Troy

Similarly Geoffrey of Monmouth traces the legendary kings of Britain to a supposed descendant of Aeneas called Brutus. There are now estimated to be more than a million Rastafarians throughout the world. The most famous is undoubtedly that promulgated by Virgil in the Aeneid, tracing the ancestry of the founders of Rome, and more specifically the Julio-Claudian dynasty, to the Trojan prince Aeneas. Bob Marley, a convert to the faith, spread the message of Rastafari to the world. Such was the fame of the Trojan story in Roman and medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various legends of national origin. This Back to Africa movement believes that Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is God incarnate, the returned black messiah, come to take the lost Twelve Tribes of Israel back to live with him in Holy Mount Zion in a world of perfect peace, love and harmony. For many years also the site was unguarded and was thoroughly looted. The Rastafarian religion was founded in, and is associated with, Jamaica.

The archaeological site itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin," because the site has been frequently excavated, and because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive: in his conviction that the city of Priam would be found in the earliest layers, he demolished many interesting structures from later eras, including all of the house walls from Troy II. Bob Marley, perhaps the best known reggae musician, was born in Jamaica, and is very well respected there. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. The musical genres reggae, ska, rocksteady, dub, and, more recently, dancehall, ragga, and ragga jungle all originated in Jamaica. A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from Istanbul by bus or by ferry via Çanakkale, the nearest major town about 50 km to the north-east. Though a small nation, Jamaica is rich in culture, and has a strong global presence. The archaeological site is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps. Main articles: Culture of Jamaica, Music of Jamaica.

Today there is a Turkish town called Truva in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. Jamaica is divided into 3 counties and 14 parishes:. Even though Homer was Ionian, the Iliad reflects the geography known to the Mycenaean Greeks, showing detailed knowledge of the mainland but not extending to the Ionian islands or Anatolia, which suggests that the Iliad reproduces an account of events handed down by tradition, to which the author did not add his own geographical knowledge. Main article: Parishes of Jamaica. Linguistically, a few verses of the Iliad suggest great antiquity, because they only fit the meter if projected back into Mycenaean Greek, suggesting a poetic tradition spanning the Greek Dark Ages. This move has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens. Such a historical background gives a credible explanation for the geographical knowledge of Troy (which could, however, also have been obtained in Homer's time by visiting the traditional site of the city) and otherwise unmotivated elements in the poem (in particular the detailed Catalogue of Ships). In early 2005, an opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF.

Much legendary material would have been added during this time, but in this view it is meaningful to ask for archaeological and textual evidence corresponding to events referred to in the Iliad. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In this view, the poem's core could reflect a historical campaign that took place at the eve of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. Another view is that Homer was heir to an unbroken tradition of epic poetry reaching back some 500 years into Mycenaean times. In recent years the JDF has been called upon to assist the nation's police, the Jamaican Constabulary Force (JCF) in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. The identification of the hill at Hissarlik as Troy is, in this view, a late development, following the Greek colonisation of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC. The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF commander, command staff as well as intelligence, judge advocate office, administrative and procurement sections.

In this view, no historical city of Troy existed anywhere: the name derives from a people called the Troies, who probably lived in central Greece. The 1st Engineer Regiment provides military engineering support to the JDF. In recent years scholars have suggested that the Homeric stories represented a synthesis of many old Greek stories of various Bronze Age sieges and expeditions, fused together in the Greek memory during the "dark ages" which followed the fall of the Mycenean civilization. The support battalion contains a Military Police platoon as well as vehicle, armourers and supply units. Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric stories, but say that in the absence of independent evidence it is not possible to separate fact from myth in the stories. It conducts maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations. Some archaeologists and historians maintain that none of the events in Homer are historical. The Coast Guard element is divided between sea-going crews and support crews.

It may be possible to establish connections between either story and real places and events, but these always risk to be subject to selection bias. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). In both cases, an ancient writer's story is now seen by some to be true, by others to be mythology or fiction. The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. The ostensible historicity of Homer's Troy faces the same hurdles as with Plato's Atlantis. The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. No scholars assume that the individual events in the tale (many of which centrally involve divine intervention) are historical fact; on the other hand, no scholars claim that the scenery is entirely devoid of memories of Mycenaean times: it is rather a subjective question of whether the factual content is rather more or rather less than one would have expected. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF.

