Summer Olympic Games

Yet, none of those fears became a reality. Torgov, V.G. ; Tatarchuk, V.V. ; Druzhinina, I.A. ; Korda, T.M. Greece spent at least $7.2 billion on the Games, including $1.5 billion on security alone -- an enormous sum that will take many years, if not decades, to pay off. So far neither a pilot plant or full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium or ruthenium from nuclear wastes created by the use of nuclear fuel. Also, as these were the first games after the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, there were many fears about terrorist attacks taking place. This extraction operates by a solvation mechanism. Many doubted the city would be ready to host the games in time. In this solvent extraction system the hydrocarbons of the diesel act as the diluent while the dialkyl sulfides act as the extractant.

2004 saw the games return to their birthplace, in Athens, Greece. This has been proposed as a means of separating the fission product palladium from PUREX raffinate which comes from used nuclear fuel. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, a swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, had a memorably slow 100 m freestyle swim that showed that, even in the commercial world of the twentieth century, some of de Coubertin's original vision still remained. Bad quality (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from nitric acid mixtures. The 2000 Games were held in Sydney, Australia, and showcased individual performances by local favourite Ian Thorpe in the pool, Briton Steve Redgrave who won a rowing Gold medal in an unprecedented fifth consecutive Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, whose triumph in the 400 m united a packed stadium and provided a bridge between white and aboriginal Australians. This is the first time a maker has competed for the overall prize with a Diesel-fueled vehicle. (In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was captured.). Audi will fight for the overall win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2006 with the Diesel-powered R10.

The atmosphere at the Games was marred however when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Park. Westport claims to have invented a process called Westport-Cycle ^[5] with comparable efficiency using natural gas and petrodiesel. television. That car and a later Cummins Diesel Special are on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum^[4]. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of U.S. The following year Dave Evans drove his Cummins Diesel Special to a nonstop finish in the Indianapolis 500, the first time a car had completed the race without a pit stop. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. This feat helped to prove the usefulness of the internal combustion engine.

This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. The trip was from Indianapolis to New York City - a distance of nearly 800 miles (1300 km). Canadians savoured Donovan Bailey's record-breaking gold medal run in the 100-metre dash. The very first diesel-engine automobile trip was completed on January 6, 1930. In the stadium in 1996, the highlight was 200 m runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. In 1931, Walter Lees and Fredrick Brossy set the nonstop flight record flying a Bellanca powered by a Packard Diesel for 84h 32m. It was also widely rumoured that the Coca-Cola company was highly influential in the 1996 Games being hosted by their home city of Atlanta, Georgia. Woolson was fitted to a Stinson X7654, and in 1929 it was flown 1000 km non-stop from Detroit to Langley, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.).

By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; allegations of corruption rocked the International Olympic Committee, in particular with reference to Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympic Games. A Packard diesel motor designed by L.M. basketball's "Dream Team." 1992 also saw the reintroduction to the Games of several smaller European states which had been incorporated into the USSR since World War II. Packard diesel motors were used in aircraft as early as 1927, and Charles Lindbergh flew a Stinson SM1B with a Packard Diesel in 1928. In evidence there was increased professionalism amongst Olympic athletes, exemplified by U.S. Diesel engines are used in cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats and locomotives. The 1992 Barcelona Games were cleaner, although not without incident. Rudolf Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to use coal dust as a fuel, but oil proved more effective.

On the bright side, drug testing and regulation authorities were catching up with the cheating that had been endemic in athletics for some years. Diesel is used in diesel engines, a type of internal combustion engine. This decision in particular would lead to a total overhaul of the judging process before the next games. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are lower than on gasoline as majority of the transportation, that transports grains and other essential commodities across the country, runs on diesel. This culminated in local light-middleweight Park Si-hun being awarded the gold medal despite being conclusively outboxed in the final by American Roy Jones, Jr. The term DERV (short for "diesel engined road vehicle") is also used in the UK as a synonym for diesel fuel. There was an additional scandal in the boxing ring, where Korean fighters were awarded dubious decisions by the judges. Diesel fuel, or Marked Gas Oil is dyed green in the Republic of Ireland.

