Tarot

As discussed in more detail below, the Tarot is usually a deck of 78 cards composed of:

  • the major arcana, consisting of 21 trump cards and the Fool card;
  • the minor arcana consisting of 56 cards:
    • ten cards numbered from Ace to 10 in four different suits; traditionally batons (wands), cups, swords and coins (pentacles) (40 cards in total); and
    • four court cards, page, knight, queen and king in the same four suits (4 per suit, thus 16 court cards in total).

The earliest extant specimens of Tarot decks are of North Italian origin and date to the early to mid-15th century. These were called carte da trionfi or "cards of the triumphs". Soon afterwards, the cards were used for the games called Tarocchi. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the cards became popular in occult studies, initiated by occultists such as Etteilla and Antoine Court de Gebelin.

The Fool: the unnumbered card in the Tarot deck, from the Tarot of Marseille.

The Tarot Deck

Death, the tarot card, from the Rider-Waite-Smith deck

The typical 78-card tarot deck is structured into two distinct parts. The first, called the Major Arcana, consists of 21 cards without suits typically referred to as "trumps", plus a 22nd card, The Fool. The second, called the Minor Arcana, consists of 56 cards divided into four suits of 14 cards each. The traditional Italian suits are Swords, Batons, Coins and Cups. In modern tarot decks, the Batons suit is commonly called Wands, Rods or Staves, while the Coins suit is often called Pentacles or Disks. (Arcana is the plural form of the Latin word arcanum, meaning "closed" or "secret".)

The 14 cards in each suit consist of an Ace, nine cards numbered 2 through 10, and four court cards (not dissimilar from the structure of 52-card bridge/poker playing card decks, except that bridge/poker playing card decks have three court cards rather than four).

The four court cards (or face cards) of the tarot deck traditionally consist of the King, the Queen, the Knight and the Page (or Knave). In bridge/poker decks, the court cards typically consist of the King, the Queen and the Jack. The Jack corresponds to the tarot deck's Page.

In the Western world today, the Tarot is usually seen either as a means of divination, the practice of ascertaining information from supernatural or other sources, or, in a more modern view, as a psychological tool for accessing the unconscious. However, early references such as a sermon refer only to the use of the cards for game-playing and gambling; and in some European countries such as France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, Tarot is still a widely played game.

The relationship between Tarot cards and playing cards is well documented. Playing cards appeared quite suddenly in Christian Europe during the period 1375-1380, following several decades of use in Islamic Spain: see playing card history for discussion of its origins. Early European sources describe a deck with typically 52 cards, like a modern deck with no jokers [1]. The 78-card Tarot resulted from merging 21 Trumps and the Fool into an early 56-card variant (14 cards per suit).

Origin and History

The Name Tarot

The playing material is older than the name of the game, which, according current research state, became known in the year 1505 parallel in France (Taraux) and Ferrara (Italy, as Tarocchi) (Tarot press note) (Details). An earlier form of the game had the name Trionfi or triumph, this name developed later as general term for trick-taking (trumpfen in German, to trump in English) and disappeared in its original function as name for a specific type of deck. This earlier name of the game is first documented in February 1442, Ferrara {document).

Although the objects are relatively clear of Italian origin (28 notes of the term Trionfi from 1442 - 1463 are counted [2] with some real still existing Trionfi cards from this early time in contrast to a first appearance of the word Trionfi in France in 1480 with no surviving cards), it seems, that the final Ialian name Tarocchi developed from French influence (Italian speakers of today claim that French words with an ending "-ot" had been commonly transformed in endings with "-occo" and "-occhi".) The poet Berni in 1526 still has some mockery for this (still new) word: "Let him look to it, who is pleased with the game of Tarocco, that the only signification of this word Tarocco, is stupid, foolish, simple, fit only to be used by bakers, cobblers, and the vulgar".

Various contradicting suggestions has been made in the past to explain the original meaning of the word "Tarot". They range from "old Egyptian origin" till the more profane "a cardmaker from the French village Taraux produced Tarot cards".

In modern use the word Tarocchi is incorrectly used for artefacts from a time, when the word was still unknown: Visconti Sforza Tarocchi, socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" or Sola-Busca Tarocchi for instance have their origin the Trionfi phase.

Trionfi Cards (later called Tarocchi)

All relevant early documents point to an origin of the Trionfi cards (later Tarocchi cards) in the upper class of the society in Italy and specifically to the courts of Milan and Ferrara, which belonged to the most exclusive courts of their time in Europe. In the given context it's obvious, that the special motifs on the trumps, which were added to normal playing cards with a usual 4x14-structure, were ideological determined, they had been thought to show a specific system, which could transport messages of different content (the known early examples show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical and heraldic ideas for instance, also a group of old Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes could serve as content as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi).

As example: The earliest known deck (socalled Michelino deck after the painter)(http://trionfi.com/0/b] is described only in manuscript (by Martiano da Tortona, produced at an unknown time between 1418 - 1425)[3], the cards are lost. But the document shows clearly, that this deck was produced to show a Greek gods system (an ideological idea in a time, when Greek content was taken in Italy with some enthusiasm) and likely the production accompanied a triumphal festivity of the commissioner Filippo Maria Visconti, which means, the deck had concrete function to express and consolidate the current political power in Milan (as common for the time also in other productions of art). The 4 suits showed birds, which appeared regularely in common Visconti-heraldic, and the used specific order of the gods gives reason to assume, that the deck partly should focus, that the Visconti identified themselves as descendents from Jupiter and Venus (which were - as in this time usual - seen not as gods, but as heroes, which were deified once).

This first known deck seems to have had the usual 10 number cards, but kings only and only 16 trumps - the later standard (4x14 + 22) wasn't settled and still in 1457 a document is known, which speaks of Trionfi decks with 70 cards only [4]. Till the Boiardo Tarocchi poem [5] (produced at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494) and the Sola Busca Tarocchi (1491)[6] any confirming evidence for the final standard form with totally 78 cards is missing.

Individual researcher's opinions formulate cause these facts in the current moment, that the Trionfi decks of the early time had mostly 5x14 cards [7] only and that the row of trumps and fool were simply considered as a 5th suit with predefined trump-function. The number of the produced decks (mostly very expensive items) is considered to have been rather small a longer time, first forms of mass production with cheap decks developed according this opinion late (in the discussion is ca. 1470 - 1480).

The "standard form of Tarocchi" - similar to the Tarot deck nowadays - could logically only develop with mass-production. This final result of a longer development had as its most similar forerunner the 70 cards of (likely) Bonifacio Bembo (from which 68 still exist), which together with an addition of six cards by the hand of a second unknown artist were formed to the socalled Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo Tarocchi (a Milanese production in the time of Francesco Sforza, who reigned 1450 - 1466).

A general farspread, now traditional, hypothesis stated, that the final form of the Tarot with a 4x14+22-structure was settled ca. 1450, in this way contradicting the above statements and conclusions. This opinion is based on the suggestion, that the surviving 68 Bembo cards had in the "6 added trumps" only replacements for earlier "lost cards".

The tarot deck

As an institution, the Roman Catholic Church and most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot's early history. In fact, in some jurisdictions, tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting regular playing cards. However, some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century. No mention of playing cards in the context of gambling and other marks of dissolute life precede the sudden appearance of a barrage of hostility in the 1370s: a sermon by the Swiss Johannes von Rheinfelden, Tractus de moribus et disciplina humanae conversationis states that "the game of cards has come to us this year" (said to be 1377, in the 15th-century surviving manuscript)[8] without inveighing against them, but prohibitions against cards were issued by John I of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel that same year and by the city of Regensburg the following year and in the Duchy of Brabant in 1379 [9]. Bernardino of Siena gave a sermon reviling cards as the invention of the Devil in 1423. However, other sources praised cards as an educational tool.

In Pietro Aretino's witty 16th-century dialogue Le carte parlanti ("The talking cards: dialogue in which gaming is discussed in a congenial fashion") there are frequent references to tarot symbolism: "The temptation of the hermit is the devil," and some irony on their uses: "...They reveal the secrets of nature, the reason for things, and explain the causes why day is driven out by night and night by day." [10]

The oldest surviving Tarot cards are three early to mid-15th century sets, all made for members of the Visconti family, rulers of Milan. The oldest of these existing Tarot decks was perhaps painted to celebrate a mid-15th century wedding joining the ruling Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, probably painted by Bonifacio Bembo and other miniaturists of the Ferrara school. Of the original cards, 35 are in the Pierpont Morgan Library, 26 cards are at the Accademia Carrara, 13 are at the Casa Colleoni, 4 cards (the Devil, the Tower, the Three of Swords, and the Knight of Coins) being lost or possibly never made. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced in varying quality, combines the Minor Arcana (suits of Swords, Staves, Coins and Cups, and face cards King, Queen, Knight and Page) with Major Arcana that reflect conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree.

More simply drawn decks survive from various cities in France at various times (the best known in this context being the city of Marseille, in southern France) perhaps from the early 16th century, though actual surviving examples are no earlier than the 17th century.

Much speculation surrounds early tarot cards, including the notions which follow. There is no reason to be confident that the surviving set of Major Arcana is complete. Of the four Classical Virtues, only Fortitude, Justice and Temperance remain. Can Prudence have always been missing? The Christian Virtues that would ordinarily complete them (i.e., Faith, Hope and Charity) are missing, however, a "Hope" card is found in one of the earliest known decks, suggesting they were removed or omitted in subsequent years. The presence of the Fool and the Magician has often suggested a portable catechism for the illiterate, which survives in cartomancy. All the heavenly sources of Light, so important to Dualist heretics, are present in the Major Arcana, without any planets that would have been required for any meaning associated with astrology, the usual context for heavenly bodies. Indeed, of any possible signs of the Zodiac, only the dual-natured Twins are present. It is unlikely that their Zodiac context is being referred to, in which case all the others would have to have gone missing. Traces of medieval dualist heresy, such as the Bogomils taught, or the Cathars, whose centers were precisely where the earliest Tarot surfaced in Piedmont and Provence, can be also detected in the paired balance, not merely of Emperor with Empress, but, significantly, by Pope with Popess, with echoes of the Pope Joan myth and of the gnostic Pistis Sophia. The substitution of a more neutral "Hierophant" designation for the nameless high priest is a modern one. Steven Runciman, in The Medieval Manichee (1947), doubted the Catharist connection: "There seems to me to be a trace of Dualism in the pack, but it has since been overlaid with debased Kabalistic lore." He recognized the traditional interpretation of the Devil as the embodiment of the evil natural forces of this world, holding a naked man and woman in chains, and suggested in the Tower struck by lightning, a Cathar view of a Roman Catholic church. However, historians have found little evidence to substantiate many such speculations.