The story of the Iliad is not an account of the war, but a tale of the psychology, the wrath, vengeance and death of individual heroes that assumes common knowledge of the Trojan War to create a backdrop. The West Indies Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. The more we know about Bronze Age history, the clearer it becomes that it is not a yes-or-no question but one of educated assessment of how much historical knowledge is present in Homer. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in WWII. The dispute over the historicity of the Iliad was very heated at times. The West Indies Regiment was used extensively by the British Empire in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. Historical Wilusa was one of the Arzawa lands, in loose alliance with the Hittite Empire, and written reference to the city is therefore to be expected in Hittite correspondence rather than in Mycenaean palace archives. The JDF is directly descended from the British West Indies Regiment formed during the colonial era.

The Mycenaean Greeks of the 13th century BC had colonized the Greek mainland and Crete, and were only beginning to make forays into Anatolia, establishing a bridgehead in Miletus (Millawanda). Additional military schools are available for specialty training in Canada, the U.S., and Britain. A name Wilion or Troia does not appear in any of the Greek written records from the Mycenean sites. As on the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. But even if that is accepted, it is of course no positive proof of identity with Homeric (W)ilion. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot, Newcastle. Our emerging understanding of the geography of the Hittite Empire makes it very likely that the site corresponds to the city of Wilusa. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending upon which arm of service they are slated for.

A single seal of a Luwian scribe has been found in one of the houses, proving the presence of written correspondence in the city, but not a single text. The JDF is based upon the British military model with organisation, training, weapons and traditions closely aligned with Commonwealth Realm Countries. This is probably due to the planification of the former hillfort during the construction of Hellenistic Ilium (Troy IX), destroying the parts that most likely contained the city archives. The Jamaican Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica. No text or artifact has been found on site itself which clearly identifies the Bronze Age site. Tertiary - Community Colleges, Teachers’Colleges, Vocational Training Centres, Colleges and Universities. The events described in Homer's Iliad, even if based on historical events that preceded its composition by some 450 years, will never be completely identifiable with historical or archaeological facts, even if there was a Bronze Age city on the site now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War. Age cohort 11 – 18 years.

The identifications of Wilusa with archaeological Troy and of the Achaeans with the Ahhiyawa remain controversial, but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered a majority opinion. Secondary – Publicly and privately owned. Hittite texts mention a water tunnel at Wilusa, and a water tunnel excavated by Korfmann, previously thought to be Roman, has been dated to around 2600 BC. Age cohort 4 – 11 years. Recent evidence adds weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. Primary – Publicly and privately owned (Privately owned being called Preparatory Schools (Prep). Trevor Bryce in 1998 championed them in his book The Kingdom of the Hittites, citing a recovered piece of the so-called Manapa-Tarhunda letter, which refers to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the Seha (known in classical times as the Caicus) river, and near the land of Lazpa (the Isle of Lesbos). Age cohort – 2 – 4 years.

These identifications were rejected by many scholars as being improbable or at least unprovable. Early Childhood – Basic, Infant and privately operated pre- school. This people have been identified with the Homeric Greeks (Achaeans). Presently the following categories of schools exist:. 1320 BC wrote a letter to the king of the Ahhiyawa, treating him as an equal and implying that Miletus (Millawanda) was controlled by the Ahhiyawa, and also referring to an earlier "Wilusa episode" involving hostility on the part of the Ahhiyawa. This was the genesis of the stratified system of education that is still currently embedded in the policies of the 21st Century. The Hittite king Mursili II in ca. Most of these schools were established by the churches.

He further noted that the name of Alaksandus, king of Wilusa, mentioned in one of the Hittite texts is quite similar to the name of Prince Alexandros or Paris of Troy. After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools, for the children of the freed slaves. In the 1920s the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer claimed that placenames found in Hittite texts — Wilusa and Taruisa — should be identified with Ilium and Troia respectively. Others sent their children off to England to access quality education. Korfmann died on 11 August 2005, and since the digging permit was tied to his person, it is uncertain how and when the excavations will continue. Prior to emancipation there were some elite schools for the plantocracy. Possible evidence of a battle was also found in the form of arrowheads found in layers dated to the early 12th century BC. The emancipation of the slaves heralded in the establishment of Jamaican Education System for the masses.