The outcry reached its zenith when Ben Johnson, the Canadian winner of the men's 100 m sprint, was discovered to be a steroid user and disqualified. Also, in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland it is known as red diesel, and is also used by agricultural vehicles. Despite splendid drug-free performances by many individuals, the number of people who failed screenings for performance-enhancing chemicals overshadowed the games. This untaxed diesel is also dyed red for identification purposes, and should a person be found to be using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as "over-the-road", or driving use), the user can be fined $10,000 USD on the spot. The 1988 Seoul games were sadly tainted when many of the athletes failed mandatory drug tests. Similarly, "untaxed" diesel is available in the United States, which is available for use primarily in agricultural applications such as for tractor fuel. Again, the games lost a measure of their appeal by the absence of one of the superpowers. In Europe, the United States and Canada, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the fuel tax, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with fuel dyes and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud.

The games were again viable, but had become more commercial. Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. These games were perhaps the first games of a new era. Due to the purity of the source, it has a higher quality than petrodiesel. In 1984 the Soviet Union, and 14 Eastern Europe countries, reciprocated by boycotting the Los Angeles games. Paraffin biodiesel also exists. This contributed to the 1980 Games being a less publicised and less competitive affair, which was dominated by the host country. However, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to regular diesel, including combustion energy and cetane ratings.

Notably, Great Britain and Greece did not withdraw. Chemically, most biodiesel consists of alkyl (usually methyl) esters instead of the alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons of petroleum derived diesel. Following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, 66 nations, including the United States, Canada, West Germany and Japan, boycotted the 1980 games held in Moscow. A small percentage of biodiesel can be used as an additive in low-sulfur formulations of diesel to increase the lubricating ability that is lost when the sulfur is removed. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci won the women's individual all around gold medal with a succession of perfect scores, thus giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. There have been reports that a diesel-biodiesel mix results in lower emissions than either can achieve alone. There was also a boycott by African nations to protest a recent tour of apartheid South Africa by a New Zealand rugby side. This can be overcome by using a biodiesel/petrodiesel blend, or by installing a small heater in your fuel system, but this is only nessecary during the colder months.

For a time, it seemed that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. Biodiesel has a lower gel point than regular diesel, but is comparable to diesel #2. There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but bad planning led to the Games' cost far exceeding the budget. It can also be mixed with petrodiesel in any amount in modern engines, though when first using it , the solvent properties of the fuel tend to clear out all the garbage that has built up from the petrodiesel and can clog fuel filters. Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a record seven gold medals by United States swimmer Mark Spitz, and the winning of three gold medals by 16-year-old Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut. Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alternative to petrodiesel. After much debate, it was decided that the Games would continue, but proceedings were obviously dominated by these events. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification).

In the firefight that followed, 15 people, including the remaining nine Israeli athletes and all but one of the terrorists, were killed. Such synthetic diesel has 30% less particulate emissions than conventional diesel (US- California) ^[3]. Eventually the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. Synthetic diesel may also be produced out of natural gas in the GTL process. When the Israelis refused to make concessions, a tense stand-off ensued while negotiations continued. ^[2] Other attempts use enzymatic processes and are also economic in case of high oil prices. The terrorists demanded that Israel release numerous Arab prisoners. After purification the so called Fischer Tropsch process is used to produce synthetic diesel.

An extreme Palestinian terrorist group named Black September invaded the Olympic village and held several members of the Israeli weightlifting team hostage, and killed two of them. Wood, straw, corn, garbage, and sewage-sludge may be dried and gasified. Politics again intervened at Munich in 1972, with lethal consequences. C₁₀H₂₂ to C₁₅H₃₂. Politics took centre stage in the medal ceremony for the men's 200-metre dash, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest gesture on the podium against the segregation in the USA; their political act was condemned within the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the American Civil Rights Movement. Petroleum derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes).^[1] The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C₁₂H₂₆, ranging from approx. The 1968 Games also saw the introduction of the now-universal Fosbury flop, a technique which won American high jumper Dick Fosbury the gold medal. In the maritime field various grades of diesel fuel are used.