Study of the iconography of the earliest tarots via standard comparative-historical methods suffices to pin the origin of the depiction of Death as after the Black Death, because the skeletal-death-with-a-scythe motif found on effectively all versions of Trump XIII does not predate the plagues. Before then, skulls in pictorial art were primarily symbols of scholarship and learning.

Use of tarot cards in divination

The Rider-Waite-Smith deck

Since the Egyptianizing ruminations in Le Monde primitif by Antoine Court de Gébelin (1781) which soon inspired the occultism of "Etteilla," it has been believed by many that the Tarot is far older than this. Based on purported similarities of imagery and reinforced by the added numbering, some claim that Tarot originated in ancient Egypt, Hebrew mystic tradition of the Kabbalah, or a wide variety of other exotic places and times. Such ideas, however, are speculative.

In fact, although much of imagery looks mysterious or exotic to modern users, nearly all of it reflects conventional symbolism popular in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Nearly all of it may easily be interpreted as a reflection of the dominant Christian values of the times. Thus, the earliest Tarots may have been depictions of the carnival parades that ushered in the Christian season of Lent or the related motif of hierarchical powers found in Petrarch's poem I Trionfi. These trionfi or triumphs were elaborate productions which layered then-fashionable Graeco-Roman symbolism over a Christian allegory of sin, grace, and redemption. Notably, the earliest versions of the World card show a conventional image known from period religious art to represent St. Augustine's "Heavenly City", and it is not coincidence that it often closely follows the Judgement card.

Several other early Tarot-like sequences of portable art survive to place the Visconti deck in context. Later confusion about the symbolism stems, in part, from the occult decks, which began a process of steadily paganizing and universalizing the symbolism to the point where the underlying Christian allegory has been somewhat obscured (as, for example, when the Rider-Waite deck of the early Twentieth Century changed "The Pope" to "The Hierophant" and "The Popess" to "The High Priestess"). It is notable that between 1450 and 1500 the Tarot was actually recommended for the instruction of the young by Church moralists (reference is urgently needed here); not until fifty years after the Visconti deck did it become associated with gambling, and not until the 18th century and Gébelin and Etteilla with occultism.

The Tarot cards eventually came to be associated with mysticism and magic. This was actually a late rather than early development, as we can tell from period sources on card divination and magic. The Tarot was not widely adopted by mystics, occultists and secret societies until the 18th and 19th century. The tradition began in 1781, when Antoine Court de Gébelin, a Swiss clergyman and Freemason, published Le Monde Primitif, a speculative study which included religious symbolism and its survivals in the modern world. De Gébelin first asserted that symbolism of the Tarot de Marseille asserted represented the mysteries of Isis and Thoth. Gébelin further claimed that the name "tarot" came from the Egyptian words tar, meaning "royal", and ro, meaning "road", and that the Tarot therefore represented a "royal road" to wisdom. Gébelin asserted these and similar views dogmatically; he presented no clear factual evidence to substantiate his claims. In addition, Gébelin wrote before Champollion had deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs. Later Egyptologists found nothing in the Egyptian language that supports de Gébelin's fanciful etymologies, but these findings came too late; by the time authentic Egyptian texts were available, the identification of the Tarot cards with the Egyptian "Book of Thoth" was already firmly established in occult practice.

Although tarot cards were used for fortune-telling in Italy in the 1700s, they were first widely publicized as a divination method by Alliette, also called "Etteilla", a French occultist who reversed the letters of his name and worked as a seer and card diviner shortly before the French Revolution. Etteilla designed the first esoteric Tarot deck, adding astrological attributions to various cards, altering many of them from the Marseille designs, and adding divinatory meanings in text on the cards. Etteilla decks, although now eclipsed by Smith and Waite's fully-illustrated deck and Aleister Crowley's "Thoth" deck, remain available. Later Marie-Anne Le Normand popularized divination and prophecy during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. This was due, in part, to the influence she wielded over Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. However, she did not typically use Tarot.

Interest in Tarot by other occultists came later, during the Hermetic Revival of the 1840s in which (among others) Victor Hugo was involved. The idea of the cards as a mystical key was further developed by Eliphas Levi and passed to the English-speaking world by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Lévi, not Etteilla, is considered by some to be the true founder of most contemporary schools of Tarot; his 1854 Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (English title: Transcendental Magic) introduced an interpretation of the cards which related them to Cabala. While Levi accepted Court de Gébelin's claims about an Egyptian origin of the deck symbols, he rejected Etteilla's innovations and his altered deck, and devised instead a system which related the Tarot, especially the Tarot de Marseille, to the Kabbalah and the four elements of alchemy. On the other hand, to this day some of Etteilla's divinatory meanings for Tarot are still used by some Tarot practitioners.

Tarot became increasingly popular beginning in 1910, with the publication of the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot, which took the step of including symbolic images related to divinatory meanings on the numeric cards. (Arthur Edward Waite had been an early member of the Golden Dawn). In the 20th century, a huge number of different decks were created, some traditional, some vastly different. Thanks, in part, to marketing by the publisher U.S. Games Systems, the Rider-Waite-Smith deck has been extremely popular in the English-speaking world beginning in the 1970s.

Tarot decks depict the archetypes of spiritual life, see iconography.

Le Chariot, from the Tarot of Marseille.

Differences among decks

Tarot cards serve many purposes, and this leads to a variety of Tarot deck styles. Traditionally, a variety of styles of Tarot decks and designs have existed. A number of tyical regional patterns emerged. Historically, one of the most important design is now usually known as the Tarot of Marseille (French: Tarot de Marseille). This standard pattern was the one studied by Court de Gébelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his Le Monde primitif. The Tarot of Marseille was also popularized in the 20th century by Paul Marteau. Some current editions of cards based on the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design that was printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. Other regional styles include the "Swiss" Tarot; this one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess and the Pope. In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate was used; this deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols and the four elements, as well as traditional Tarot cards.

Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such "art decks" sometimes contain only the 22 cards of the Major Arcana. Esoteric decks are often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabala; in these decks the Major Arcana are illustrated in accordance with Qabalistic principles while the numbered suit cards (2 through 10) sometimes bear only stylized renderings of the suit symbol. However, under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck, decks used in the English-speaking world for divination often bear illustrated scenes on the numeric cards to facilitate divination. The more simply illustrated "Marseille" style decks are nevertheless used esoterically, for divination, and previously for game play. (Note that the French card game of tarot is now generally played using a relatively modern 19th-century design. Such Tarot decks generally have 22 trumps with genre scenes from 19th-century life, a Fool, and have minor arcana that closely resemble today's French playing cards.)

An influential deck in English-speaking countries is the Rider-Waite deck (sometimes called simply the Rider deck). (See also discussion of the general expression "Rider-Waite-Smith" below, to indicate a category of decks that includes the "Rider-Waite" deck as well as decks which use the line drawings of the Rider-Waite deck, such as the Universal Waite deck.) (In contrast, in French-speaking countries, the Marseille deck enjoys the equivalent popularity.) The images were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of Christian mystic and occultist Arthur Waite, and originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. While the deck is sometimes known as a simple, user-friendly one, its imagery, especially in the Trumps, is complex and replete with occult symbolism. The subjects of the trumps are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's view of Tarot. An important difference from 'Marseille'-style decks is that Smith drew scenes on the numeric cards to depict divinatory meanings; those divinatory meanings derive, in great part, from traditional cartomantic divinatory meanings (e.g., Etteilla and others) and from divinatory meanings first espoused by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which both Waite and Smith were members. However, it isn't the first deck to include completely illustrated numeric cards. The first to do so was the 15th-century Sola-Busca deck; however, in this case, the illustrations apparently were not made to facilitate divination.

The Lovers, Rider-Waite-Smith deck

Some individuals object to the Rider-Waite deck due to its relatively small selection of colors and "flat" appearance. However, several decks, such as the Universal Waite, copy the Smith's line drawings, but add more subtle coloring and three dimensional modeling. The limited number of colors and "flat" appearance in the original Rider-Waite-Smith decks were virtually unavoidable due to the limits of printing technology in the early 20th century.

In Internet tarot discussion groups, the Rider-Waite deck and very similar decks, e.g., the Universal Waite, are sometimes referred to by the collective term "Rider-Waite-Smith", "RWS" or "Waite-Colman-Smith" (or similar expressions). Numerous other decks that are loosely based on Rider-Waite (as noted below)have been published from the mid-20th century through today. They are sometimes called Rider-Waite-Smith clones; however, the term is misleading. They are not exact copies as the term clone would imply. Instead, they are variations.

A widely-used esoteric Tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (pronounced /təʊt/ or /θɒθ/). Crowley engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint the cards for the deck. The Thoth deck is distinctly different from the Rider-Waite deck. That said, many consider the Rider-Waite deck and the Tarot de Marseille also to be 'esoteric' decks.

In contrast to the Thoth deck's colourfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. Tarot deck are black line drawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be coloured by its owner. Other esoteric decks include the Golden Dawn Tarot, which is apparently based on a deck by SL MacGregor Mathers and clearly based on the teachings of the Golden Dawn. Numerous other decks exist, including the Tree of Life Tarot whose cards are stark symbolic catalogs, and the Cosmic Tarot.

The Marseille style Tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pip cards of modern playing card decks. The Marseille numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted on them; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods, cups, coins) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenic flourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings.

Other modern decks created since the time of the first publishing of the Rider-Waite deck in 1909 vary in their card imagery. The variety is almost endless, and grows yearly. For instance, cat-lovers may have the Tarot of the Cat People, a deck complete with cats in every picture. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarot retain the conventional cards with varying designs. The Tarot of the Witches deck became famous/notorious in the 1970s for its use in the James Bond movie Live and Let Die.

These modern decks change the cards to varying degrees. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot is notable for its circular cards and feminist angle: the mainly male characters have been replaced by females. The Tarot of Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and major arcana cards like "The Catcher", "The Rule Book" and "Batting a Thousand". In the Silicon Valley Tarot, major arcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disks and Hosts; the court cards CIO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire.

Symbolism

The Tarot has a complex and rich symbolism with a long history. Such history is not impenetrable. Contrary to what many popular authors claim, its origins are not lost in the mists of time. In fact, much of the fog around the symbolism can be dispelled if one studies sources other than occultists with a vested interest in the occult interpretation of Tarot. We will do some dispelling further on; in the meantime, the most important thing to note is that modern, occult readings of the cards often have little to do with their meaning in their original context.