It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once have marked the outer defences of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. The largest and most famous and vibrant Jamaican community in the world is probably Brixton in South London. Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. Concentrations of expatriate Jamaicans are large in the South Florida metro area of Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, Los Angeles in the United States; Toronto in Canada, centred mostly in the borough of Scarborough, Ontario; London, as well as the area of Chapeltown in Leeds, in the United Kingdom. In August 2003 following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. Due to Commonwealth law and Jamaica's history with Britain, most Jamaicans that emigrate go to the United Kingdom, where laws are lax on ex-Commonwealth country citizens gaining full British Nationality. The question of Troy's status in the Bronze Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian Frank Kolb in 2001/2002. This emigration appears to have been tapering off somewhat in recent years, however the great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the "Jamaican diaspora".

In 1988 excavations were resumed by a team of the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann. Over the past several decades, hundreds of thousands of Jamaicans have emigrated, especially to the United States but also to Canada and the United Kingdom. These excavations have shown that were at least nine cities built one on top of each other at this site. Islam and Judaism number less than half a per cent combined. After Schliemann, the site was further excavated under the direction of Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1893/4) and later Carl Blegen (1932-8). Hinduism, and Buddhism are significant and growing due to immigration from India and China. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time. Non-Christian religions are numerous, the largest being Rastafari, which is very strongly related to Christianity.

Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. The top 5 denominations in Jamaica are: Church of God: 21.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist: 9.0%, Baptist: 8.8%, Pentecostal: 7.6%, and Anglican: 5.0%. In the 1870s (in two campaigns, 1871-73 and 1878/9), however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a hill, called Hissarlik by the Turks, near the town of Chanak (Çanakkale) in north-western Anatolia. Roman Catholicism also enjoys a significant presence on the island. With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to the realms of legend. According to adherants.com, 80.0% of Jamaica's 2.7 million people are Christian – the vast majority of them from various Protestant denominations, which is evident of Jamaica's Anglo past. In Byzantine times the city declined gradually, and eventually disappeared. There are also small numbers of people that speak Hindi, Chinese, Hebrew, Arabic and Spanish.

The last city on this site, Hellenistic Ilium, was founded by Romans during the reign of the emperor Augustus and was an important trading city until the establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. The language of government and education is English, although the patois form Jamaican Creole is widely spoken. 1020 BC) appear to have been destroyed by fires. Those who are East Indian, Chinese, European (chiefly British, and Irish), and Christian Syrian and Lebanese make up a smaller but influential number. 1120 BC) and Troy VIIb₂ (ca. People of mixed Chinese, East Indian, and Black and white ancestry make up the second largest group. Troy VIIb₁ (ca. The majority of Jamaicans, at least 90%, are of primarily black and white mixed ancestry.

However, only small portions of the city have been excavated, and the finds are too scarce to clearly favour destruction by war over a natural disaster. These Tainos (sub-Arawaks) were known for archery and have left many remnants of their culture in artifacts and in at least one popular food (bammy- a small flat cake made of grated cassava). Three bronze arrowheads were found, two in the fort and one in the city. Jamaica is mainly a blend of African and Anglo-Irish cultures, with influences from the Spanish and Taino cultures, although the Tainos as a people were completely wiped out as an identifiable community by the Spanish between their settlement of the island in 1511 and the English conquest of 1655. Partial human remains were found in houses and in the streets, and near the north-western ramparts a human skeleton with skull injuries and a broken jawbone. Main article: Demographics of Jamaica. Until the 1988 excavations, the problem was that Troy VII seemed to be a hill-top fort, and not a city of the size described by Homer, but later identification of parts of the city ramparts suggests a city of considerable size. Growth in tourist arrivals accelerated in the third quarter of 1998 and tourism earnings, increased 8.5% from January to December 31, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997.

It appears to have been destroyed by a war, and there are traces of a fire. Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. The archaeological layer known as Troy VIIa, which has been dated on the basis of pottery styles to the mid- to late-13th century BC, is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no bodily remains. Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997. Troy VI was destroyed around 1300 BC, probably by an earthquake. Agricultural production, an important engine of growth increased 15.3% in third quarter of 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997, signaling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997.