In a previously tight competition, US athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m, destroying the world record and, in the words of fellow competitor and then-reigning champion Lynn Davies, "making the rest of us look silly." Beamon's world record would stand for 23 years. Diesel contains approximately 18% more energy per unit of volume than gasoline, which, along with the greater efficiency of diesel engines, contributes to fuel economy (distance traveled per volume of fuel consumed). No event was affected more than the long jump. Biodiesel is an effective lubricity additive. Performances at the 1968 Mexico City games were affected by the altitude of the host city. However, lowering sulfur also reduces the lubricity of the fuel, meaning that additives must be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines. The 1964 Games were thus a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics. It prevents the use of catalytic diesel particulate filters to control diesel particulate emissions, as well as more advanced technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorbers (still under development), to reduce emissions.

These games were the first to be broadcast live on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites, and helped introduce the world to colour television. High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment. The 1964 Games held in Tokyo are notable for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. diesel fuel typically also has a lower cetane number (a measure of ignition quality) than European diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 m, 200 m and 4x100 m relay events. U.S. The 1960 Rome Games saw the arrival on the world scene of a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, who would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites only restaurant in his home town. In contrast, the United States has long had "dirtier" diesel, although more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) occurring in 2006 (see also diesel exhaust).

The 1956 Melbourne Games were largely successful, barring a water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which political tensions caused to end as a pitched battle between the teams. In Europe, emission standards and preferential taxation have both forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. Pacing himself by chatting with the other leaders, Zátopek led from about half way, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio both of wins and Olympic records. Diesel fuel, however, often contains higher quantities of sulfur. Having first won both the 10,000 and 5,000 metre races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Diesel is generally simpler to refine than gasoline and often costs less (although price fluctuations often mean that the inverse is true; for example, the cost of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for heating oil, which is refined much the same way, rises). At the 1952 Games in Helsinki, Finland made a legend of an amiable Czech army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. When burnt diesel typically releases about 147,000 British thermal units (BTU) per US gal (40.9 megajoules (MJ) per liter), whereas gasoline releases 125,000 BTUs per US gal (34.8 MJ/l), also about 15% less.

Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin. Diesel typically weighs about 7.1 pounds (lb) per US gallon (gal) (850 grams per liter (g/l)), whereas gasoline weighs about 6.0 lb per US gal (720 g/l), or about 15% less. The first post-war Games were held in 1948 in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded. Petro Diesel is considered to be a fuel oil and is about 18% denser than gasoline. The Games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to World War II. As a hydrocarbon mixture, it is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is a fabrication. Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources.

In particular, the black sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals. . The result, Olympia, was a masterpiece, despite Hitler's theories of Aryan racial superiority being repeatedly shown up by non-Aryan athletes. The term typically refers to fuel that has been processed from petroleum, but increasingly, alternatives such as biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel that are not derived from petroleum are being developed. The ruling Nazi Party commissioned film-maker Leni Riefenstahl to film the games. Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel. The 1936 Berlin Games were seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. URL accessed on December 5, 2005..

Louis games. ^  http://www.westport.com/expertise/westport_cycle.php. This was in stark contrast to 1932 when the Los Angeles games were affected by the Great Depression, which contributed to the fewest competitors since the St. URL accessed on December 5, 2005.. The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefitted greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from Coca-Cola. ^  Indianapolis Motor Speedway. "The Flying Finn", won three team gold medals and the individual 1,500 and 5,000 metre runs, the latter two on the same day. URL accessed on December 5, 2005..

This record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Games would involve 3,000 competitors, the greatest of whom was Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. ^  SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUEL. The 1920 Antwerp games in war-ravaged Belgium were a subdued affair, but again drew a record number of competitors. URL accessed on December 5, 2005.. The scheduled Berlin Games of 1916 were cancelled following the onset of World War I. ^  http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad/highlights/2005/01/btl0104/syntheticdiesel.htm. They were reinstated in 1983, 30 years after his death. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

Thorpe had previously played a few games of baseball for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for this breach of amateurism. Atlanta, GA: U.S. The Games continued to grow, attracting 2,500 competitors to Stockholm in 1912, including the great all-rounder Jim Thorpe, who won both the decathlon and pentathlon. Toxicological profile for fuel oils. He was helped over the finish line by concerned race officials, but later he was disqualified and the gold medal was awarded to John Hayes, who had trailed him by around 30 seconds. 1995. At the end of the 1908 marathon the Italian runner Dorando Pietri was first to enter the stadium, but he was clearly in distress, and collapsed of exhaustion before he could complete the event. ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

At the six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, the marathon was raced over six different distances. The marathon had been 40 km for the first games in 1896, but was subsequently varied by up to 2 km due to local conditions such as street and stadium layout. This distance was chosen to ensure that the race finished in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. The 1908 London Games saw numbers rise again, as well as the first running of the marathon over its now-standard distance of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards).