Some people find that modern Tarot decks are more interesting, expressive, and psychologically resonant than their ancestors. Interpretations have evolved together with the cards over the centuries: later decks have "clarified" the pictures in accordance with meanings assigned to the cards by their creators. In turn, the meanings come to be modified by the new pictures. Images and interpretations have been continually reshaped, in part, to help the Tarot live up to its mythic role as a powerful occult instrument and to respond to modern needs.

See, for example, the Rider-Waite-Smith Strength card. We can know more about the symbolic intentions of the designer here, since he conveniently wrote many books on the subject on occultism and symbolism and a handbook specifically for this deck titled The Pictorial Key to the Tarot (1910). As with its Marseille-deck ancestor, the Strength trump shows a woman holding the jaws of a lion, but this picture is far more elaborate. The woman's hat of the Marseille card has frequently been interpreted as a lemniscate: the sideways-figure-eight representing infinity, or, according to Waite, the Spirit of Life. In the newer card, this symbol appears explicitly. Other symbols are included: a chain of roses symbolizing desire or passion, against a white robe symbolizing purity. The mountains in the background demonstrate another kind of strength. Even here there is room for interpretation: the card is sometimes considered as showing intellect triumphing over desire, sometimes as the equal union of intellect and passion, sometimes just as a symbol of mental strength or endurance.

The twenty-two cards in the major arcana are: Fool, Magician, High Priestess [or La Papessa/Popess], Empress, Emperor, Hierophant [or Pope], Lovers, Chariot, Strength, Hermit, Wheel of Fortune, Justice, Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, Judgement, World. Each card has its own large, complicated and disputed set of meanings. Altogether the major arcana are frequently said to represent the Fool's journey: a symbolic journey through life in which the Fool overcomes obstacles and gains wisdom. This idea was apparently first suggested by tarot author Eden Gray in the mid-20th century.

There is a vast body of writing on the significance of the Tarot. In many systems of interpretation based on that of the Golden Dawn, the four suits are associated with the four elements: Swords with air, Wands with fire, Cups with water and Pentacles with earth. The numerology is usually thought to be significant. The Tarot is often considered to correspond to various systems such as astrology, Pythagorean numerology, the Kabalah, the I Ching and others.

Psychology

Carl Jung was the first psychologist to attach importance to the Tarot. He may have regarded the Tarot cards as representing archetypes: fundamental types of person or situation embedded in the subconscious of all human beings. The Emperor, for instance, represents the ultimate patriarch or father figure.

The theory of archetypes gives rise to several psychological uses. Some psychologists use Tarot cards to identify how a client views himself or herself, by asking the patient to select a card that he or she identifies with. Some try to get the client to clarify his ideas by imagining his situation or relationship in terms of Tarot images: Is someone rushing in heedlessly like the Knight of Swords perhaps, or blindly keeping the world at bay as in the Rider-Waite-Smith Two of Swords? The Tarot can be seen as a kind of algebra of the subconscious, allowing it to be analysed at the conscious level.

Interestingly, some people view the older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseille as crude and limited when compared to some modern ones. This may reflect their belief that Tarot symbolism has evolved, especially since the early 20th century, so that it has become increasingly universal.

Storytelling and Art

The Tarot has inspired writers as well as visual artists. Italo Calvino described the Tarot as a "machine for telling stories", writing the novel The Castle of Crossed Destinies with plots and characters constructed through the Tarot. T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land uses only superficial descriptions of Tarot cards, a few of which are genuine. Random selections of Tarot cards have also been used to construct stories for writing exercises and writing games.

  • The Greater Trumps (1932), a supernatural thriller by Charles Williams, involves a struggle over "the Original Deck," which has come into the hands of an English civil servant.
  • Tarot decks play a significant role in Roger Zelazny's Amber fantasy series, where most major characters carry a magical deck of Tarot cards whose Trumps represent other characters (and enable communication with them) or locations. A Tarot deck inspired by the Amber series has been published.
  • The strategy video game Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen features tarot cards, which can be put to various uses in battle (a Lovers can cause enemies to attack one another; an Emperor will give the allied team an extra round of attacks, etc.)
  • Tarot cards also play a role in Stephen King's Dark Tower series. At the end of Book 1, The Gunslinger, Roland finally catches up to the Man in Black, who reads Roland's future with a deck of Tarot cards in a golgotha: "Death. Yet not for you."
  • From 1977 to 1980, Piers Anthony published the Planet of Tarot series, which included God of Tarot, Vision of Tarot and Faith of Tarot. On the planet Tarot, nightmares, visions and fantasies become real, and sometimes tangentially, sometimes on-target, the protagonist lives through myths and stories, e.g., the moment Jesus of Nazareth "dies" and accepts his spiritual journey as Christ the savior, related to Tarot cards.
  • In John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1981), characters use a Tarot deck with non-standard, somewhat whimsical arcana (the "Least Trumps") for divination.
  • Tim Powers' 1992 novel Last Call depicts Tarot decks used for magic beyond just divination, particularly in a variant of poker, and alludes repeatedly to The Waste Land.
  • In the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, James confronts Solitaire, a woman who posesses the power to read tarot cards to predict the future.
  • In the 1999 movie The Red Violin, the journey of a perfect red violin is divined by a woman utilizing the Major Arcana cards of a Tarot deck. [11]
  • Tarot also features prominently in Alan Moore's Promethea (1998-2005), forming one of the central motifs of the series. Alan Moore himself has been quoted[12] as claiming his single cleverest piece of work is Promethea #12, a playful, multi-level[13] rebus in which a set of Major Arcana of Moore's own design (in homage of Crowley's Thoth Tarot deck) is used to explain Life, the Universe and Everything to Sophie (Promethea).

Divination

Divination, or fortune-telling, is by far the most popular and well-known use of the Tarot in the English-speaking world. This is sometimes seen as an extension of the psychological use mentioned above. Alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a less sophisticated use of tarot. It can be argued that we sometimes perceive the signs of future events subconsciously only. For instance, you might be subconsciously aware that a relationship or job is in trouble, before you admit it to yourself. In that sense, it might be said that the Tarot can give you insights into the future without having any supernatural or occult aspect at all. Meaning may emerge even from purely random patterns, as chance selections force you to consider concepts that you'd normally ignore, and the density of meaning is great enough that meanings can emerge from almost any selection of cards.

That point of view may be unusual among those who use Tarot for divination. Tarot card readers sometimes believe that Tarot cards allow them to exercise an innate psychic ability to see the future. Still others routinely follow the divinatory meanings assigned to each card by popular books and other authorities. Further, some individuals believe that the cards take on the "aura" or "vibrations" of someone who touches them. The cards are therefore sometimes "insulated" by wrapping them in silk or enclosing them in a box, and only touched by the reader and by the person for whom the reading is done (the "querent").

There are many variations, but in many readings the querent shuffles the cards, then the reader lays out the cards in a pattern called a "layout" or "spread". A well-known spread is the Celtic Cross. The cards are then analysed according to their positions, their individual divinatory meanings, their relationships, and whether the cards are upside-down ("reversed"). If the reader uses the interpretation technique of reversals, a reversed card has its own set of modified meanings and/or modified energies; a reversed card's meaning may sometimes be the opposite of the upright card meaning, sometimes weakened, sometimes twisted.

Divination may be seen as magical in itself, but the word "magic" often refers to the use of Tarot cards in a magical ritual designed to achieve some end. This is probably much less common than simple divination.

Layouts or spreads

In Tarot divination, results can be achieved with analysis of just one card, but, for more thoroughness, combinations of several cards in set patterns are usually used. These patterns are called spreads or layouts. There are many different spreads, although the Celtic Cross is one of the best known, and is often taught to beginners as their first spread, despite the complexity of it and the availability of simpler, more easily manageable spreads. More experienced practitioners will sometimes use their own spreads, assigning their own meanings to the relevant positions represented.

The Great Cross ("Celtic Cross") Layout

This layout generally consists of 10 cards, or 10 cards plus an optional, 11th card [as a significator card]. The significator card represents the person or the situation. The first 6 of the 10 cards are laid out in the shape of a cross. (If there is a significator card, the first card of the 10 is placed atop the significator card.) The final 4 of the 10 cards are placed in a column to the right. [14]

The Celtic Cross was possibly used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn for outer-order members of the Order and was later made popular because of its description by A. E. Waite in his book, A Pictorial Key to the Tarot. Note that, for tarot layouts for its inner-order members, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn used a more complex system which included The Opening of the Key spread [15].

The Five Card Spread

This spread uses cards from the major arcana only and is arranged in a specific order. There are five cards arranged in front of the querent. Cards can be right-side up or upside down, as long as the meanings are readable. The first card represents what is behind the querent or their past. The second card represents their present state. The third card represents what can happen in their future whether it be bad or good. The fourth card symbolizes what can stop or prevent the previous card from happening. The fifth card, also known as the final result, is what will happen if the fourth element is avoided or never played. This spread can use the minor arcana as well, but the fortunes that it tells are more powerful and persuading with the major arcana and it can allow more creativity and abstraction in the fortunes.

The Romany Draw Layout (or Past/Present/Future Layout)

The card-reader shuffles the deck, then spreads out all of the cards, asking the querent [the person for whom the cards are being read] to pick three cards, one at a time. The card-reader then flips the cards over, the one on the left telling of the past, the middle one telling current events, and the one on the right telling the future.

"Crowley's" Thoth layout

The Thoth Tarot deck was created by Aleister Crowley and Lady Frieda Harris. Those who buy the deck are instructed as follows. The deck is shuffled by the querent. The querent concentrates on the question and then returns the deck to the reader. The reader lays out the cards in five categories. The center category (three cards) represents the motivations of the querent. The top right hand category (three cards) represents things that will happen in the near or most likely future. The top left hand category (three cards) represent what will happen in the distant or less likely future. The bottom left hand category (three cards) represents forces that help the querent. The bottom right hand category (three cards) represents forces beyond the querent's control. Many readers avoid the Thoth deck because of Crowley's alleged affinity for black magic

This layout does not in fact have anything to do with the way Crowley read the deck he designed. In any case, this spread was invented by the publisher of the small book accompanying the U.S. Games Systems version of the deck. Crowley used the Opening of the Key spread developed by the Golden Dawn which consists of five stages.

The reader invokes Iao, then Hru, then traces the unicursal hexagram upon the deck, before shuffling and handing it to the querent. The querent "asks" the deck a question, then cuts it into four piles. These four piles represent the four letters of the Tetragrammaton, or, if you will, the four elements. The reader turns these piles over and gets a general feel for the situation.

The reader looks through the piles to see which pile the querent's significator is in. This is determined by their birthday, and would correspond to a Queen, Knight, or Prince card. When the reader finds the significator, tell the querent for what s/he has come, and continue. If it is not what the querent has come for, abandon the reading for now, or try in a little while after focusing on the issue some more. If in the fire pile, the matter concerns energy, quarelling, and force. If in the water, the matter has to do with pleasure, enjoyment, and emotions, etc. If in the air pile, the matter concerns communications, problems, thinking, and tact. If in the earth pile, the matter deals with possessions, material objects, money, and the like.

The reader spreads the pile containing the significator in a horse-shoe formation upon the table, from right to left. Then s/he looks for patterns: two or three of a kind indicates certain things, and majority of an element indicates certain things. Three 3s indicates deceit, for instance, while 4 Kings indicates authority and influence. Starting from the significator, the reader card-counts.

All card-counting strings start from a significator, which must be a court card. In the Crowley deck, the courts are Knight, Queen, Prince, and Princess. Count in the direction the card faces (usually left for Princes and Knights, usually right for Queens and Princesses) until a card is hit twice.

Count: 12 for Zodiacal trumps 5 or 11 for Aces 9 for planetary trumps 7 for Princesses 4 for Knights, Queens and Princes 3 for Elemental trumps

With this string, you can tell a story. All the while, pay attention to elemental dignities. A card will be well or ill dignified by the cards surrounding it. Each card can be attributed to one of the four (sometimes five) elements. Fire and water weaken each other. Air and Earth weaken each other. Other elemental combinations are friendly.

Court cards can also be attributed to elements, but personal preference usually has variability in this.

Kings usually represent mutable signs (usually air), queens fixed signs (usually water), and princes cardinal signs (usually fire). Elements are fairly constant, so when applied there are double elements involved which gives depth to the reading. For example, the king of cups would be mutable water which is pisces. Since it is a king of a water suit, this is 'air of water'. Similary, a knight of swords would be cardinal air, which would be libra. It is fire of air. They can act as a buffer if it is next to a suit in which part of it is ill dignified, but the other is neutral. If one is well dignified and the other ill dignified, this is somewhat of a dichotomy, and is usually frustrating in action because it works in different ways.


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If one is well dignified and the other ill dignified, this is somewhat of a dichotomy, and is usually frustrating in action because it works in different ways. However, he defended his position on The Sims 2 and expressed his opinion that because EA does not protect its copyright by stopping the mod community from making adult-oriented changes to the game, that they "lose their right to defend their copyright" in any way. They can act as a buffer if it is next to a suit in which part of it is ill dignified, but the other is neutral. In an Internet radio show interview that aired at ChatterBox Game Show, Thompson retracted his previous misstatements about "pubic hair" and other details about which he was misinformed. It is fire of air. (Woohoo/Play in Bed animations are not very realistic.). Similary, a knight of swords would be cardinal air, which would be libra. This includes mods that were made in the past for Sims 1 games, adding graphic sexual animations.

Since it is a king of a water suit, this is 'air of water'. Most makers of these mods have taken measures to prevent under-18 players from accessing them. For example, the king of cups would be mutable water which is pisces. In truth, several third-party mods, including custom meshes, are required to make nude sims have the features Thompson accused the game of having. Elements are fairly constant, so when applied there are double elements involved which gives depth to the reading. Electronic Arts issued a statement correcting Thompson and pointing out that without the blur, there are no private parts, but that Sims are lacking in anatomical definition, like a child's dolls. Kings usually represent mutable signs (usually air), queens fixed signs (usually water), and princes cardinal signs (usually fire). The patch for the University Expansion Pack, coincidentally, removes the "intProp censorgridsize 0" cheat from the valid cheats recognized in the cheat console window, making it impossible for users to turn off the blur without third-party software, such as SeeThem 2.0.

Court cards can also be attributed to elements, but personal preference usually has variability in this. Thompson claimed that "pubic hair", "labia", and other genital details were visible if the blur was removed. Other elemental combinations are friendly. Jack Thompson claimed that The Sims 2 was "worse than Hot Coffee", because it featured nude Sims which were blurred out, yet the blur could be removed by a mod. Air and Earth weaken each other. On July 22, 2005, Florida attorney Jack Thompson attacked Electronic Arts and The Sims 2, after Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas' Hot Coffee scandal was settled. Fire and water weaken each other. Less intrusive mods from the above add common fiction characters into game format, such as the X-Men, several Anime characters, and even horror movie characters like Jason Vorhees.

Each card can be attributed to one of the four (sometimes five) elements. There are no gender-defined differences in exact reactions they have to stimuli and social settings, etc.) With SimPE, the game can even be told to treat sims like the opposite of their native sex, making it possible to create many such situations. A card will be well or ill dignified by the cards surrounding it. Many modders have found ways to manipulate the weak gender difference distinctions that come standard with the game for the specific purpose of using the gender preference system this way.(E.g., men and women can both get pregnant (though men can only get pregnant through alien abduction). All the while, pay attention to elemental dignities. Many hold this opinion strongly though. With this string, you can tell a story. Some in message boards have claimed that the gender preference system is a blanket endorsement of homosexual behavior by Maxis, but this has yet to be proven.

Count: 12 for Zodiacal trumps 5 or 11 for Aces 9 for planetary trumps 7 for Princesses 4 for Knights, Queens and Princes 3 for Elemental trumps. The gender preference system exists based on which genders sims trust most to converse with, namely, those they believe will give them the best likelihood of positive conversation. Count in the direction the card faces (usually left for Princes and Knights, usually right for Queens and Princesses) until a card is hit twice. There are also mods that exist to manipulate sims' gender preferences. In the Crowley deck, the courts are Knight, Queen, Prince, and Princess. (An aspect of life that Sims have never had to worry about.) Several skilled modders like SirIgnitusBlowtorch have even been involved in researching ways to create fires that will not cause sims to panic, a feature that has existed since the original release of The Sims and has caused a lot of players to lose entire sim families more quickly than they intended to. All card-counting strings start from a significator, which must be a court card. Modders such as NikkiBailey have even tried to add laundry to the game.

Starting from the significator, the reader card-counts. Targa has, among other things, added ladders, which have never been common in Sims games up until this point. Three 3s indicates deceit, for instance, while 4 Kings indicates authority and influence. Revoye, Helaene, and others are renowned for creating more realistic skintones. Then s/he looks for patterns: two or three of a kind indicates certain things, and majority of an element indicates certain things. JWoods' Animated Weather Windows and Doors allow some (crude) animations on doors and windows to help simulate rain, thunderstorms, and snow, all weather effects that Maxis had a difficult time including in the game due to program shortcomings. The reader spreads the pile containing the significator in a horse-shoe formation upon the table, from right to left. also made with Homecrafter Plus.

If in the earth pile, the matter deals with possessions, material objects, money, and the like. Ilsimsamante, KalicoKat and many others have created new walls and floors etc. If in the air pile, the matter concerns communications, problems, thinking, and tact. DumbBlonde's Trashed Set made with Homecrafter Plus adds the ability to create slums for low-income families. If in the water, the matter has to do with pleasure, enjoyment, and emotions, etc. Other mods, such as Oberkorn's Krepuscular Skyes Holoprojector and GunMod's Radiance Light System help flesh out the lighting and sky effects for the game, giving users more environment types to choose from. If in the fire pile, the matter concerns energy, quarelling, and force. More objects were made like Transporters and other useful objects.

If it is not what the querent has come for, abandon the reading for now, or try in a little while after focusing on the issue some more. Hospitals are only for the Sims 1. When the reader finds the significator, tell the querent for what s/he has come, and continue. The mods for the Sims 2 are those were you could create prisons, hospitals, schools. This is determined by their birthday, and would correspond to a Queen, Knight, or Prince card. SimLogical is ran by one Inge Jones who mods the Sims 2, she used to mod the Sims 1, but she doesn't have the game anymore. The reader looks through the piles to see which pile the querent's significator is in. The InSiminator's alterations of teen relationships are further fleshed out with the InTeenimator, which can be a bother to some because it adds abortion to the game.

The reader turns these piles over and gets a general feel for the situation. Altering their memories and last names to match a user's re-writing of history requires the use of SimPE to edit game files. These four piles represent the four letters of the Tetragrammaton, or, if you will, the four elements. It can also force resurrections without the University Expansion, can change the time of day, and can change which sims are related to which other sims. The querent "asks" the deck a question, then cuts it into four piles. Modders from various sites have been designing programs, most notably SimPE and SimLogical, to edit things from the game, such as recoloring objects which originally could not be recolored, extracting meshes of both clothing and objects, as well as changing different aspects of the game, like Teen Woohoo (Woohoo is the sims' version of sexual intercourse), and the InSiminator, which allows players to edit various attributes about sims, such as their mood, their relationships, or even make them pregnant with any sim on the lot, including the sim that will be pregnant. The reader invokes Iao, then Hru, then traces the unicursal hexagram upon the deck, before shuffling and handing it to the querent. Also the console games have 2 modes of control, direct control, the default mode which allows you to walk your sim directly, and classic, where you have a light tower starting above your sim, where you can move it to select objects to use; e.g: The PC.

Crowley used the Opening of the Key spread developed by the Golden Dawn which consists of five stages. The Nintendo DS version has a few mini games including painting a picture. Games Systems version of the deck. As with the port of the original The Sims to consoles, the game will most likely feature greatly different mechanics and goals as compared to the original computer version. In any case, this spread was invented by the publisher of the small book accompanying the U.S. At the moment it is Fall 2006 whether Untitled The Sims 1980s project will be ported to Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and/or Nintendo Revolution. This layout does not in fact have anything to do with the way Crowley read the deck he designed. Namely, its addictive, entertaining gameplay." On several websites, the Sims 2 for PlayStation2 was considered an outrage and many people wanted their money back; saying that all the qualities from PC mode (getting pregnant, aging, etc.) had been taken away.

Many readers avoid the Thoth deck because of Crowley's alleged affinity for black magic. GameSpot gave all the console versions a 6.5, and said "The Sims 2 loses something in translation from PC to consoles. The bottom right hand category (three cards) represents forces beyond the querent's control. It made its debut to the console/handheld market during Q4, 2005 (source). The bottom left hand category (three cards) represents forces that help the querent. The Sims 2 was released on the following consoles and handhelds:. The top left hand category (three cards) represent what will happen in the distant or less likely future. References to furniture and electronics.

The top right hand category (three cards) represents things that will happen in the near or most likely future. Stations in The Sims 2 TV mirror those found in real-life TV networks. The center category (three cards) represents the motivations of the querent. Several family photo albums also reveal her past actions prior to her alien abduction. The reader lays out the cards in five categories. A missing person's photograph of her appears on milk cartons seen while preparing food, but she can also be found as a townie in Strangetown without her memory of her old residence and family. The querent concentrates on the question and then returns the deck to the reader. Bella Goth, the wife of Mortimer Goth in The Sims, is absent from the family when the game begins, as it is revealed she was abducted by aliens.

The deck is shuffled by the querent. [1]. Those who buy the deck are instructed as follows. Lilith, the 'bad twin', is named Lilith because Lilith was supposedly the first wife of Adam, a seductress, and 'bad'. The Thoth Tarot deck was created by Aleister Crowley and Lady Frieda Harris. Angela, the 'good twin', is named Angela because of its similarity to 'Angel'. The card-reader then flips the cards over, the one on the left telling of the past, the middle one telling current events, and the one on the right telling the future. It may also bear relevance to the original The Sims, whereby there was a pre-packaged family named the Pleasants.

The card-reader shuffles the deck, then spreads out all of the cards, asking the querent [the person for whom the cards are being read] to pick three cards, one at a time. This is probably a reference to the term "Mary Sue," which is used to describe an idealized character in a work of fan fiction. This spread can use the minor arcana as well, but the fortunes that it tells are more powerful and persuading with the major arcana and it can allow more creativity and abstraction in the fortunes. One of the characters living in Pleasantview is named "Mary-Sue Pleasant". The fifth card, also known as the final result, is what will happen if the fourth element is avoided or never played. Only one person was in that family...a man named Michael. The fourth card symbolizes what can stop or prevent the previous card from happening. The Bachelor family was one of the pre-packaged families that came with the original The Sims.

The third card represents what can happen in their future whether it be bad or good. As it turns out, a "Michael Bachelor" is her brother (now deceased). The second card represents their present state. Should one take a look at the Goth family tree, they can find out more about Bella's branch of the tree. The first card represents what is behind the querent or their past. Cows are also seen in University. Cards can be right-side up or upside down, as long as the meanings are readable. An alternative explanation is that this is paying homage to the work of Jeff Minter, a legendary games programmer who began programming games, featuring all sorts of fluffy animals, for the Vic-20 and Commodore 64 for his company Llamasoft.

There are five cards arranged in front of the querent. Speculation suggests that this is an in-joke due to one of the producer's love of Monty Python movies (specifically, Monty Python and the Holy Grail, where its opening credits credited llamas for the movie's production). This spread uses cards from the major arcana only and is arranged in a specific order. Llamas appear in The Sims (as it has in many Maxis titles). Note that, for tarot layouts for its inner-order members, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn used a more complex system which included The Opening of the Key spread [15]. (E.g., Tybalt cannot kill Mercutio to initiate the conspiracy and suicide of Shakespeare's play, but can still laugh if he sees Mercutio die from a satellite falling on his head, etc...) Other names based on plays include King Lear, The Tempest, The "Hal plays", Othello, The Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Love's Labour's Lost, Measure for Measure, Macbeth, Hamlet, Much Ado About Nothing, and The Taming of the Shrew. Waite in his book, A Pictorial Key to the Tarot. Although these spoofs are supposed to parallel the plays they parody, the Romeo and Juliet parody is significantly less tragic than the actual play.

E. Characters from other Shakespearean plays can be found in the family trees in Veronaville. The Celtic Cross was possibly used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn for outer-order members of the Order and was later made popular because of its description by A. Her character (as well as a third family, the Summerdream family) was pulled from A Midsummer Night's Dream, another Shakespearean play. [14]. The other teens from either household are named after actual characters in Romeo and Juliet, except for Hermia. (If there is a significator card, the first card of the 10 is placed atop the significator card.) The final 4 of the 10 cards are placed in a column to the right. Just like in the play, there are two lovers from each family: Romeo and Juliette.

The first 6 of the 10 cards are laid out in the shape of a cross. Instead, Consort apparently conned Patrizio and the result was that Consort became a CEO and Patrizio got fired. The significator card represents the person or the situation. The memories of Consort Capp and Patrizio Monty suggest that the broken promise may have been to help Patrizio out in time of need. This layout generally consists of 10 cards, or 10 cards plus an optional, 11th card [as a significator card]. Supposedly (according to the story of the neighborhood) the conflict started when the leader of the Capp household broke a promise to the leader of the Monty household. More experienced practitioners will sometimes use their own spreads, assigning their own meanings to the relevant positions represented. In this neighborhood, there are two families who are supposedly conflicting with each other: the Capp family and the Monty family (obviously reflecting the Capulet and Montague families in the play).

There are many different spreads, although the Celtic Cross is one of the best known, and is often taught to beginners as their first spread, despite the complexity of it and the availability of simpler, more easily manageable spreads. The neighborhood Veronaville is supposed to be a spoof of Verona (the Italian city in which Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, takes place). These patterns are called spreads or layouts.
. In Tarot divination, results can be achieved with analysis of just one card, but, for more thoroughness, combinations of several cards in set patterns are usually used. It will be released 28 February - 3 March. This is probably much less common than simple divination. Players can choose to set up businesses like an electronics store, a restaurant, a beauty salon, a boutique shop, and much more.

Divination may be seen as magical in itself, but the word "magic" often refers to the use of Tarot cards in a magical ritual designed to achieve some end. Create prized items to bring in top dollar or watch as things go haywire while they are making the next big thing. If the reader uses the interpretation technique of reversals, a reversed card has its own set of modified meanings and/or modified energies; a reversed card's meaning may sometimes be the opposite of the upright card meaning, sometimes weakened, sometimes twisted. They will be able to manage their staff and develop their talents. The cards are then analysed according to their positions, their individual divinatory meanings, their relationships, and whether the cards are upside-down ("reversed"). The Sims 2: Open for Business, the upcoming expansion pack for The Sims 2, will allow your sims to operate their own businesses. A well-known spread is the Celtic Cross. However, the pack on its own is available through European retailers in a CD-ROM.

There are many variations, but in many readings the querent shuffles the cards, then the reader lays out the cards in a pattern called a "layout" or "spread". This comes alongside the limited-edition The Sims 2 Holiday Edition core game, which contains the Holiday Party Pack already in the core game with most bugs removed, in a way similar to the way that The Sims Deluxe Edition included both The Sims and The Sims: Livin' Large in a single package. The cards are therefore sometimes "insulated" by wrapping them in silk or enclosing them in a box, and only touched by the reader and by the person for whom the reading is done (the "querent"). This adds over 40 new objects to the game, allowing for better depiction of holiday celebrations (mostly Christmas) by sims in decorative ways not possible with the standard game. Further, some individuals believe that the cards take on the "aura" or "vibrations" of someone who touches them. The Sims 2: Holiday Party Pack (The Sims 2: Christmas Party Pack in Europe) is a semi-expansion available only through the EA Online Store, select Costco stores, and other video game retailers. Still others routinely follow the divinatory meanings assigned to each card by popular books and other authorities. Nightlife also added two new aspirations:.

Tarot card readers sometimes believe that Tarot cards allow them to exercise an innate psychic ability to see the future. Vampires can be entirely avoided if the player does not want to play with them. That point of view may be unusual among those who use Tarot for divination. In addition, players can now own cars instead of taking the carpool. Meaning may emerge even from purely random patterns, as chance selections force you to consider concepts that you'd normally ignore, and the density of meaning is great enough that meanings can emerge from almost any selection of cards. Players will now be able to see other lots in the neighborhood from inside a lot. In that sense, it might be said that the Tarot can give you insights into the future without having any supernatural or occult aspect at all. Maxis has also added vampires that will bite sims, making them vampires as well.

For instance, you might be subconsciously aware that a relationship or job is in trouble, before you admit it to yourself. A new attraction system introduces turn-ons and turn-offs that cause Sims to be attracted to or disgusted by other Sims. It can be argued that we sometimes perceive the signs of future events subconsciously only. Based loosely on the original Sims expansion Hot Date, it includes entertainment options like nightclubs, restaurants for romantic dinners, and bowling alleys, in a new neighborhood type called Downtown (much like the University Town in the first expansion pack). Alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a less sophisticated use of tarot. The second expansion, The Sims 2: Nightlife, was released on September 13, 2005. This is sometimes seen as an extension of the psychological use mentioned above. A more minor introduction in University is the addition of "influence points" that can be used to influence others to do a certain thing.

Divination, or fortune-telling, is by far the most popular and well-known use of the Tarot in the English-speaking world. Sims that don't attend the university will skip Young Adult and become Adults, as in the original version of the game. Random selections of Tarot cards have also been used to construct stories for writing exercises and writing games. A "Teen" sim sent to the university will become a "Young Adult," a new age group introduced with this expansion, and that sim will become an "Adult" when it graduates or flunks out. Eliot's poem The Waste Land uses only superficial descriptions of Tarot cards, a few of which are genuine. In it, sims can be sent to college in a new neighborhood type called University. S. Maxis released the first expansion pack, called The Sims 2: University, on March 2, 2005 for PC and December 12, 2005 for Mac.

T. These have been tackled with patches released in October 2005. Italo Calvino described the Tarot as a "machine for telling stories", writing the novel The Castle of Crossed Destinies with plots and characters constructed through the Tarot. Bugs also surfaced relating to both expansion packs. The Tarot has inspired writers as well as visual artists. Many of the bugs listed below have been corrected in a downloadable patch (Note: The installation of The Sims 2: University should correct most of the problems below). This may reflect their belief that Tarot symbolism has evolved, especially since the early 20th century, so that it has become increasingly universal. The Sims 2 contains a number of bugs.

Interestingly, some people view the older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseille as crude and limited when compared to some modern ones. A similar complaint was levied against another Maxis game, SimCity 4, released more than a year and a half ago. Some try to get the client to clarify his ideas by imagining his situation or relationship in terms of Tarot images: Is someone rushing in heedlessly like the Knight of Swords perhaps, or blindly keeping the world at bay as in the Rider-Waite-Smith Two of Swords? The Tarot can be seen as a kind of algebra of the subconscious, allowing it to be analysed at the conscious level. In fact, just the required (and not optimum) system specs meant that many PC's purchased as late as 2001 would not even be able to run it at all. Some psychologists use Tarot cards to identify how a client views himself or herself, by asking the patient to select a card that he or she identifies with. At the time of release, many criticized The Sims 2 for needing extremely high system requirements. The theory of archetypes gives rise to several psychological uses. Mac.

The Emperor, for instance, represents the ultimate patriarch or father figure. Windows. He may have regarded the Tarot cards as representing archetypes: fundamental types of person or situation embedded in the subconscious of all human beings. The system requirements for The Sims 2 (from the official The Sims 2 website) are as follows:. Carl Jung was the first psychologist to attach importance to the Tarot.
. The Tarot is often considered to correspond to various systems such as astrology, Pythagorean numerology, the Kabalah, the I Ching and others. This also means that while the game still has no set goals, there is a new strategic level to balancing a Sim's life as players now have a limited time in which to fulfill Aspirations, meet needs, progress in a career, socialize and possibly have a family.

The numerology is usually thought to be significant. The Aspiration Meter also affects how long an elder will live for once they enter this phase of their life. In many systems of interpretation based on that of the Golden Dawn, the four suits are associated with the four elements: Swords with air, Wands with fire, Cups with water and Pentacles with earth. If this aspiration reward is used before the Aspiration Meter reaches the gold level, however, it sometimes backfires and the Sim loses life days. There is a vast body of writing on the significance of the Tarot. For example, the Elixir of Life aspiration reward allows a Sim to live longer. This idea was apparently first suggested by tarot author Eden Gray in the mid-20th century. When the Aspiration Meter is high, aspiration rewards may be properly used.

Altogether the major arcana are frequently said to represent the Fool's journey: a symbolic journey through life in which the Fool overcomes obstacles and gains wisdom. They may change on a daily basis, and are displayed graphically in slot-machine fashion on the toolbar. Each card has its own large, complicated and disputed set of meanings. Wants and Fears are different for each sim depending on several factors including aspiration type, age and aspiration meter level. The twenty-two cards in the major arcana are: Fool, Magician, High Priestess [or La Papessa/Popess], Empress, Emperor, Hierophant [or Pope], Lovers, Chariot, Strength, Hermit, Wheel of Fortune, Justice, Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, Judgement, World. The level is raised when a Sim fulfills a "Want", and is lowered when a "Fear" is realized. Even here there is room for interpretation: the card is sometimes considered as showing intellect triumphing over desire, sometimes as the equal union of intellect and passion, sometimes just as a symbol of mental strength or endurance. There are six levels to the aspiration meter: The highest is platinum, beneath that is gold, followed by two levels of green and two of red (red being negative aspiration and therefore an undesirable state).

The mountains in the background demonstrate another kind of strength. A sixth aspiration, that of growing up, is possessed by all sims when they are toddlers and children, and a seventh and an eighth aspiration, the Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspirations, were included with the Nightlife expansion pack. Other symbols are included: a chain of roses symbolizing desire or passion, against a white robe symbolizing purity. The five aspirations are: Romance, Family, Knowledge, Popularity and Fortune. In the newer card, this symbol appears explicitly. Sims will each have an aspiration which is set either when they are created by the player, generated by the game (if they are an NPC), or chosen by the player when they become a teenager. The woman's hat of the Marseille card has frequently been interpreted as a lemniscate: the sideways-figure-eight representing infinity, or, according to Waite, the Spirit of Life. Aspiration manifests itself in two ways: the aspiration which each Sim has, and the Aspiration Meter.

As with its Marseille-deck ancestor, the Strength trump shows a woman holding the jaws of a lion, but this picture is far more elaborate. The Sims 2 introduces a new aspect into the game: Aspiration. We can know more about the symbolic intentions of the designer here, since he conveniently wrote many books on the subject on occultism and symbolism and a handbook specifically for this deck titled The Pictorial Key to the Tarot (1910). The Sims 2 Body Shop, a tool which allows a user to design a Sim's body, clothing, genetic features, etc., was available well before the game's release. See, for example, the Rider-Waite-Smith Strength card. The graphics and house design engines have improved with more choices for houses, neighborhood design, food and clothes. Images and interpretations have been continually reshaped, in part, to help the Tarot live up to its mythic role as a powerful occult instrument and to respond to modern needs. Good and bad experiences are kept as memories and can affect the Sim's behaviour.

In turn, the meanings come to be modified by the new pictures. Other unique events such as deaths, birthdays and a first kiss also take place in a Sim's lifetime. Interpretations have evolved together with the cards over the centuries: later decks have "clarified" the pictures in accordance with meanings assigned to the cards by their creators. Sims are pregnant before having children (unlike in the previous version, where children just appeared). Some people find that modern Tarot decks are more interesting, expressive, and psychologically resonant than their ancestors. In this installment of the series, Sims can have more realistic marriages with engagements and parties. We will do some dispelling further on; in the meantime, the most important thing to note is that modern, occult readings of the cards often have little to do with their meaning in their original context. As Sims age, get married and have children, these relationships are recorded in an extensive family tree.

In fact, much of the fog around the symbolism can be dispelled if one studies sources other than occultists with a vested interest in the occult interpretation of Tarot. Family relationships are much more integral to this version of the Sims than the previous version. Contrary to what many popular authors claim, its origins are not lost in the mists of time. Unlike in the previous game, when children stayed children and there was little game progress, the stages of life encourage players to move the game along and create relationships between Sims. Such history is not impenetrable. Sims age through 6 unique stages: baby, toddler, child, teen, adult and elder (although another stage, 'young adult', was added with the University expansion pack and "preteen" might be added in future expansion packs). The Tarot has a complex and rich symbolism with a long history. .

In the Silicon Valley Tarot, major arcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disks and Hosts; the court cards CIO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire. A port to Mac OS X was done by Aspyr and was released on June 12, 2005. The Tarot of Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and major arcana cards like "The Catcher", "The Rule Book" and "Batting a Thousand". Customers who pre-ordered The Sims 2 received their copy on September 14, 2004. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot is notable for its circular cards and feminist angle: the mainly male characters have been replaced by females. The DVD-ROM version, called The Sims 2 Special DVD Edition, contains a Bonus Disc that carries extra content such as interviews and commercials of past Sim products. These modern decks change the cards to varying degrees. The game was officially released on September 17, 2004 in both CD-ROM and DVD-ROM formats.

The Tarot of the Witches deck became famous/notorious in the 1970s for its use in the James Bond movie Live and Let Die. It is fully 3D, and, unlike in the first installment, characters age and have genetic traits that can be passed on to their children. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarot retain the conventional cards with varying designs. It is a vast departure from the previous version and various updates. For instance, cat-lovers may have the Tarot of the Cat People, a deck complete with cats in every picture. The Sims 2 is a strategy/simulation computer game from Maxis and is the sequel to the popular game The Sims. The variety is almost endless, and grows yearly. SSX 3 - An actual game that made its apperance in computers and TV sets with the Maxis Game Simulator Console in The Sims 2.

Other modern decks created since the time of the first publishing of the Rider-Waite deck in 1909 vary in their card imagery. Soma - Is a referance to Sony. The Marseille numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted on them; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods, cups, coins) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenic flourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings. Moneywell - Is a referance to the Honeywell electronics conglomorate. The Marseille style Tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pip cards of modern playing card decks. All the shows always cut to commercials when one of the sims on screen sets the kitchen on fire. Numerous other decks exist, including the Tree of Life Tarot whose cards are stark symbolic catalogs, and the Cosmic Tarot. The Yummy Channel - A comical parody of The Food Network.

Other esoteric decks include the Golden Dawn Tarot, which is apparently based on a deck by SL MacGregor Mathers and clearly based on the teachings of the Golden Dawn. KidzTube - Is a reference to Nickelodeon, The Disney Channel and Cartoon Network, though the scenes are similar to the children's live action shows of the 1950s like Howdy Doody and Sesame Street in the 1970s. Tarot deck are black line drawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be coloured by its owner. SimStation Dance - Is a reference to the music TV networks such as MTV, VH1, and most likely Fuse. In contrast to the Thoth deck's colourfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. Sim Broadcasting Network - Is a reference to the major broadcasting networks such as NBC, ABC, CBS, and FOX. That said, many consider the Rider-Waite deck and the Tarot de Marseille also to be 'esoteric' decks. SimStation Sports - Is a reference to ESPN.

The Thoth deck is distinctly different from the Rider-Waite deck. After receiving this aspiration, your Sim will want nothing but things involving grilled cheese. Crowley engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint the cards for the deck. Grilled Cheese: Accessed only by unsuccessfully using the ReNuYu Senso Orb. A widely-used esoteric Tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (pronounced /təʊt/ or /θɒθ/). Pleasure: Pleasure sims' wants are extremely variable as they seek only to enjoy life. Instead, they are variations. Boddler Glitch: A dangerous bug that occurs when you don't save sims after they've switched from one age band to another, and then deleted them using the "moveobjects on" cheat.

They are not exact copies as the term clone would imply. Another way of exploiting this clone technique for users without the Nightlife Expansion is to click on and move the sim, and hold down the shift key when placing. They are sometimes called Rider-Waite-Smith clones; however, the term is misleading. Your lot can then be filled with mindless clones of your sim, since the game doesn't know whether to make more sims or more doors. Numerous other decks that are loosely based on Rider-Waite (as noted below)have been published from the mid-20th century through today. When you let go of the camera, it will start making more sims, rather than more doors. In Internet tarot discussion groups, the Rider-Waite deck and very similar decks, e.g., the Universal Waite, are sometimes referred to by the collective term "Rider-Waite-Smith", "RWS" or "Waite-Colman-Smith" (or similar expressions). Next, change the pitch of your camera.

The limited number of colors and "flat" appearance in the original Rider-Waite-Smith decks were virtually unavoidable due to the limits of printing technology in the early 20th century. Move your sim to some other tile than where they currently are. However, several decks, such as the Universal Waite, copy the Smith's line drawings, but add more subtle coloring and three dimensional modeling. Act like you're about to place a door on the lot, but then, hit the delete key. Some individuals object to the Rider-Waite deck due to its relatively small selection of colors and "flat" appearance. Door-Clone Glitch: If you enter build mode with the moveobjects cheat enabled, go to the door creation tool. The first to do so was the 15th-century Sola-Busca deck; however, in this case, the illustrations apparently were not made to facilitate divination. Can be fixed by moving the family to another lot.

However, it isn't the first deck to include completely illustrated numeric cards. Carpool bug: All sims living on a lot refuse to enter cars, taxis, buses, etc, causing them to fail at their job or at school. An important difference from 'Marseille'-style decks is that Smith drew scenes on the numeric cards to depict divinatory meanings; those divinatory meanings derive, in great part, from traditional cartomantic divinatory meanings (e.g., Etteilla and others) and from divinatory meanings first espoused by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which both Waite and Smith were members. This was fixed by the Maxis patch. The subjects of the trumps are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's view of Tarot. Also would float if use was cancelled during the talk-through action. While the deck is sometimes known as a simple, user-friendly one, its imagery, especially in the Trumps, is complex and replete with occult symbolism. Can be fixed by buying a new teddy bear.

(See also discussion of the general expression "Rider-Waite-Smith" below, to indicate a category of decks that includes the "Rider-Waite" deck as well as decks which use the line drawings of the Rider-Waite deck, such as the Universal Waite deck.) (In contrast, in French-speaking countries, the Marseille deck enjoys the equivalent popularity.) The images were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of Christian mystic and occultist Arthur Waite, and originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. Floating Teddy: After a few uses, the object of the bear will float in the air and there will no longer be proper animation of use of the bear. An influential deck in English-speaking countries is the Rider-Waite deck (sometimes called simply the Rider deck). Caused by proximity to other usable objects. Such Tarot decks generally have 22 trumps with genre scenes from 19th-century life, a Fool, and have minor arcana that closely resemble today's French playing cards.). Unused objects designated as in use: Engine bug which makes unused objects appear as in-use, like doors that don't close. (Note that the French card game of tarot is now generally played using a relatively modern 19th-century design. "Vanishing Family Members": Hardly anything is known about this glitch except that it occurs when a family member goes to work or school for the first time, they don't come back and vanish off the portraits of the family members on the left of the screen; there is no memory of the disappearance in any of the other family members.

The more simply illustrated "Marseille" style decks are nevertheless used esoterically, for divination, and previously for game play. Solved by the Maxis patch. However, under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck, decks used in the English-speaking world for divination often bear illustrated scenes on the numeric cards to facilitate divination. Invisible Colleagues: Graphics glitch involving colleagues visiting by helicopter, causing colleagues to be invisible. Esoteric decks are often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabala; in these decks the Major Arcana are illustrated in accordance with Qabalistic principles while the numbered suit cards (2 through 10) sometimes bear only stylized renderings of the suit symbol. Memory Leak: Memory leak, sometimes caused by hiring non-player characters, causing abnormal use of system resources. Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such "art decks" sometimes contain only the 22 cards of the Major Arcana. Solved by the Maxis patch.

In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate was used; this deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols and the four elements, as well as traditional Tarot cards. "Jump Out" Bug: Time-out/scripting bug, causing characters to abort ( "jump out of" ) certain animations and interactions. Other regional styles include the "Swiss" Tarot; this one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess and the Pope. This problem has been fixed in the new version of ATI's drivers. Some current editions of cards based on the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design that was printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. "Liney" Sims: Graphical glitch with ATI Radeon 9000 GPUs. The Tarot of Marseille was also popularized in the 20th century by Paul Marteau. you exited the house of Sim A, B, C+, opened CAS, then pressed the randomize button an arbitrary number more than twelve, it would restart the game's randomization engines, and subsequent children would share different genes.

This standard pattern was the one studied by Court de Gébelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his Le Monde primitif. However, if before birth of Sim D, E, ect. Historically, one of the most important design is now usually known as the Tarot of Marseille (French: Tarot de Marseille). If you opened the game again a day later, and Sim A, who gave birth to Sim C, gives birth to another Sim, Sim D, it would be an exact copy of Sim C, in both personality and appearance. A number of tyical regional patterns emerged. If your sims create a child without using the randomizing tool in CAS, it will be a certain combination of his or her parents' genes and personality. Traditionally, a variety of styles of Tarot decks and designs have existed. For instance, the first twelve 'randomly produced' sims could be recreated if you exited the Sims 2, then re-opened it, started up CAS, then clicked the randomize button.

Tarot cards serve many purposes, and this leads to a variety of Tarot deck styles. "Firstborn Clone": All sims produced in the game are random, but only to a certain point. Tarot decks depict the archetypes of spiritual life, see iconography. At least 3 GB of hard drive space. Games Systems, the Rider-Waite-Smith deck has been extremely popular in the English-speaking world beginning in the 1970s. Mac OS X 10.3.8 or better. Thanks, in part, to marketing by the publisher U.S. 256 RAM.

In the 20th century, a huge number of different decks were created, some traditional, some vastly different. (ATI) Radeon 9000 or better. (Arthur Edward Waite had been an early member of the Golden Dawn). PowerPC G4/G5. Tarot became increasingly popular beginning in 1910, with the publication of the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot, which took the step of including symbolic images related to divinatory meanings on the numeric cards. 1.2 GHz processor. On the other hand, to this day some of Etteilla's divinatory meanings for Tarot are still used by some Tarot practitioners. At least 3.5 GB of hard drive space.

While Levi accepted Court de Gébelin's claims about an Egyptian origin of the deck symbols, he rejected Etteilla's innovations and his altered deck, and devised instead a system which related the Tarot, especially the Tarot de Marseille, to the Kabbalah and the four elements of alchemy. Windows® XP, Windows ME, Windows 98 or Windows 2000 Operating System or better. Lévi, not Etteilla, is considered by some to be the true founder of most contemporary schools of Tarot; his 1854 Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (English title: Transcendental Magic) introduced an interpretation of the cards which related them to Cabala. 256 MB RAM. The idea of the cards as a mystical key was further developed by Eliphas Levi and passed to the English-speaking world by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. 2 GHz processor for systems without a T&L-capable video card with at least 32 MB of video RAM. Interest in Tarot by other occultists came later, during the Hermetic Revival of the 1840s in which (among others) Victor Hugo was involved. 800 MHz processor for systems with a T&L-capable video card with at least 32 MB of video RAM.

However, she did not typically use Tarot. This was due, in part, to the influence she wielded over Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. Later Marie-Anne Le Normand popularized divination and prophecy during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. Etteilla decks, although now eclipsed by Smith and Waite's fully-illustrated deck and Aleister Crowley's "Thoth" deck, remain available.

Etteilla designed the first esoteric Tarot deck, adding astrological attributions to various cards, altering many of them from the Marseille designs, and adding divinatory meanings in text on the cards. Although tarot cards were used for fortune-telling in Italy in the 1700s, they were first widely publicized as a divination method by Alliette, also called "Etteilla", a French occultist who reversed the letters of his name and worked as a seer and card diviner shortly before the French Revolution. Later Egyptologists found nothing in the Egyptian language that supports de Gébelin's fanciful etymologies, but these findings came too late; by the time authentic Egyptian texts were available, the identification of the Tarot cards with the Egyptian "Book of Thoth" was already firmly established in occult practice. In addition, Gébelin wrote before Champollion had deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Gébelin asserted these and similar views dogmatically; he presented no clear factual evidence to substantiate his claims. Gébelin further claimed that the name "tarot" came from the Egyptian words tar, meaning "royal", and ro, meaning "road", and that the Tarot therefore represented a "royal road" to wisdom. De Gébelin first asserted that symbolism of the Tarot de Marseille asserted represented the mysteries of Isis and Thoth. The tradition began in 1781, when Antoine Court de Gébelin, a Swiss clergyman and Freemason, published Le Monde Primitif, a speculative study which included religious symbolism and its survivals in the modern world.

The Tarot was not widely adopted by mystics, occultists and secret societies until the 18th and 19th century. This was actually a late rather than early development, as we can tell from period sources on card divination and magic. The Tarot cards eventually came to be associated with mysticism and magic. It is notable that between 1450 and 1500 the Tarot was actually recommended for the instruction of the young by Church moralists (reference is urgently needed here); not until fifty years after the Visconti deck did it become associated with gambling, and not until the 18th century and Gébelin and Etteilla with occultism.

Later confusion about the symbolism stems, in part, from the occult decks, which began a process of steadily paganizing and universalizing the symbolism to the point where the underlying Christian allegory has been somewhat obscured (as, for example, when the Rider-Waite deck of the early Twentieth Century changed "The Pope" to "The Hierophant" and "The Popess" to "The High Priestess"). Several other early Tarot-like sequences of portable art survive to place the Visconti deck in context. Augustine's "Heavenly City", and it is not coincidence that it often closely follows the Judgement card. Notably, the earliest versions of the World card show a conventional image known from period religious art to represent St.

These trionfi or triumphs were elaborate productions which layered then-fashionable Graeco-Roman symbolism over a Christian allegory of sin, grace, and redemption. Thus, the earliest Tarots may have been depictions of the carnival parades that ushered in the Christian season of Lent or the related motif of hierarchical powers found in Petrarch's poem I Trionfi. Nearly all of it may easily be interpreted as a reflection of the dominant Christian values of the times. In fact, although much of imagery looks mysterious or exotic to modern users, nearly all of it reflects conventional symbolism popular in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

Such ideas, however, are speculative. Based on purported similarities of imagery and reinforced by the added numbering, some claim that Tarot originated in ancient Egypt, Hebrew mystic tradition of the Kabbalah, or a wide variety of other exotic places and times. Since the Egyptianizing ruminations in Le Monde primitif by Antoine Court de Gébelin (1781) which soon inspired the occultism of "Etteilla," it has been believed by many that the Tarot is far older than this. Before then, skulls in pictorial art were primarily symbols of scholarship and learning.

Study of the iconography of the earliest tarots via standard comparative-historical methods suffices to pin the origin of the depiction of Death as after the Black Death, because the skeletal-death-with-a-scythe motif found on effectively all versions of Trump XIII does not predate the plagues. However, historians have found little evidence to substantiate many such speculations. Steven Runciman, in The Medieval Manichee (1947), doubted the Catharist connection: "There seems to me to be a trace of Dualism in the pack, but it has since been overlaid with debased Kabalistic lore." He recognized the traditional interpretation of the Devil as the embodiment of the evil natural forces of this world, holding a naked man and woman in chains, and suggested in the Tower struck by lightning, a Cathar view of a Roman Catholic church. Traces of medieval dualist heresy, such as the Bogomils taught, or the Cathars, whose centers were precisely where the earliest Tarot surfaced in Piedmont and Provence, can be also detected in the paired balance, not merely of Emperor with Empress, but, significantly, by Pope with Popess, with echoes of the Pope Joan myth and of the gnostic Pistis Sophia. The substitution of a more neutral "Hierophant" designation for the nameless high priest is a modern one.

It is unlikely that their Zodiac context is being referred to, in which case all the others would have to have gone missing. Indeed, of any possible signs of the Zodiac, only the dual-natured Twins are present. All the heavenly sources of Light, so important to Dualist heretics, are present in the Major Arcana, without any planets that would have been required for any meaning associated with astrology, the usual context for heavenly bodies. The presence of the Fool and the Magician has often suggested a portable catechism for the illiterate, which survives in cartomancy.

Can Prudence have always been missing? The Christian Virtues that would ordinarily complete them (i.e., Faith, Hope and Charity) are missing, however, a "Hope" card is found in one of the earliest known decks, suggesting they were removed or omitted in subsequent years. Of the four Classical Virtues, only Fortitude, Justice and Temperance remain. There is no reason to be confident that the surviving set of Major Arcana is complete. Much speculation surrounds early tarot cards, including the notions which follow.

More simply drawn decks survive from various cities in France at various times (the best known in this context being the city of Marseille, in southern France) perhaps from the early 16th century, though actual surviving examples are no earlier than the 17th century. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced in varying quality, combines the Minor Arcana (suits of Swords, Staves, Coins and Cups, and face cards King, Queen, Knight and Page) with Major Arcana that reflect conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree. Of the original cards, 35 are in the Pierpont Morgan Library, 26 cards are at the Accademia Carrara, 13 are at the Casa Colleoni, 4 cards (the Devil, the Tower, the Three of Swords, and the Knight of Coins) being lost or possibly never made. The oldest of these existing Tarot decks was perhaps painted to celebrate a mid-15th century wedding joining the ruling Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, probably painted by Bonifacio Bembo and other miniaturists of the Ferrara school.

The oldest surviving Tarot cards are three early to mid-15th century sets, all made for members of the Visconti family, rulers of Milan. In Pietro Aretino's witty 16th-century dialogue Le carte parlanti ("The talking cards: dialogue in which gaming is discussed in a congenial fashion") there are frequent references to tarot symbolism: "The temptation of the hermit is the devil," and some irony on their uses: "...They reveal the secrets of nature, the reason for things, and explain the causes why day is driven out by night and night by day." [10]. However, other sources praised cards as an educational tool. Bernardino of Siena gave a sermon reviling cards as the invention of the Devil in 1423.

No mention of playing cards in the context of gambling and other marks of dissolute life precede the sudden appearance of a barrage of hostility in the 1370s: a sermon by the Swiss Johannes von Rheinfelden, Tractus de moribus et disciplina humanae conversationis states that "the game of cards has come to us this year" (said to be 1377, in the 15th-century surviving manuscript)[8] without inveighing against them, but prohibitions against cards were issued by John I of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel that same year and by the city of Regensburg the following year and in the Duchy of Brabant in 1379 [9]. However, some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century. In fact, in some jurisdictions, tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting regular playing cards. As an institution, the Roman Catholic Church and most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot's early history.

This opinion is based on the suggestion, that the surviving 68 Bembo cards had in the "6 added trumps" only replacements for earlier "lost cards". 1450, in this way contradicting the above statements and conclusions. A general farspread, now traditional, hypothesis stated, that the final form of the Tarot with a 4x14+22-structure was settled ca. This final result of a longer development had as its most similar forerunner the 70 cards of (likely) Bonifacio Bembo (from which 68 still exist), which together with an addition of six cards by the hand of a second unknown artist were formed to the socalled Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo Tarocchi (a Milanese production in the time of Francesco Sforza, who reigned 1450 - 1466).

The "standard form of Tarocchi" - similar to the Tarot deck nowadays - could logically only develop with mass-production. 1470 - 1480). The number of the produced decks (mostly very expensive items) is considered to have been rather small a longer time, first forms of mass production with cheap decks developed according this opinion late (in the discussion is ca. Individual researcher's opinions formulate cause these facts in the current moment, that the Trionfi decks of the early time had mostly 5x14 cards [7] only and that the row of trumps and fool were simply considered as a 5th suit with predefined trump-function.

Till the Boiardo Tarocchi poem [5] (produced at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494) and the Sola Busca Tarocchi (1491)[6] any confirming evidence for the final standard form with totally 78 cards is missing. This first known deck seems to have had the usual 10 number cards, but kings only and only 16 trumps - the later standard (4x14 + 22) wasn't settled and still in 1457 a document is known, which speaks of Trionfi decks with 70 cards only [4]. The 4 suits showed birds, which appeared regularely in common Visconti-heraldic, and the used specific order of the gods gives reason to assume, that the deck partly should focus, that the Visconti identified themselves as descendents from Jupiter and Venus (which were - as in this time usual - seen not as gods, but as heroes, which were deified once). But the document shows clearly, that this deck was produced to show a Greek gods system (an ideological idea in a time, when Greek content was taken in Italy with some enthusiasm) and likely the production accompanied a triumphal festivity of the commissioner Filippo Maria Visconti, which means, the deck had concrete function to express and consolidate the current political power in Milan (as common for the time also in other productions of art).

As example: The earliest known deck (socalled Michelino deck after the painter)(http://trionfi.com/0/b] is described only in manuscript (by Martiano da Tortona, produced at an unknown time between 1418 - 1425)[3], the cards are lost. In the given context it's obvious, that the special motifs on the trumps, which were added to normal playing cards with a usual 4x14-structure, were ideological determined, they had been thought to show a specific system, which could transport messages of different content (the known early examples show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical and heraldic ideas for instance, also a group of old Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes could serve as content as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi). All relevant early documents point to an origin of the Trionfi cards (later Tarocchi cards) in the upper class of the society in Italy and specifically to the courts of Milan and Ferrara, which belonged to the most exclusive courts of their time in Europe. In modern use the word Tarocchi is incorrectly used for artefacts from a time, when the word was still unknown: Visconti Sforza Tarocchi, socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" or Sola-Busca Tarocchi for instance have their origin the Trionfi phase.

They range from "old Egyptian origin" till the more profane "a cardmaker from the French village Taraux produced Tarot cards". Various contradicting suggestions has been made in the past to explain the original meaning of the word "Tarot". Although the objects are relatively clear of Italian origin (28 notes of the term Trionfi from 1442 - 1463 are counted [2] with some real still existing Trionfi cards from this early time in contrast to a first appearance of the word Trionfi in France in 1480 with no surviving cards), it seems, that the final Ialian name Tarocchi developed from French influence (Italian speakers of today claim that French words with an ending "-ot" had been commonly transformed in endings with "-occo" and "-occhi".) The poet Berni in 1526 still has some mockery for this (still new) word: "Let him look to it, who is pleased with the game of Tarocco, that the only signification of this word Tarocco, is stupid, foolish, simple, fit only to be used by bakers, cobblers, and the vulgar". This earlier name of the game is first documented in February 1442, Ferrara {document).

An earlier form of the game had the name Trionfi or triumph, this name developed later as general term for trick-taking (trumpfen in German, to trump in English) and disappeared in its original function as name for a specific type of deck. The playing material is older than the name of the game, which, according current research state, became known in the year 1505 parallel in France (Taraux) and Ferrara (Italy, as Tarocchi) (Tarot press note) (Details). The 78-card Tarot resulted from merging 21 Trumps and the Fool into an early 56-card variant (14 cards per suit). Early European sources describe a deck with typically 52 cards, like a modern deck with no jokers [1].

Playing cards appeared quite suddenly in Christian Europe during the period 1375-1380, following several decades of use in Islamic Spain: see playing card history for discussion of its origins. The relationship between Tarot cards and playing cards is well documented. However, early references such as a sermon refer only to the use of the cards for game-playing and gambling; and in some European countries such as France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, Tarot is still a widely played game. In the Western world today, the Tarot is usually seen either as a means of divination, the practice of ascertaining information from supernatural or other sources, or, in a more modern view, as a psychological tool for accessing the unconscious.

The Jack corresponds to the tarot deck's Page. In bridge/poker decks, the court cards typically consist of the King, the Queen and the Jack. The four court cards (or face cards) of the tarot deck traditionally consist of the King, the Queen, the Knight and the Page (or Knave). The 14 cards in each suit consist of an Ace, nine cards numbered 2 through 10, and four court cards (not dissimilar from the structure of 52-card bridge/poker playing card decks, except that bridge/poker playing card decks have three court cards rather than four).

(Arcana is the plural form of the Latin word arcanum, meaning "closed" or "secret".). In modern tarot decks, the Batons suit is commonly called Wands, Rods or Staves, while the Coins suit is often called Pentacles or Disks. The traditional Italian suits are Swords, Batons, Coins and Cups. The second, called the Minor Arcana, consists of 56 cards divided into four suits of 14 cards each.

The first, called the Major Arcana, consists of 21 cards without suits typically referred to as "trumps", plus a 22nd card, The Fool. The typical 78-card tarot deck is structured into two distinct parts. . In the 18th and 19th centuries, the cards became popular in occult studies, initiated by occultists such as Etteilla and Antoine Court de Gebelin.

Soon afterwards, the cards were used for the games called Tarocchi. These were called carte da trionfi or "cards of the triumphs". The earliest extant specimens of Tarot decks are of North Italian origin and date to the early to mid-15th century. As discussed in more detail below, the Tarot is usually a deck of 78 cards composed of:.

Alan Moore himself has been quoted[12] as claiming his single cleverest piece of work is Promethea #12, a playful, multi-level[13] rebus in which a set of Major Arcana of Moore's own design (in homage of Crowley's Thoth Tarot deck) is used to explain Life, the Universe and Everything to Sophie (Promethea). Tarot also features prominently in Alan Moore's Promethea (1998-2005), forming one of the central motifs of the series. [11]. In the 1999 movie The Red Violin, the journey of a perfect red violin is divined by a woman utilizing the Major Arcana cards of a Tarot deck.

In the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, James confronts Solitaire, a woman who posesses the power to read tarot cards to predict the future. Tim Powers' 1992 novel Last Call depicts Tarot decks used for magic beyond just divination, particularly in a variant of poker, and alludes repeatedly to The Waste Land. In John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1981), characters use a Tarot deck with non-standard, somewhat whimsical arcana (the "Least Trumps") for divination. On the planet Tarot, nightmares, visions and fantasies become real, and sometimes tangentially, sometimes on-target, the protagonist lives through myths and stories, e.g., the moment Jesus of Nazareth "dies" and accepts his spiritual journey as Christ the savior, related to Tarot cards.

From 1977 to 1980, Piers Anthony published the Planet of Tarot series, which included God of Tarot, Vision of Tarot and Faith of Tarot. Yet not for you.". At the end of Book 1, The Gunslinger, Roland finally catches up to the Man in Black, who reads Roland's future with a deck of Tarot cards in a golgotha: "Death. Tarot cards also play a role in Stephen King's Dark Tower series.

The strategy video game Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen features tarot cards, which can be put to various uses in battle (a Lovers can cause enemies to attack one another; an Emperor will give the allied team an extra round of attacks, etc.). A Tarot deck inspired by the Amber series has been published. Tarot decks play a significant role in Roger Zelazny's Amber fantasy series, where most major characters carry a magical deck of Tarot cards whose Trumps represent other characters (and enable communication with them) or locations. The Greater Trumps (1932), a supernatural thriller by Charles Williams, involves a struggle over "the Original Deck," which has come into the hands of an English civil servant.

four court cards, page, knight, queen and king in the same four suits (4 per suit, thus 16 court cards in total). ten cards numbered from Ace to 10 in four different suits; traditionally batons (wands), cups, swords and coins (pentacles) (40 cards in total); and. the minor arcana consisting of 56 cards:

    . the major arcana, consisting of 21 trump cards and the Fool card;.