Summer Olympic Games

Poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.

The Summer Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event held every four years, organised by the International Olympic Committee. The Olympics are the most prestigious of such events in the world. Olympic victory is widely considered to be the most prestigious achievement in sports. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition which started in 1904.

Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to represent their country of citizenship. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by each country are widely used. In general only recognised nations are represented, but a few non-sovereign countries are allowed to take part. The special case of Taiwan was handled by having it compete as Chinese Taipei, to avoid the issue of Taiwanese independence.

Though the most diverse sporting event in the world, the Olympics are perhaps not the most popular. The football World Cup attracts more global interest, as measured by the larger television audience.

History of the modern summer Olympics

The early years

The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. The first games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before.

Four years later (in 1900) the Paris games attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to compete for the first time, in croquet and tennis. The Games were integrated with the Paris World's fair and lasted over 5 months. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time.

Numbers declined again for the 1904 Games in St. Louis, USA, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was abused for many contests, such as those for school boys or for Irish-Americans.

There followed a smaller games in Athens in 1906, the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens. As it also turned out to be the last, the reason for the games is now sought in the "tenth birthday" of the games. These games are not currently recognised as being Olympic Games by the IOC, though most historians do see them as such. Anyway, they certainly positively contributed to the success of future games after the less successful 1900 and 1904 Games.

The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). This distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. The marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances.

At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds.

The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,500 competitors to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of amateurism. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death.

The scheduled Berlin Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I.

The interwar era

The 1920 Antwerp games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. "The Flying Finn", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 metre runs, the latter two on the same day.

The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefitted greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from Coca-Cola. This was in stark contrast to 1932 when the Los Angeles games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. Louis games.

The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. The result, Olympia, was a masterpiece, despite Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by non-Aryan athletes. In particular, the black sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is a fabrication.

The Games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to World War II.

After WWII

The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin.

At the 1952 Games in Helsinki, Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio both of wins and Olympic records.

The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, barring a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams.

The 1960 Rome Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites only restaurant in his home town. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 m, 200 m and 4x100 m relay events.

The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. These games were the first to be broadcast live on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites, and helped introduce the world to colour television. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics.

Performances at the 1968 Mexico City games were affected by the altitude of the host city. No event was affected more than the long jump. In a previously tight competition, US athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m, destroying the world record and, in the words of fellow competitor and then-reigning champion Lynn Davies, "making the rest of us look silly." Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. The 1968 Games also saw the introduction of the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. Politics took centre stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200-metre dash, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the USA; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement.

Politics again intervened at Munich in 1972, with lethal consequences. An extreme Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and held several members of the Israeli weightlifting team hostage, and killed two of them. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous Arab prisoners. When the Israelis refused to make concessions, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the remaining nine Israeli athletes and all but one of the terrorists, were killed. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events. Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut.

There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest a recent tour of apartheid South Africa by a New Zealand rugby side. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci won the women's individual all around gold medal with a succession of perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania.

1980s and beyond

Following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the 1980 games held in Moscow. Notably, Great Britain and Greece did not withdraw. This contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country.

In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Eastern Europe countries, reciprocated by boycotting the Los Angeles games. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era. The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Again, the games lost a measure of their appeal by the absence of one of the superpowers.

The 1988 Seoul games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes failed mandatory drug tests. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games. The outcry reached its zenith when Ben Johnson, the Canadian winner of the men's 100 m sprint, was discovered to be a steroid user and disqualified. There was an additional scandal in the boxing ring, where Korean fighters were awarded dubious decisions by the judges. This culminated in local light-middleweight Park Si-hun being awarded the gold medal despite being conclusively outboxed in the final by American Roy Jones, Jr.. This decision in particular would lead to a total overhaul of the judging process before the next games.

On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. The 1992 Barcelona Games were cleaner, although not without incident. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by U.S. basketball's "Dream Team." 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the USSR since World War II.

By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, in particular with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympic Games. It was also widely rumoured that the Coca-Cola company was highly influential in the 1996 Games being hosted by their home city of Atlanta, Georgia. In the stadium in 1996, the highlight was 200 m runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-metre dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of U.S. television. The atmosphere at the Games was marred however when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Park. (In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was captured.)

A new millennium

The 2000 Games were held in Sydney, Australia, and showcased individual performances by local favourite Ian Thorpe in the pool, Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing Gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, whose triumph in the 400 m united a packed stadium and provided a bridge between white and aboriginal Australians. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, had a memorably slow 100 m freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained.

2004 saw the games return to their birthplace, in Athens, Greece. Many doubted the city would be ready to host the games in time. Also, as these were the first games after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, there were many fears about terrorist attacks taking place. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone -- an enormous sum that will take many years, if not decades, to pay off. Yet, none of those fears became a reality. The games were appreciated for their excellent quality, from the point of view of their organisation, hospitality, the excellence of the competition, and the image transmitted worldwide.

The future

The 2008 Summer Olympics are to be held in Beijing, China.

The 2012 Summer Olympics are to be held in London, United Kingdom.

The 2016 Games and subsequent events are to-be-determined.

List of Olympic sports

  • Aquatics - every edition
    • Includes swimming, diving, synchronised swimming, and water polo and from 2008 open-air swimming,
  • Archery - 1900, 1904, 1908, 1920, and since 1972
  • Athletics - every edition
    • Includes track & field events - running, throwing, jumping, and composites such as decathlon
  • Badminton - since 1992
  • Baseball - since 1992, removed from programme after 2008
  • Basketball - since 1936
  • Basque Pelota - 1900 only
  • Boxing - since 1904 excluding 1912. Women's boxing could be introduced in 2012.
  • Canoeing - since 1936
    • Includes flatwater racing and slalom canoeing
  • Cricket - 1900 only
  • Croquet - 1900 only
  • Cycling - every edition
    • Includes road cycling, track cycling, mountain biking, and BMX racing
  • Equestrian - 1900 and since 1912
  • Fencing - every edition
  • Football - since 1900 excluding 1932
  • Golf - 1900 and 1904
  • Gymnastics - every edition
    • Includes artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and trampoline
  • Handball - 1936 and since 1972
  • Hockey - 1908, 1920, and since 1928
  • Jeu de paume - 1920 only
  • Judo - since 1964 excluding 1968
  • Lacrosse - 1904 and 1908
  • Modern Pentathlon - since 1912
  • Polo - 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, and 1936
  • Rackets - 1908 only
  • Roque - 1904 only
  • Rowing - since 1900
  • Rugby - 1900, 1908 Summer Olympics, 1920, and 1924
  • Sailing - since 1900 excluding 1904
  • Shooting - every edition except 1904 and 1928
  • Softball - since 1996, removed from programme after 2008
  • Table Tennis - since 1988
  • Taekwondo - since 2000
  • Tennis - 1896 to 1924 and since 1988
  • Triathlon - since 2000
  • Tug of war - 1900 to 1920
  • Volleyball - since 1964
  • Water motorsports - 1908 only
  • Weightlifting - 1896, 1904, and since 1920
  • Wrestling - every edition except 1900
    • Includes Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling

List of modern Summer Olympic Games

  • 1896 - Games of the I Olympiad - Athens, Greece
  • 1900 - Games of the II Olympiad - Paris, France
  • 1904 - Games of the III Olympiad - St. Louis, United States
  • 1906 - Intercalated Games - Athens, Greece
  • 1908 - Games of the IV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom
  • 1912 - Games of the V Olympiad - Stockholm, Sweden
  • 1916 - Games of the VI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany - Cancelled following the onset of World War I
  • 1920 - Games of the VII Olympiad - Antwerp, Belgium
  • 1924 - Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris, France
  • 1928 - Games of the IX Olympiad - Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 1932 - Games of the X Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States
  • 1936 - Games of the XI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany
  • 1940 - Games of the XII Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland - Cancelled following the onset of World War II
  • 1944 - Games of the XIII Olympiad - London, United Kingdom- Cancelled due to the still raging World War II
  • 1948 - Games of the XIV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom
  • 1952 - Games of the XV Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland
  • 1956 - Games of the XVI Olympiad - Melbourne, Australia / Stockholm, Sweden (Equestrian events)
  • 1960 - Games of the XVII Olympiad - Rome, Italy
  • 1964 - Games of the XVIII Olympiad - Tokyo, Japan
  • 1968 - Games of the XIX Olympiad - Mexico City, Mexico
  • 1972 - Games of the XX Olympiad - Munich, West Germany (now Munich, Germany)
  • 1976 - Games of the XXI Olympiad - Montréal, Canada
  • 1980 - Games of the XXII Olympiad - Moscow, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russia)
  • 1984 - Games of the XXIII Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States
  • 1988 - Games of the XXIV Olympiad - Seoul, South Korea
  • 1992 - Games of the XXV Olympiad - Barcelona, Spain
  • 1996 - Games of the XXVI Olympiad - Atlanta, United States
  • 2000 - Games of the XXVII Olympiad - Sydney, Australia
  • 2004 - Games of the XXVIII Olympiad - Athens, Greece
  • 2008 - Games of the XXIX Olympiad - Beijing, China / Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China (Equestrian events)
  • 2012 - Games of the XXX Olympiad - London, United Kingdom

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The 2016 Games and subsequent events are to-be-determined. In the space of the advertisement breaks are written summaries of news, business & sports headlines, accompanied by different mixes of the normal Sky News theme music. The 2012 Summer Olympics are to be held in London, United Kingdom. The key differences between this overseas version and the UK version are the omission of the current time on the screen (reflecting that the channel may be shown outside of its normal GMT/BST time zone), and the absence of advertisements. The 2008 Summer Olympics are to be held in Beijing, China. The standard UK Sky News channel is also available in a number of other countries; it is occasionally shown in hotels and is offered by some cable systems as part of their English-language line-up. The games were appreciated for their excellent quality, from the point of view of their organisation, hospitality, the excellence of the competition, and the image transmitted worldwide. This differs from Sky News UK only in that it includes two local halfhour weekdaily programmes, and a weekly summary programme.

Yet, none of those fears became a reality. Sky News Ireland began in May 2004. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone -- an enormous sum that will take many years, if not decades, to pay off. However this Italian language channel has little in common with Sky News UK. Also, as these were the first games after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, there were many fears about terrorist attacks taking place. Sky TG24, known to some English speakers as "Sky News Italia" launched on August 23 2003. Many doubted the city would be ready to host the games in time. Some of this programming is also broadcast on Sky News Australia.

2004 saw the games return to their birthplace, in Athens, Greece. Initially, only local news bulletins differentiated it from Sky News Australia, but its level of local programming has now increased. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, had a memorably slow 100 m freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained. New Zealand's Sky News Australia New Zealand launched in 2001. The 2000 Games were held in Sydney, Australia, and showcased individual performances by local favourite Ian Thorpe in the pool, Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing Gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, whose triumph in the 400 m united a packed stadium and provided a bridge between white and aboriginal Australians. It is another News Corp channel that owes much in terms of style and presentation to Sky News. (In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was captured.). Hindi news channel STAR News was launched in 1998 on Asia's STAR TV platform.

The atmosphere at the Games was marred however when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Park. It ceased transmission in June 1998. television. It was partial-day Sky UK channel with a focus on Scottish news and sport. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of U.S. Sky Scottish launched on November 1 1996 as a joint venture between BSkyB and Scottish Media Group. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. This never happened, possibly due to sharp increases in ratings for FOX News.

This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. Following Sky News' successful coverage of the 2003 Iraq War, some of which was broadcast on Fox News, there was a proposal to launch a Sky News US. Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-metre dash. Fox and Sky use each others correspondents, studios and footage but there is a gulf in editorial stances of the two channels. In the stadium in 1996, the highlight was 200 m runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Sky News' "sister channel" in the United States is Fox News Channel, launched on October 7, 1996. It was also widely rumoured that the Coca-Cola company was highly influential in the 1996 Games being hosted by their home city of Atlanta, Georgia. It ceased transmission in August 1997.

By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, in particular with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympic Games. It was a partial-day UK opinion focused current affairs channel. basketball's "Dream Team." 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the USSR since World War II. Granada Talk TV launched on October 1 1996 as part of the Granada Sky Broadcasting joint venture between BSkyB and Granada. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by U.S. The UK version in its entirety is also available in Australia, but only in a low bitrate form. The 1992 Barcelona Games were cleaner, although not without incident. This channel makes heavy use of Sky News UK material.

On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. The first Sky News deriviate was Sky News Australia, launched on February 19 1996 as a joint venture between BSkyB, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and the Seven Network. This decision in particular would lead to a total overhaul of the judging process before the next games. They share content and expertise, but differ in focus and presentation. This culminated in local light-middleweight Park Si-hun being awarded the gold medal despite being conclusively outboxed in the final by American Roy Jones, Jr. As well as the original UK version, there are a growing number of other "Sky News" channels, and additional News Corporation news channels. There was an additional scandal in the boxing ring, where Korean fighters were awarded dubious decisions by the judges. It is also usually carried on cable systems in Europe, particularly (but not only) in Northern Europe.

The outcry reached its zenith when Ben Johnson, the Canadian winner of the men's 100 m sprint, was discovered to be a steroid user and disqualified. It is also carried encrypted on a number of satellites for international reception - including but not limited to Hotbird, Nilesat, Amos 1 and Intelsat 10-02. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games. An international version - the UK feed, minus advertisements, the clock , the scrolling headlines banner and cropped to 4:3 - is free-to-air on Astra 1E at 19.2E. The 1988 Seoul games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes failed mandatory drug tests. It is also available on Freeview. Again, the games lost a measure of their appeal by the absence of one of the superpowers. Sky News is free-to-air on the satellites carrying the Sky Digital platform.

The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Indeed, recently the BBC Head of News, Peter Horrocks, admitted that it was Sky News that is to be found on the tv screens of all the major UK national newsdesks (as well as a good deal of others across the globe), not the BBC. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era. Despite increased competition from the BBC, Sky News remains the default news channel for opinion formers in UK. In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Eastern Europe countries, reciprocated by boycotting the Los Angeles games. Later that year, its (also award-winning) coverage of the Iraq conflict saw it yet again steal a march on its rivals, with US networks CBS and Fox News carrying much of its coverage. This contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country. In 2002/3, its coverage of the Soham Murders in Cambridgeshire gave the channel yet more awards, and the British Academy award for news coverage.

Notably, Great Britain and Greece did not withdraw. During the first week or so of the invasion of Afghanistan, Its US sister station Fox News substituted its late-night repeats of its own programming with a simulcast of Sky News. Following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the 1980 games held in Moscow. Its coverage of the September 11, 2001 attacks brought more honours, and more recognition from BAFTA and the RTS. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci won the women's individual all around gold medal with a succession of perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. Its coverage of the war in Kosovo eclipsed long-standing rivals at CNN and the BBC, both of whom could only just muster telephone reports, whilst Sky had live reporters in-vision across the region; for that, it won awards from the Royal Television Society and BAFTA, as well as a nomination for an International Emmy Award. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest a recent tour of apartheid South Africa by a New Zealand rugby side. At the turn of the millennium, Sky began a process of expanding its international coverage, opening more overseas bureaux in Africa, Europe, the far East, and so on.

For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. The channel came in for further criticism, with many accusing it of maintaining a pro-Louise Woodward stance, even after she was found guilty. There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. Villagers rallied round the screen, and Sky recorded their reactions to every detail of the trial. Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut. They also took the opportunity to rig up a huge television screen in a pub in Woodward's home village of Elton in Cheshire, with 24/7 coverage of the trial in progress. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events. After days of live courtroom television, Sky attempted to return to a more regular schedule, only to be inundated with complaints by viewers demanding that the trial return to the screens; Sky obliged.

In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the remaining nine Israeli athletes and all but one of the terrorists, were killed. Capitalising on the live broadcasts from the courtroom, Sky News covered the trial as-it-happened, with constant live coverage. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. Its coverage of the Louise Woodward trial in Boston, US, garnered the channel international attention. When the Israelis refused to make concessions, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. However the station has undoubtedly got past this in its news coverage, to the point of being nominated for International Emmy Awards and a 2004 report listed Sky as second only to the BBC in terms of public trust in British news outlets. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous Arab prisoners. A 1993 report on public trust in news outlets ranked Sky News far below the more established TV networks and newspapers.

An extreme Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and held several members of the Israeli weightlifting team hostage, and killed two of them. MacKenzie announced his resignation in August 1994. Politics again intervened at Munich in 1972, with lethal consequences. The interview did not air on Sky News, and was instead shifted to Sky One. Politics took centre stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200-metre dash, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the USA; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement. Frykberg refused to air the interview and resigned shortly afterwards. The 1968 Games also saw the introduction of the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. The most ferocious battle occurred when Mackenzie wanted Sky News to run an interview with Lady Bienvenida Buck, exposed by the News of the World as being the mistress of Chief of Defence staff Sir Peter Harding.

In a previously tight competition, US athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m, destroying the world record and, in the words of fellow competitor and then-reigning champion Lynn Davies, "making the rest of us look silly." Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. Mackenzie, in contrast, wanted the channel to focus on more domestic and 'tabloid' stories. No event was affected more than the long jump. There was also talk of the US CBS network acquiring a stake in Sky News, and the two launching a joint international news channel. Performances at the 1968 Mexico City games were affected by the altitude of the host city. At the time, he was backed by Rupert Murdoch *[3]. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics. Frykberg outlined his intention to open 15 new Sky News bureaux around the world and make the channel a serious alternative to CNN.

These games were the first to be broadcast live on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites, and helped introduce the world to colour television. The main problems arose when it became clear that Frykberg, then head of News and Sport at BSkyB, wanted to take Sky News to a wider international audience. The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. MacKenzie's proposed changes to Sky News lead to clashes with CEO Sam Chisholm and the head of Sky News, Ian Frykberg, who protested what they saw as an attempt to take its news values downmarket and concentrate on stories that would be more familiar to tabloid newspapers than its rivals at the BBC and ITN. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 m, 200 m and 4x100 m relay events. In early 1994 Kelvin Mackenzie, former editor of the Sun newspaper, was appointed Managing Director of BSkyB. The 1960 Rome Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites only restaurant in his home town. The station has not been without controversy.

The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, barring a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams. During 2003, plans to offer Sky News in the US were under consideration, but have since been dropped allegedly due to pressure from Fox News. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio both of wins and Olympic records. Sky News at the moment relies more on news rather than Fox News' anchor-based commentary, such as that provided by Bill O'Reilly. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. It is somewhat different to stablemate Fox News, the US sister channel with which it sometimes exchanges material. At the 1952 Games in Helsinki, Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Today Sky News continues to maintain an impressive standard of journalism in the face of tough competition.

Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin. In the case of longer specials lasting close to an hour, a brief news summary is given on the hour, with the special starting a few minutes after. The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Most specials last 30 minutes, with the regular programme for that hour being shortened to 30 minutes and the special starting at half past the hour. The Games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to World War II. In addition to the above regular schedule, as of January 2006 Sky News has begun transmitting one-off special reports covering specific issues, with the schedule being altered to allow their inclusion. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is a fabrication. Shows marked with * are replaced with Sky News Ireland on Irish cable and satellite systems.

In particular, the black sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals. Weekends:. The result, Olympia, was a masterpiece, despite Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by non-Aryan athletes. Regular schedule as of October 24, 2005: Weekdays:. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. asset. The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. 20th Century Fox is another News Corp.

Louis games. Sky News has been featured in many blockbuster feature films including 20th Century Fox releases; Independence Day, Mission: Impossible, Behind Enemy Lines, Shaun of the Dead and The Day After Tomorrow. This was in stark contrast to 1932 when the Los Angeles games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. He is married to CNN's Christiane Amanpour. The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefitted greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from Coca-Cola. Former US State Department Spokesperson James Rubin has also signed with Sky News to present an hour-long evening news show. "The Flying Finn", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 metre runs, the latter two on the same day. In this, Sky News would be following the example of CNN and Fox News in the United States.

This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. The new schedule includes more programmes based around news presenters such as Jeremy Thompson, while still breaking news around the clock. The 1920 Antwerp games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. Music and on screen graphics were heavily revised and for the first time in the channel's history it began broadcasting in Widescreen (16:9) EDTV format (except for Sky News International which remained 4:3) . The scheduled Berlin Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I. This replaced the building at Isleworth which had been in use for almost 17 years since the channel's launch. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. On October 24, 2005, Sky News was relaunched from a brand-new studio in a new building at Osterley, West London.

Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of amateurism. In March 2004 it was announced that Sky News had won a 5-year contract to supply news bulletins to the British terrestrial channel Five, taking over from ITN in January 2005. The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,500 competitors to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Sky News Poll, had also proved popular with a new question each day. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds. It proved popular, and in late 2001/early 2002 it launched a 8-screen video news service, rather than just 4-screen. At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. In March 2000 Sky News Active was launched, a 24-hour service providing headlines (and other services) on demand.

At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances. The EC ruled that the BBC licence fee should be considered state aid but that such aid was justified due to the public service remit of the BBC and that it did not exceed actual costs of the channel. The marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. In September 1999 the European Commission ruled against a complaint by Sky News which argued that the publicly funded BBC News 24 was unfair and illegal under EU law. This distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Sky News was the only UK 24 hour news service until the launch of BBC News 24 in November 1997, followed by the ITN News Channel (changing to the ITV News Channel before it closed down in December 2005) in August 2000. The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). However, one of its longest standing presenters, Bob Friend MBE, retired in late 2003.

Anyway, they certainly positively contributed to the success of future games after the less successful 1900 and 1904 Games. Whilst it is fashionable for many of the newcomers to the news channel market to rapidly hire-and-fire presenters, Sky News is unique in that many of the original presenting team from the 1980s launch remain at the channel. These games are not currently recognised as being Olympic Games by the IOC, though most historians do see them as such. Although the channel was reportedly run at a loss until 2002 [2] its award-winning journalism has brought Sky Television and its successor British Sky Broadcasting some much-needed prestige. As it also turned out to be the last, the reason for the games is now sought in the "tenth birthday" of the games. The channel originally operated on a shoestring but quickly gained a reputation for journalistic integrity. There followed a smaller games in Athens in 1906, the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens. .

In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was abused for many contests, such as those for school boys or for Irish-Americans. (although partnerships with other News Corporation-owned news outlets greatly increase this list). Louis, USA, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. The station has 7 bureaux outside the United Kingdom & Ireland: Brussels, New Delhi, Johannesburg, Jerusalem, Moscow, Beijing and Washington, D.C. Numbers declined again for the 1904 Games in St. Sky News currently employs around 50 on-screen staff: anchors, weather forecasters, correspondents and reporters, and over 500 behind-the-scenes workers. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time. The station broadcasts from Osterley, West London.

The Games were integrated with the Paris World's fair and lasted over 5 months. Sky News is available via satellite in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia and Oceania. Four years later (in 1900) the Paris games attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to compete for the first time, in croquet and tennis. A former competitor within the UK was the ITV News Channel, which has ceased broadcasting. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. Its main competitor in the UK is BBC News 24 while elsewhere in Europe it competes mainly with BBC World, Euronews and CNN International. The first games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented. Sky News is Europe's first 24-hour television news channel, originally launched as part of the 4-channel Sky Television network in February 1989.

The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. 5.30am - Sky World Review and Business Report. . 5.00am - Sky World News. The football World Cup attracts more global interest, as measured by the larger television audience. 4.30am - Sky World Review and Business Report. Though the most diverse sporting event in the world, the Olympics are perhaps not the most popular. 4.00am - Sky World News.

The special case of Taiwan was handled by having it compete as Chinese Taipei, to avoid the issue of Taiwanese independence. 7.00pm - Sky News On The Hour. In general only recognised nations are represented, but a few non-sovereign countries are allowed to take part. 5.00pm - Live at Five. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by each country are widely used. 12.00pm - Sky News On The Hour. Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to represent their country of citizenship. 10.00am Sunday only - Sunday Live with Adam Boulton, an in-depth look at world of politics from the heart of Westminster.

Medals are awarded in each event, with gold for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition which started in 1904. 10.00am Saturday only - Saturday Live with Martin Stanford, mixing news and sport with showbiz and technology. Olympic victory is widely considered to be the most prestigious achievement in sports. 6.00am - Sunrise. The Olympics are the most prestigious of such events in the world. 5.30am - Sky World Review and Business Report. The Summer Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event held every four years, organised by the International Olympic Committee. 5.00am - Sky World News.

2012 - Games of the XXX Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 4.30am - Sky World Review and Business Report. 2008 - Games of the XXIX Olympiad - Beijing, China / Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China (Equestrian events). 4.00am - Sky World News. 2004 - Games of the XXVIII Olympiad - Athens, Greece. Includes broadcast of CBS Evening News at 12:30am and 3:30am. 2000 - Games of the XXVII Olympiad - Sydney, Australia. 12.00am - Sky News On The Hour, overnight news coverage to 4am.

1996 - Games of the XXVI Olympiad - Atlanta, United States. 11.00pm - Sky News Tonight takes a look at tomorrow's top stories. 1992 - Games of the XXV Olympiad - Barcelona, Spain. 10.30pm - Sportsline. 1988 - Games of the XXIV Olympiad - Seoul, South Korea. *. 1984 - Games of the XXIII Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States. 10.00pm - Sky News at Ten is a round-up of the day's top stories, with Chris Roberts and Gillian Joseph.

1980 - Games of the XXII Olympiad - Moscow, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russia). 9.00pm - Sky News Tonight. 1976 - Games of the XXI Olympiad - Montréal, Canada. 8.00pm - World News Tonight, presented by James Rubin, taking a look at the news from an international perspective. 1972 - Games of the XX Olympiad - Munich, West Germany (now Munich, Germany). 7.00pm - The Sky Report with Julie Etchingham, a hard-hitting news analysis show. 1968 - Games of the XIX Olympiad - Mexico City, Mexico. 6.30pm - Sportsline *.

1964 - Games of the XVIII Olympiad - Tokyo, Japan. 5.00pm - Live at Five, a fast-paced look at the day's top stories with Jeremy Thompson. 1960 - Games of the XVII Olympiad - Rome, Italy. 2.00pm - Sky News Today. 1956 - Games of the XVI Olympiad - Melbourne, Australia / Stockholm, Sweden (Equestrian events). 12.00pm - Lunchtime Live with Kay Burley taking a comprehensive look at the day's news with human interest stories. 1952 - Games of the XV Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland. 9.00am - Sky News Today with live breaking news as it develops.

1948 - Games of the XIV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 6.00am - Sunrise with Eamonn Holmes and Lorna Dunkley. 1944 - Games of the XIII Olympiad - London, United Kingdom- Cancelled due to the still raging World War II. 1940 - Games of the XII Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland - Cancelled following the onset of World War II. 1936 - Games of the XI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany.

1932 - Games of the X Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States. 1928 - Games of the IX Olympiad - Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1924 - Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris, France. 1920 - Games of the VII Olympiad - Antwerp, Belgium.

1916 - Games of the VI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany - Cancelled following the onset of World War I. 1912 - Games of the V Olympiad - Stockholm, Sweden. 1908 - Games of the IV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 1906 - Intercalated Games - Athens, Greece.

Louis, United States. 1904 - Games of the III Olympiad - St. 1900 - Games of the II Olympiad - Paris, France. 1896 - Games of the I Olympiad - Athens, Greece.

Includes Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling. Wrestling - every edition except 1900

    . Weightlifting - 1896, 1904, and since 1920. Water motorsports - 1908 only.

    Volleyball - since 1964. Tug of war - 1900 to 1920. Triathlon - since 2000. Tennis - 1896 to 1924 and since 1988.

    Taekwondo - since 2000. Table Tennis - since 1988. Softball - since 1996, removed from programme after 2008. Shooting - every edition except 1904 and 1928.

    Sailing - since 1900 excluding 1904. Rugby - 1900, 1908 Summer Olympics, 1920, and 1924. Rowing - since 1900. Roque - 1904 only.

    Rackets - 1908 only. Polo - 1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, and 1936. Modern Pentathlon - since 1912. Lacrosse - 1904 and 1908.

    Judo - since 1964 excluding 1968. Jeu de paume - 1920 only. Hockey - 1908, 1920, and since 1928. Handball - 1936 and since 1972.

    Includes artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and trampoline. Gymnastics - every edition

      . Golf - 1900 and 1904. Football - since 1900 excluding 1932.

      Fencing - every edition. Equestrian - 1900 and since 1912. Includes road cycling, track cycling, mountain biking, and BMX racing. Cycling - every edition

        .

        Croquet - 1900 only. Cricket - 1900 only. Includes flatwater racing and slalom canoeing. Canoeing - since 1936

          .

          Women's boxing could be introduced in 2012. Boxing - since 1904 excluding 1912. Basque Pelota - 1900 only. Basketball - since 1936.

          Baseball - since 1992, removed from programme after 2008. Badminton - since 1992. Includes track & field events - running, throwing, jumping, and composites such as decathlon. Athletics - every edition

            .

            Archery - 1900, 1904, 1908, 1920, and since 1972. Includes swimming, diving, synchronised swimming, and water polo and from 2008 open-air swimming,. Aquatics - every edition

              .