $3.7 billion, down 35% from 2003 [5]. Catherines Wine Tasting of 2005.

Console and portable software sales: $6.2 billion, up 8% from 2003 [4]. Thirty Benches Wines: Selected for St. For specific information regarding "console games" or, see console game.. The Wine Group: Third largest wine company in the world. For specific information regarding "computer games", see personal computer game.. Sterling Vineyards Winner of first place in Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981. Stag's Leap Wine Cellars: Winner of first place in Paris Wine Tasting of 1976; winner of first place in San Francisco Wine Tasting of 1978.

Spring Mountain Vineyard: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Puligny-Montrachet Les Pucelles Domaine Leflaive Selected for Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Massaya: Wine from Lebanon. Marchesi Antinori.

Royal Wine Company: Also known as "Kedem", is a U.S.-incorporated Kosher food manufacturing and distribution corporation, run by the Herzog family since 1848; holds exclusive United States distribution rights for several Israeli wines and spirits, and is especially known for the Baron Herzog Varietals line of wines. Ridge Vineyards: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986 and Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986. Remick Ridge Vineyards: A California-based vineyard and winery, owned and operated by the Smothers Brothers. Penfolds Grange: Won first place in Shiraz/Sirah at Wine Olympics.

Meursault Charmes Roulot: Selected for the New York Wine Tasting of 1973. Mayacamas Vineyards: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986, and French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. KWV (Koöperatiewe Winjnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika): The name of the company, formed in 1997, from the former winemakers cooperative in South Africa. Heitz Wine Cellars: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 and Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981; won first place in Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986.

Grgich Hills Cellar. Freemark Abbey Winery: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 and Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981. E & J Gallo Winery: Second largest wine company in the world. Douglas Green Bellingham (DGB).

Distell. David Bruce Winery: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Constellation Brands: Largest wine company in the world. Cloudy Bay Vineyards: A noted producer of Sauvignon Blanc.

Clos Du Val Winery: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976; winner of first place in French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. Château Rauzan-Gassies: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 2005. Château Pontet-Canet: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 2005. Château Pichon Longueville Baron: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 2005.

Château Pétrus: A vineyard of the Pomerol wine region in Bordeaux. Selected for Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981, Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986, and French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. The first estate to begin complete chateau bottling of the harvest. Château Mouton Rothschild: Located at Bordeaux, France.

Château Montrose: Selected for Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986, and French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. Chateau Montelena: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976; winner of first place in New York Wine Tasting of 1973. Château Margaux: Selected for both Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981 and Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004. Catherines Wine Tasting of 2005.

Chateau Lynch-Moussas: Selected for St. Château Leoville Las Cases: Selected for Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986 and French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. Château Latour: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981. Château Lascombes: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 2005.

Château Lafite-Rothschild: Selected for both Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981 and Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004. Château Haut-Brion: Selected for Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981, Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986, and French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986. Catherines Wine Tasting of 2005. Chateau Haut-Bages Liberal: Selected for St.

Château Ducru-Beaucaillou : selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981. Château Cheval Blanc: A vineyard in Saint-Émilion, France. Catherines Wine Tasting of 2005. Chateau de Camensac: Selected for St.

Château Brane-Cantenac: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 2005. Catherines Wine Tasting of 2005. Château Branaire-Ducru: Selected for St. Chalone Vineyard: Selected for the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976.

Beaune Clos des Mouches Joseph Drouhin: Selected for both the New York Wine Tasting of 1973 and the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Beaulieu Vineyard: Selected for Ottawa Wine Tasting of 1981. Batard-Montrachet Ramonet-Prudhon: Selected for Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. Often referred to as a winemaker.

Oenologist: A wine scientist. Winemaker: A person that makes wine. Sommelier: A waiter in a restaurant who specializes in wine. Vintner: A wine merchant or producer.

Négociant: A wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers, and sells them under his own name. Cooper: Someone who makes wooden barrels, casks, and other similar wooden objects. Wine stopper: An accessory, used to close leftover wine bottles because it is hard to put the original cork back into the bottleneck. Wine-press: A device, comprising two vats or receptacles, one for trodding and bruising grapes, and the other for collecting the juice.

Wine label: The label on a wine bottle that must provide at least the minimum amount of information prescribed by law. Wine glass: Glasses used to drink wine from. Wine cooler: An accessory, such as an ice bucket, for cooling wine. Wine collar: This accoutrement slips over the neck of a wine bottle and absorbs any drips that may run down the bottle after pouring - preventing stains to table cloths, counter tops or other surfaces.

Wine bottle: A small container, with a neck that is narrower than the body, that allows long-term aging of wine when combined with a high-quality stopper, such as a cork. Also called a "Stelvin". Screwcap: An alternative to cork for sealing wine bottles, comprising a metal cap that screws onto threads on the neck of a bottle. Napkin is used around a bottleneck to stop drops running on bottle surface after pouring wine to glasses.

But unlike wine collars it is elastic and can accommodate many sizes of bottles. Drip dickey: Like a wine collar this accoutrement slips over the neck of a wine bottle and absorbs any drips that may run down the bottle after pouring - preventing stains to table cloths, counter tops or other surfaces. Corkscrew: A tool, comprising a pointed metallic helix attached to a handle, for drawing stopping corks from bottles. Cork (material): Tissue material, harvested from the Cork oak tree, and very suitable as a material for bottle stoppers.

Butt: An old English unit of wine casks, equivalent to about 477 litres (126 US gallons/105 imperial gallons). Barrel: A hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wood staves, used for fermenting and aging wine. Amphora: A type of ceramic vase, used for transporting and storing wine. Aging barrel: A barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits.

Non-alcoholic wine. Rebujito: A mixture of manzanilla wine, mixed with a soft drink like Sprite or 7 Up. Zurracapote: A popular Spanish alcoholic drink comprising mainly of red wine, spirit, fruit juice, sugar and cinnamon. Wine cooler: An alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice, often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar.

Spritzer: A tall, chilled drink, usually made of white wine and soda water. Sangria Spanish: A wine punch, comprising red wine, chopped fruits, sugar, and a small amount of brandy or other spirits. Mulled wine (known in Scandinavia as Glögg and in Germany as Glühwein): A red wine, combined with spices, and usually served hot. Calimocho: A cheap alcoholic drink, comprising 50% red wine and 50% cola drink.

Brandy: A general term for distilled wine. List of cocktails with wine. (Note, however, that most cooking authorities advise against cooking with any wine one would find unacceptable to drink.). Cooking wines: Typically containing a significant quantity of salt, cooking wine is wine of such poor quality that it is unpalatable and intended for use only in cooking.

Among these are port wine, sweet sherry, Tokay, and muscatel. Dessert wines: Ranging from medium-sweet to sweet, these wines are classified under dessert wines only because they are sometimes served with desserts. As such, unless a wine has more than 14 percent alcohol, or it has bubbles, it is a table wine or a light wine. In Europe, light wine must be within 8.5 percent and 14 percent alcohol by volume.

standards of identity, table wines may have an alcohol content that is no higher than 14 percent. According to U.S. Table wine: Table wine is not bubbly, although some have a very slight carbonation, the amount of which is not enough to disqualify them as table wines. The most common sparkling wines are Champagne (white) and sparkling Burgundy (red).

Sparkling wines: Usually served at any meal with any course, these wines are most frequently served at banquets, formal dinners and weddings. They include Rhine wines, Chablis, sauterne, and wine made from different grape varieties such as Chardonnay and White Riesling. White dinner wines: Usually either very dry or rather sweet, these wines should be served chilled, and go well with white meats, seafood, and fowl. Pink dinner wines (also called "rose wines"), a special class of red wines, can be served with almost any dish, but are considered best with cold meats, pork, and curries.

The most popular red dinner wines are claret, Burgundy, Chianti, and Cabernet Sauvignon. They should be served at a cool room temperature to bring out their aroma. Red dinner wines: These wines are usually dry and go extremely well with such main-course dishes as red meats, spaghetti, and highly-seasoned foods. Apéritif (or better known as "appetizer wines"): include dry sherry, Madeira, Vermouth, and other flavored wines, made to be consumed before eating a meal.

using flavor additives. pasteurizing the grape juice in order to kill indigenous yeasts (to be replaced with "choice" cultivated yeasts); and. blending harvests of various years and vineyards;. Germany 4%.

Portugal 4%. United States, 5%. Chile, 6%. Australia, 8%.

Spain, 16%. Italy, 20%. France, 22%.