Anyway, they certainly positively contributed to the success of future games after the less successful 1900 and 1904 Games. These games are not currently recognised as being Olympic Games by the IOC, though most historians do see them as such. As it also turned out to be the last, the reason for the games is now sought in the "tenth birthday" of the games. There followed a smaller games in Athens in 1906, the first of an alternating series of games to be held in Athens.

In contrast with Paris 1900, the word Olympic was abused for many contests, such as those for school boys or for Irish-Americans. Louis, USA, due in part to the lengthy transatlantic boat trip required of the European competitors, and the integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair, which again spread the event out over an extended period. Numbers declined again for the 1904 Games in St. It is still disputed which events exactly were Olympic, since few or maybe even none of the events were advertised as such at the time.

The Games were integrated with the Paris World's fair and lasted over 5 months. Four years later (in 1900) the Paris games attracted more than four times as many athletes, including 11 women, who were allowed to compete for the first time, in croquet and tennis. Nevertheless, no international events of this magnitude had been organised before. The first games, held in Athens in 1896, attracted just 245 competitors, of whom more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries were represented.

The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1894 when Pierre Fredi, Baron de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. . The football World Cup attracts more global interest, as measured by the larger television audience. Though the most diverse sporting event in the world, the Olympics are perhaps not the most popular.

The special case of Taiwan was handled by having it compete as Chinese Taipei, to avoid the issue of Taiwanese independence. In general only recognised nations are represented, but a few non-sovereign countries are allowed to take part. National anthems and flags accompany the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by each country are widely used. Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to represent their country of citizenship.

Medals are awarded in each event, with gold for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition which started in 1904. Olympic victory is widely considered to be the most prestigious achievement in sports. The Olympics are the most prestigious of such events in the world. The Summer Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event held every four years, organised by the International Olympic Committee.

2012 - Games of the XXX Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 2008 - Games of the XXIX Olympiad - Beijing, China / Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China (Equestrian events). 2004 - Games of the XXVIII Olympiad - Athens, Greece. 2000 - Games of the XXVII Olympiad - Sydney, Australia.

1996 - Games of the XXVI Olympiad - Atlanta, United States. 1992 - Games of the XXV Olympiad - Barcelona, Spain. 1988 - Games of the XXIV Olympiad - Seoul, South Korea. 1984 - Games of the XXIII Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States.

1980 - Games of the XXII Olympiad - Moscow, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russia). 1976 - Games of the XXI Olympiad - Montréal, Canada. 1972 - Games of the XX Olympiad - Munich, West Germany (now Munich, Germany). 1968 - Games of the XIX Olympiad - Mexico City, Mexico.

1964 - Games of the XVIII Olympiad - Tokyo, Japan. 1960 - Games of the XVII Olympiad - Rome, Italy. 1956 - Games of the XVI Olympiad - Melbourne, Australia / Stockholm, Sweden (Equestrian events). 1952 - Games of the XV Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland.

1948 - Games of the XIV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 1944 - Games of the XIII Olympiad - London, United Kingdom- Cancelled due to the still raging World War II. 1940 - Games of the XII Olympiad - Helsinki, Finland - Cancelled following the onset of World War II. 1936 - Games of the XI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany.

1932 - Games of the X Olympiad - Los Angeles, United States. 1928 - Games of the IX Olympiad - Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1924 - Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris, France. 1920 - Games of the VII Olympiad - Antwerp, Belgium.

1916 - Games of the VI Olympiad - Berlin, Germany - Cancelled following the onset of World War I. 1912 - Games of the V Olympiad - Stockholm, Sweden. 1908 - Games of the IV Olympiad - London, United Kingdom. 1906 - Intercalated Games - Athens, Greece.

Louis, United States. 1904 - Games of the III Olympiad - St. 1900 - Games of the II Olympiad - Paris, France. 1896 - Games of the I Olympiad - Athens, Greece.

Includes Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling. Wrestling - every edition except 1900