During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass. Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. The first city was founded in the 3rd millennium BC. The economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of import growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the foreign exchange market. The layers of ruins on the site are numbered Troy I – Troy IX, with various subdivisions:. In 1997, nominal GDP was approximately J$220,556.2 million (US$6,198.9 million based on the average annual exchange rate of the period). Once Troy fell, the Trojans on the European shore fled northward and ended up as the Etruscans in Italy. The decrease in GDP in 1996 and 1997 was largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) that drastically reduced agricultural production.

During the Trojan War, the Greeks used a naval blockade to prevent Trojans on the European shore and on Lemnos from coming to the aid of Troy. After a period of steady growth from 1985 to 1995, real GDP decreased by 1.8% and 2.4% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. After attacking and destroying the Hittite Empire, they came to control the Straits. The Government remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners. Dillon argues [7] that the Trojans were originally a steppe people related to the Magyars. inflation for FY1998/99 was 6.2% compared to 7.2% in the corresponding period in FY1997/98. Historian Kenneth J. The annual inflation rate has decreased from a high of 80.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 1998.

Immanuel Velikovsky, while accepting the traditional geography of the Trojan War, argued [6] that the Greek Dark Ages never happened, and that the Trojan War was fought several centuries later than is now generally believed. The macroeconomic stabilization program introduced in 1991, which focused on tight fiscal and monetary policies, has contributed to a controlled reduction in the rate of inflation. Dr. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatization programs. Neither theory is generally accepted by classicists. Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalization and reduction in the size of government. Iman Wilkins has located Troy in England [4], while Felipe Vinci places it in southern Finland [5]. Since 1991, the Government has followed a program of economic liberalization and stabilization by removing exchange controls, floating the exchange rate, cutting tariffs, stabilizing the Jamaican currency, reducing inflation and removing restrictions on foreign investment.

A small minority of contemporary scholars dispute the Anatolian location of Homer's Troy. Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980's, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topology and accounts of the battle in the Iliad. Tourism and mining are the leading foreign exchange earners. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism and financial and insurance services. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results (see [1], [2], & [3]) of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. Jamaica operates as a mixed, free-market economy with state enterprises as well as private sector businesses.

Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. Main article: Economy of Jamaica. In November 2001, geologists John C. Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain and the Pedro Plains are relatively dry rain-shadow areas. Ancient Greek historians placed the Trojan War variously in the 12th, 13th or 14th century BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, Douris to 1334 BC. The climate in Jamaica is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although inland regions have a more temperate climate. Alexander the Great, for example, visited the site in 334 BC and made sacrifices at the alleged tombs of the Homeric heroes Achilles and Patroclus. A live webcam atop the Gleaner Newspaper building on 7 North Street in Kingston is available.

The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War, and in the identity of Homeric Troy with the site in Anatolia. More satellite maps which allow zoom in and zoom out are available from Google's map server. The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his work the Aeneid. Chief towns include the capital Kingston, Spanish Town, Mandeville, and Montego Bay. Besides the Iliad, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the Odyssey, as well as in other ancient Greek writings. For this reason, most major cities are located on the coast. The site of the ancient city today is some 15 kilometers from the coast, but the ancient mouths of Scamander, some 3,000 years ago, were some 5 kilometers further inland, pouring into a bay that has since been filled with alluvial material. The island of Jamaica has mountainous inlands surrounded by a narrow coastal plain.

The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. Main article: Geography of Jamaica. In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the river Scamander (modern Karamenderes), where they had beached their ships. Jamaica is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Aeneas landed there and Helenus foretold his future. Jamaica has traditionally had a two party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party. Buthrotos (or Buthrotum) was a city in Epirus where Helenus, the Trojan seer, built a replica of Troy. Jamaica's constitution requires the Prime Minister to call the next general election by October 2007.

The altar of Panomphaean (‘source of all oracles’) was dedicated to Jupiter the Thunderer (Tonatus) near Troy. Patterson has been re-elected three times, the last being in 2002. Mount Ida ("Mount of the Goddess") in Asia Minor, is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where Anchises was seduced by Aphrodite, where Aphrodite gave birth to Aeneas, where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "Judgement of Paris" took place, where the Greek gods watched the Trojan War, where Hera distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the taking of Troy, and where Aeneas and his followers rested and waited until the Greeks set out for Greece. The current leader of the opposition is Bruce Golding. This law was adopted by King Dunvallo Molmutius (from Brutus) in his code and is still in effect today in Britain. Patterson who has held office since the 1992 resignation of Michael Manley. Gordon allowed queens as well as kings. J.

A Trojan law mentioned by E.O. The current Prime Minister of Jamaica is P. Pegsis was the naiad of the River Grenikos near Troy. Senators are appointed by the Prime Minister, and the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition. The Aisepid nymphs were the naiads of the Trojan River Aisepos. Members of the House (known as 'Members of Parliament' or MPs) are directly elected, and the leader of the majority party in the House becomes the Prime Minister. Some of the Trojan allies were the Hittites and the Amazons. The Jamaican Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Kapys, Boukolion, Aisakos, and Paris were Trojan princes who had naias wives. Both the Queen and the Governor-General serve largely ceremonial roles. Some famous Trojans are: Dardanus (founder of Troy), Laomedon, Ganymede, Priam, Paris, Hector, Teucer, Aesacus, Oenone, Telamon, Tithonus, Antigone, Memnon, Corythus, Aeneas, Brutus, and Elymus. The Queen is represented by a Governor-General, nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the monarch. The Persians invaded in 546 BC. The Jamaican head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is given the title of "Queen of Jamaica". The Ionians, Cimmerians, Phrygians, Milesians of Sinope, and Lydians moved into Asia Minor. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom Parliament, which gave Jamaica political independence.

Trojan rule in Asia Minor was replaced by the "sons of Herakles" dynasty in Sardis that ruled for 505 years until the time of Candaules. Jamaica's current Constitution was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature. The Trojan ships transformed into naiads, who rejoiced to see the wreckage of Odysseus' ship. Main article: Politics of Jamaica. The Maxyans were a west Libyan tribe who said that they were descended from the men of Troy, according to Herodotus. Catherine parish, the site of the old Spanish colonial capital and the English capital during the 18th and 19th century. During his reign, the Mycenaean Greeks invaded and captured Troy in the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1193 BC-1183 BC). Former capitals of Jamaica include Port Royal, where the pirate Governor Morgan held sway, and which was destroyed by a storm and earthquake, and Spanish Town, in St.

Priam later became king. It must be noted however that the rural sections of the island, especially in and around the resort towns of Negril, Montego Bay and Ocho Rios, remain quite safe. One generation before the Trojan War, Heracles captured Troy and killed Laomedon and his sons, except for young Priam. The Jamaican police force has also been accused of complicity in this murderous side of the island. Pestilence came and the sea monster snatched away the people of the plain. The ultimate result of this cycle of violence, drugs and poverty has been the brutal gun warfare seen on Kingston's streets from the mid-1990s onwards. When Laomedon refused to pay, Poseidon flooded the land and demanded the sacrifice of Hesione to a sea monster. This policy, along with the increasing emergence of Jamaica as a smuggling point for cocaine during the 1980s, led to recurrent violence and only served to increase the impoverishment of a large section of the Jamaican populace.

Poseidon and Apollo built the walls and fortifications around Troy for Laomedon, son of Ilus the younger. Both political parties became linked with rival gangs in Kingston which were duly armed. Zeus gave Ilus the Palladium. Deteriorating economic conditions led to a desperately fraught re-election campaign between Manley's People's National Party and the main opposition, the Jamaican Labour Party. Ilus, son of Tros, founded the city of Ilium (Troy) that he called after himself. Rising foreign debt under the government of Michael Manley, who was determined to alleviate Jamaica's severe economic inequality, led to the imposition of IMF austerity measures. Upon Dardanus' death, the Kingdom was passed to his grandson Tros, who called the people Trojans and the land Troad, after himself. However, the initial optimism following Jamaican independence for the next decade or so vanished as Jamaica became a victim of the international economic system.

Eventually Dardanus married Teucer's daughters, and founded Dardania (later ruled by Aeneas). Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federations in 1962. Teucer was himself also a coloniser from Attica, and treated Dardanus with respect. Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom, and in 1958 Jamaica became a province in the Federation of the West Indies, a federation between all the British West Indies. Dardanus, the legendary founder of Troy, crossed over to Asia Minor from the insland of Samothrace, where he met Teucer. Following a series of rebellions, slavery was formally abolished in 1834, with full emancipation from chattel slavery declared in 1838. The Trojan royal family was started by Electra and Zeus, the parents of Dardanus. By the beginning of the 19th century, Britain's heavy reliance on slavery resulted in blacks outnumbering whites by a ratio of almost 20 to one, leading to constant threat of revolt.

Troy was known for its riches, gained from port trade with east and west, fancy clothes, iron production, and massive defensive walls. During its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became the world's largest sugar exporting nation and produced over 77,000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 - 1824, which was achieved through the massive use of imported African slave labor. According to Greek mythology, the Trojans were the ancient citizens of the city of Troy in the Troad area, in the land of Asia Minor (or Little Asia, now Turkey). The English Admiral William Penn (father of William Penn of Pennsylvania) and General Venables seized the island in 1655. The story of the Trojans first began in myth and legend. Columbus used it as his family's private estate. . Jamaica was claimed for Spain after Christopher Columbus first landed there in 1494.

While such an identity is disputed, the site has been successfully identified with the city called Wilusa in Hittite texts; Ilion (which goes back to earlier Wilion with a digamma) is thought to be the Greek rendition of that name. Although some claim they became virtually extinct following contact with Europeans, another group claim that some survived. One of the earlier cities (Troy VII) is often identified with Homeric Troy. The original Arawak or Taino people from South America, first settled on the island between 1000 and 400 BC. Later excavations revealed several cities built in succession to one another. Main article: History of Jamaica. In the 1870s the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated the area. .

The Roman city of Celeia (now Celje in Slovenia) has been referred to by some writers as Troia secunda ("the second Troy"). It is the third most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople, and declined gradually during Byzantine times. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning either the "land of springs," or the "Land of wood and water." Formerly a Spanish possession known as Santiago, then the British West Indies Crown colony of Jamaica, the country's population is composed mainly of the descendants of former African slaves. A new city of Ilium was founded on the site that many believed to be the location of the legendary Ilion in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It is 630 kilometers from the Central American mainland, 150 kilometers from Cuba on the north, and 180 kilometers from the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated, on the east. Troy (Truva, Hissarlik 39°58′N 26°13′E) is also the name of an archaeological site, the traditional location of Homeric Troy, in Asia Minor or Anatolia, close to the seacoast in what is now northwest Turkey, southwest of the Dardanelles under Mount Ida. Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 240 kilometers in length and as much as 80 kilometers in width situated in the Caribbean Sea.

Troy (Turkish: Truva, Greek Τροία Troia also Ἰλιον; Latin: Troia, Ilium) is a legendary city, scene of the Trojan War, part of which is described in Homer's Iliad, an epic poem in Ancient Greek, composed in the 8th or 7th century BC, but containing older material (Iliad means "epic of Ilion").
- Date. Troy IX: Hellenistic Ilium, 1st century BC.
2,695,867 (July 2003)
245/km². Troy VIII: around 700 BC.
 - Total
 - Density. 950 BC. Transportation in Jamaica.

Troy VIIb₃: until ca. Technology in Jamaica. Troy VIIb₂: 11th century BC. Public Holidays in Jamaica. Troy VIIb₁: 12th century BC. Military of Jamaica. 1300 – 1190 BC, most likely candidate for Homeric Troy. Marcus Garvey.

Troy VIIa: ca. List of Jamaicans. Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC. Jamaican Posses. Troy VI: 17th – 15th centuries BC. Geography of Jamaica. Troy V: 20th – 18th centuries BC. Foreign relations of Jamaica.

Troy I – Troy IV: early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). Communications in Jamaica. Bob Marley. National Motto - "Out of Many, One People." (Unity among many cultures and races.). National Dish - Ackee and Saltfish (dried salted Cod).

National Tree - Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus elatus). National Flower - Lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale). National Bird - Doctor bird (Green-and-black Streamertail, Trochilus polytmus). Westmoreland.

Trelawny. Saint James. Saint Elizabeth. Hanover.

Cornwall (county) in the west, containing the parishes of: