Stick Cricket

Link to forum. Inroads have also been made by television (especially "mega serials" and cartoons) and the Internet.^[53] Yet Keralites also have high rates of newspaper subscription — 50%^[54] — spend some seven hours per week reading novels and other books,^[53] host a thriving "people's science" movement, and participate in such activities as writer's cooperatives.^[45]. It has many different topics mainly focussing on cricket and Stick Cricket. These are viewed by Keralites at dozens of stadiums across the state, including Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi and Chandrashekaran Nair Stadium in Thiruvananthapuram. There is also a Stick Cricket Forum. In modern times, attention to these activities has been largely supplanted by more modern sports such as cricket, kabaddi, soccer, badminton, and others. Source: Stick Cricket: About. Other popular ritual arts include theyyam and poorakkali.

Email the OBO and you might get the chance to have your word in the commentary! (SCM). Kalarippayattu (kalari ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and payattu ("exercise" or "practice")) is attributed by oral tradition to Parasurama and is among the world's oldest martial arts. Now, in most games you can sit and watch the game on Stick Cricket, while reading some funny over by over commentary by some Cricket-o-Holics out there. Several martial arts are also native in origin. Go to The Stickcricket website for more details. Kerala's cuisine — pachakam — is typically served as a sadhya on green banana leaves; such spicy dishes as idli, payasam, pulisherry, puttucuddla, and puzhukku, rasam, and sambar are typical. Stick Cricket has teamed up with Ian Botham, a cricketing legend to indroduce Ian Botham's Stick Mobile on mobile phones. Kerala has its own Malayalam calendar — this used for timing agricultural and religious activities.

These are the Head2Head standings seen here as of 9 January 2006. The popular music of Kerala — as in the rest of India — is dominated by the filmi music of Indian cinema. Also, to play as any country in world domination, you simply do as follows:. Kerala also has various styles of folk and tribal music. There are certain hidden features in the game, namely "Easter Eggs". Panchavadyam is a different form of percussion ensemble where up to one hundred artists use five types of percussion instruments. This is because of impatient and inexperienced players trying to make a shot too early, forcing the batsman to mistime a shot, often resulting in the fall of a wicket. Up to 150 musicians may comprise Melam ensembles, and performances may last up to four hours.

Each has their own weaknesses and strengths, however, many people have found fast bowling to be the easiest to face while spin considered to be the hardest, especially the leg spinners. Melam (including the paandi and panchari variants), is a more percussive style of music; it is performed at temple-centered festivals using the chenda. There are different types of bowlers:. South India's carnatic tradition dominates Keralite classical music; this was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularization of the genre in the 19th century.^[51][52] Additionally, raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. Risk of being out LBW, if the delivery is not a bouncer.
Left, A - Pull and hook, if full an on-drive, but often gets caught: Particularly effective against all bowlers.
Right, D - Cut & Cover Drive: Effective against fast, outswing bowlers but you can be risked of getting caught out at cover. Kerala's music also has ancient roots. Up, W - Forward drive and defend: Not effective against leg spiners and off spinners.
Down, S - Duck: (especially from bouncers). Later, such contemporary writers as Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy (whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem) have garnered international recognition.

You can also choose what type of game you want to play. Parameswara Iyer) are recognized for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics and towards a more lyrical mode. It allows a user to select a national cricket team or a specialized team selected by the winner of the entire World Domination mode. The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam: Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. When Stick Cricket loads, a welcome screenshot comes up. Malayalam literature is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. The basic objective is to scores as many runs as possible, by the following:. The men wear a lose piece of cloth around their waist called mundu, while the women wear a golden bordered strip of cloth called saree.

Although it is always viewed from this angle it is possible to bowl, but this feature is currently only included in the 2 player version of the game. The clothing of malayali people are variations of the unstiched drape for both men and women. Stick Cricket is viewed from the facing batsman's end. Additionally, Malayalam cinema has provided Keralites an alternative to both Bollywood and Hollywood. By popular demand, two players can now play on the one keyboard, and Tournament mode has been added. These people look to more contemporary art and performance styles, including those employing mimicry and parody. It also added new features around the site, such as Office Leagues, where there are some general leagues, and you can set up your own as well. However, many of these artforms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among most ordinary Keralites.

In general Version 3.2 added new graphics, including new balls where you can see the seam, and a new stadium. Native to Malabar, oppana combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ishal vocalizations. The current version of the game, 3.2 was released on 21st July, and added new graphics in the main, and a new Head2Head Ashes game for the duration of the Ashes, which features a different stadium - Lord's, a different ball (red with seam) and different bowling actions to version 3.1. These include oppana, popular among Keralite Muslims. Also updated were the teams, so they had the most recent players in, and the rankings in accordance with the official ICC One-Day International ratings. Other arts are more religion- and tribal-themed. You play as a Stick All-Star Team, which contains some of the best players in cricket's history. Later, Kerala's culture was elaborated upon by centuries of contact with overseas lands.^[50] Native performing arts include koodiyattom, kathakali (from katha ("story") and kali ("performance")) and its offshoot Kerala natanam, koothu (akin to stand-up comedy), mohiniaattam ("dance of the enchantress"), thullal, padayani, and theyyam.

Version 3.1 added the world domination version, where you play the world's 8 best teams, and receive a password for each of the teams a player beats. Kerala's culture is mainly Dravidian in origin, deriving from a greater Tamil culture region known as Thamizhagom. There have been minor updates since then, such as the inclusion of 3 different modes: the Knockout Tournament, based on the ICC Champions Trophy format; the all-star slog where you try to get as many runs as you can in 10 Overs; and the Practice Mode, where you could practice 10 overs against a certain type of bowling. Indeed, a steadily aging population — 11.2% of Keralites are over age 60^[23] — and low birthrate^[37] makes Kerala (together with Cuba) one of the few regions of the Third World to have undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.^[24]. It also featured the ability to play with 12 teams, though the USA were replaced with a fictional team. These propagate via gurukula discipleship.^[48] They comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments,^[49] and are partly responsible for drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. Version 3 moved Stick Cricket to its current home, where it has its own site. Aside from ayurveda (both elite and popular forms),^[46] siddha, and unani, many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine — including kalari, marmachikitsa,^[47] and vishavaidyam — are practiced.

This was the basis of the stick cricket world. Kerala's above-unity female-to-male ratio — 1.058 — also distinguishes it from the rest of India.^[41][45] The same is true of its sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate of 12 per 1000 births.^[20] Indeed, the state's healthcare system has garnered international acclaim, with UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) designating Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state". Another version, featuring a fictional Australian team, was also playable online. This is the result of efforts begun before 1911 by Cochin and Travancore states to boost social welfare.^[42][43] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.^[44][23][25] However, Kerala's unemployment and suicide rates are unusually high by Indian standards. There was the official version, which was on Mousebreaker, featuring 7 levels which you could play through as the England team. For example, Kerala's literacy rate — 91%^[41] — and life expectancy — 73 years^[41] — are now the highest in India. Version 2 appeared in 2 guises. Kerala's social development indices — elimination of poverty, primary-level education, and healthcare — are among the best in India.

This version, which built the foundation for version 2 and was the first appearance of Stick Cricket ever, is extremely hard to find on the internet. However, Christians, Muslims, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiri and Ezhava follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.^[39] Kerala's gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Third World.^[40] However, this too is coming under threat, this time from such forces as patriarchy-enforced effeminization of women, global capitalism, modernization, and "Sanskritization" (the subaltern poor's emulation of higher castes).^[38]. Other websites have a modified (usually outdated) version of Stick Cricket, though some are now offline, for those feeling nostalgic. Nevertheless, there have been signs of increasing influences from religious extremist organisations.^[35][36] Kerala's society is also less patriarchical than the rest of the Third World.^[37][38] Many Keralites — especially the Nair caste — follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkatayam. However, the batsmen were really sticks before the Stick Cricket game was moved from the servers of Cann Creative to its own website. In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism. Current versions of Stick Cricket have human batsmen. Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.^[7] Kerala's principal religions are Hinduism (56.1%), Islam (24.7%), and Christianity (19%),^[34] as well as remnants of a once substantial Cochin Jewish population — most of which made aliyah to Israel or emigrated to other First World nations.

The current version of Stick Cricket is version 3.3 [1]. Whereas Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 — adding 156 lakh (15.6 million) people to reach a total of 291 lakh (29.1 million) residents in 1991 — the population stood at less than 320 lakh (32 million) by 2001. . However, Kerala's population growth rate is far lower than the national average. The average size of the game is around 500 kilobytes. Kerala is home to 3.44% of India's people, and — at 819 persons per km²^[33] — its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Stick Cricket is a popular game, being one of the most visited cricket websites with over 35,000 visits a day. Kerala is also home to 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis (1.10% of the populace), who are mostly concentrated in the eastern districts.^[31][32] Malayalam is Kerala's official language; Tamil and various Adivasi languages are also spoken by ethnic minorities.

It runs from any web browser which has the Macromedia flash player plug-in and Internet access. Other than Dravidians, thousands of Arabs, Jews, Portuguese, Dutch, and British have settled in Kerala. The game, was developed by Cann Creative, a company from Sydney, Australia. Virtually all of Kerala's 3.18 crore (31.8 million)^[30] people are of Malayali Dravidian ethnicity. Stick Cricket is a Macromedia flash cricket game website. Kerala's unemployment rate is 19.2%,^[27] althought underemployment of those classified as "employed" is a significant problem.^[28][29]. Stick Cricket.com [2] Accessed 19/02/2005. Tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing comprise other significant economic sectors.

77695 - articles in the online forum. Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for hundreds of thousands of people. 17.6 minutes - is how long, on average, a visit to the site lasts. Some six hundred varieties^[6] of rice are harvested from 310,521 ha of paddy fields; 688,859 tonnes are produced per annum.^[26] Other key crops include coconut (899,198 ha), tea, coffee, rubber, cashew, and spices — including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. The MCG at full capacity would only just fit in the number of players Stick Cricket has in 1 day. Agriculture dominates Kerala's economy. Friday - is the most popular day to play. However, Kerala's Human Development Index and standard of living statistics are the nation's best.^[23] This seeming paradox is often dubbed the "Kerala phenomenon" or the "Kerala model" of development,^[24][25] and arises mainly from Kerala's unusually strong service sector.

513 - players who have won the World Domination. This has resulted in slow economic progress compared to neighbouring states, and relatively few major corporations and manufacturing plants choose to operate in Kerala.^[20] This is mitigated by the remittances of overseas Keralites contributing 20% of State Domestic Product (SDP) .^[21] Kerala's economic productivity and per capita GDP — 11,819 INR^[22] — lags behind that of the rest of India. ½ million - registered Stick Cricketers . Kerala has a democratic socialist welfare economy. 2½ million - visitors to the site every month. Keralites, when compared to most other Indians, participate highly in the political arena. Click play. Nevertheless, Kerala numbers among India’s most left-wing states.

Click on "How To Play" and then back. At present, the UDF is the ruling party and Oommen Chandy is the current Chief Minister. Click on to the team you want. Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (UDF — led by the Indian National Congress) and the Left Democratic Front (led by the — Communist Party of India (Marxist)). Click on practice mode. In addition, auxilliary authorities — panchayats, for which elections are regularly held — govern local affairs. BOUNCERS - To play 10 overs with every ball being bowled a bouncer type 'bouncers' into the world domination password box. In turn, the Council of Ministers answers to the Legislative Assembly.

RANDOM - To play against bowlers that can bowl all kinds of deliveries in the same over for 10 overs similar to the All-Star Slog, type "random" in the World Domination box. Lastly, the executive authority — composed of the Governor of Kerala (the de jure head of state and appointed by the President of India), the Chief Minister of Kerala (the de facto head of state; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor), and the Council of Ministers (appointed by the Governor, with input from the Chief Minister). SWING - To play against bowlers that can bowl both kinds of swing in the same over for 10 overs similar to the All-Star Slog, type "swing" in the World Domination box. The judiciary is composed of an apex High Court of Kerala (including a Chief Justice combined with twenty-six permanent and two additional (pro tempore) justices) and a system of lower courts. SPIN - To play against bowlers that can bowl both kinds of spin in the same over for 10 overs similar to the All-Star Slog, type "spin" in the World Domination box. In turn, Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker (or the Deputy Speaker, if the Speaker is absent). This can be activated by clicking on the commentator's nose (Richie Benaud). The legislature — the Legislative Assembly — is composed of elected members as well as special offices (the Speaker and Deputy Speaker) elected by assemblymen.

Domestic teams - Play against some of the best domestic teams in the world, such as New South Wales, Mumbai and so forth. There are three branches of government. If you choose to play the Stick Cricket Tournament in 1987 mode, the USA team is comprised of characters from the Police Academy movies!. Like other Indian states, Kerala is governed via a parliamentary system of representative democracy with universal suffrage granted to residents. 1987 teams - Play against the 1987 team, this can be activated by clicking on the duck that appears on screen when you are out for a duck. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu (stinging catfish — Heteropneustes fossilis)^[18] and choottachi (orange chromide — Etroplus maculatus; valued as an aquarium specimen) can be found.^[19]. Leg spin - Shane Warne, Abdul Qadir, Anil Kumble and so forth. Kerala's birds are legion — Peafowl, the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Indian Grey Hornbill, Indian Cormorant, and Jungle Myna are several emblematic species.

Slow Orthordox/Off spin - Muttiah Muralitharan and so forth. Other flora includes bamboo, wild black pepper (Piper nigrum), wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (Calamus rotang — a type of giant grass), and aromatic vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides).^[16] Among them, such fauna as Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), and Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Protoxerus stangeri).^[16][17] Reptiles include the king cobra, viper, python, and crocodile. Medium pace - Scott Styris and so forth. Here, sonokeling (binomial nomenclature: Dalbergia latifolia — Indian rosewood), anjili (Artocarpus hirsuta), mullumurikku (Erthrina), and caussia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Outswing bowlers - Shoaib Akhtar, Chaminda Vaas and so forth. Eastern Kerala’s windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Inswing bowlers - Brett Lee, Makhaya Ntini and so forth. These forests are protected by a decades-old blanket ban on clearfelling.

Fast - Shaun Pollock and so forth. Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.^[16] Two of the world’s Ramsar Convention-listed wetlands — Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands — are also in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km² of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Scores cannot be saved in practice mode. Its 9,400 km² of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km²), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km² and 100 km², respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations — 100 km²). Practice - Choose from a type of bowler and practice, as the name suggests. Kerala harbours significant biodiversity,^[15] most of which is concentrated in the east. World Domination - Score runs to beat a national teams total within 20 overs to gain passwords and, eventually go in to the draw to make your own team up if won. The city of Ernakulam (on Ernakulam district's coast) is the state's judicial capital.

Slog - Score as many runs as possible within 10 overs against a selected team (an XI)or an World Domination made by one of the players. Kochi is the largest city and considered the commercial capital of the state. The tournament mode is currently based on the ICC Champions Trophy. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Tournament - Score runs to beat the a national teams total to progress to the next time and beat the World Champions, within 10 overs (60 deliveries). Mahe, a part of the union territory of Pondicherry, is an enclave within Kerala. Lastly, the Travancore region (southern Kerala) is composed of Idukki, Alappuzha (Alleppey), Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, Kollam (Quilon), and Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum).

Kochi (central Kerala) includes Thrissur (Trichur) and Ernakulam (Cochin) districts. Malabar (northern Kerala) includes (from north to south) Kasargod, Kannur (Cannanore), Wayanad (Wynad), Kozhikode (Calicut), Malappuram, and Palakkad (Palghat). The districts are distributed between Kerala's three historical regions: Malabar, Kochi, and Travancore. Fourteen districts comprise Kerala.

It is also prone to occassional droughts,^[11] as well as rises in sea level and cyclonic activity resulting from global warming.^[12][13] Kerala’s average maximum daily temperature is around 36.7 °C; the minumum is 19.8 °C.^[7] Mean annual temperatures range from between 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to between 20.0–22.5 °C in the highlands.^[14]. In summers, most of Kerala is prone to gale-force winds, storm surges, and torrential downpours accompanying dangerous cyclones coming in off the Indian Ocean. As a result, Kerala averages some 120–140 rainy days per year. Kerala's rains are mostly the result of seasonal monsoons.

Parts of Kerala's lowlands may average only 1,250 mm annually while the cool mountainous eastern highlands of Idukki district — comprising Kerala's wettest region — receive in excess of 5,000 mm of orographic precipitation (4,200 mm of which are available for human use) annually. This compares to the all-India average of 1,197 mm. Kerala receives an average annual rainfall of 3,107 mm — some 70.3 km³ of water. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails.

Kerala's climate is mainly wet and maritime tropical,^[10] heavily influenced by the seasonal heavy rains brought by the Southwest Summer Monsoon. Most of the remainder are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains.^[7] These conditions result in the nearly year-round waterlogging of such western regions as Kuttanad, 500 km² of which lie below sea level. Indeed, around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.^[9] The most important of Kerala’s forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244 km in length), the Bharathapuzha (209 km), the Pamba (176 km), the Chaliyar (169 km), the Kadalundipuzha (130 km), and the Achankovil (128 km). Lake Vembanad — Kerala’s largest body of water — dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is over 200 km² in area.

Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is crisscrossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Here, rolling hills and valleys dominate.^[7] Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000 m, the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastyamalai and Anamalai. Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains, comprising a swathe of land running along central Kerala. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500 m elevation above sea level, while the highest peaks may reach to 2,500 m.

Here, the Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad; here, a pass known as the Palakkad Gap breaks through to access the rest of India. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers — as well as three of its east-flowing ones — originate in this region. Eastern Kerala lies immediately west of the Western Ghats's rain shadow; it consists of high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, Kerala lies near the center of the Indian tectonic plate; as such most of the state (notwithstanding isolated regions) is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.^[8] Geologically, pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene formations comprise the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.

These include the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Geographically, Kerala roughly divides into three climatically distinct regions. Kerala’s coast runs some 580 km in length, while the state itself varies between 35–120 km in width. Situated between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 72°22',^[7] Kerala lies well within the humid tropics, near the equator.

Kerala’s 38,863 km² (1.18% of India’s landmass) are wedged between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats — identified as one of the world's twenty-five biodiversity hotspots^[6] — to the east. Subsequent radical reforms introduced by the Namboodiripad government favoured tenants and labourers — this facilitated, among other things, improvements in living standards, education, and life expectancies. Namboodiripad. These resulted in a communist-led government^[4] — one of the world's first^[5] — headed by E.M.S.

Finally, the Government of India's 1956-11-01 States Reorganisation Act inaugurated a new state — Kerala — incorporating Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.^[4] A new Legislative Assembly was also created, for which elections were held in 1957. In the same time, the Madras Presidency became Madras State in 1947. After India's independence in 1947, Travancore and Kochi were merged to form the province of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949 — on 1950-01-26 (the date India became a republic), Travancore-Cochin was recognized as a state. Due to this pressure, outcastes were allowed admittance to temples across Kerala.

Kerala saw little mass defiance against the Raj — nevertheless, several rebellions occurred, including the October 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar revolt.^[3] Many mass actions instead protested such social mores as untouchability; these included the 1924 Vaikom Satyagraham. Meanwhile, Malabar and South Kanara became part of the Madras Presidency. The Raj then forged tributary alliances with Kochi (1791) and Travancore (1795). However, Tipu Sultan was ultimately forced to cede Malabar District and South Kanara, (including today’s Kasargod District) to the Raj in 1792 and 1799, respectively.

Ali’s successor, Tipu Sultan, launched in the late 18th century numerous campaigns against the growing British Raj, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Meanwhile, Mysore’s Hyder Ali conquered northern Kerala, capturing Kozhikode in 1766. In turn, the Dutch were ousted at the 1741 Battle of Kulachal by Marthanda Varma of Thiruvithamcoore (Travancore), who received aid from the British. Later conflicts between the cities of Kozhikode (Calicut) and Kochi (Cochin), however, provided an opportunity for the Dutch oust the Portuguese.

While seeking to convert Nasranis to Roman Catholicism, they also established fortresses and settlements, thereby ending an Arab trade monopoly. More than 1,100 years later, Vasco da Gama’s 1498-05-20 arrival inaugurated a period of Portuguese colonial administration, with the goal of controlling a lucrative spice trade. Later, in 345 CE, Kerala’s Nasrani community was founded by Jewish Christian settlers under a Jewish merchant Knai Thomman. Later arrivals included Muslim Arab merchants in the 8th century, while a disputed theory has Christianity arriving with Apostle Thomas in 52 CE.

In subsequent centuries, settlers from abroad established Kerala's Jewish community. Later, figures such as Katyayana, Patanjali, Pliny the Elder, and the unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea all displayed familiarity with Kerala. In written records, Kerala was first mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Aitareya Aranyaka. A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils and associated with the second Chera empire and the development of Malayalam, evolved during the 8th–14th centuries.

Allied with the Pallavas, they continually warred against the neighboring Chola and Pandya kingdoms. The ancient Chera empire, whose court language was Tamil, ruled Kerala from their capital at Vanchi and was the first major recorded kingdom. Later, Kerala became a linguistically separate region by the early 14th century. These were produced by speakers of a proto-Tamil language.^[1] Thus, Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language, ethnicity, and culture.

Legend states that Kerala was created by an act of Parasurama, an avatar of Mahavishnu.^[1][2] Meanwhile, historians note the 10th century BCE emergence of prehistoric pottery and granite burial monuments — which resemble their counterparts in Western Europe and the rest of Asia. . Another theory has the name originating from the phrase chera alam ("land of the Chera"). Natives of Kerala — "Keralites" — thus refer to their land as Keralam.

Accounts of the etymology underlying "Kerala" differ; according to the prevailing theory, it as an imperfect portmanteau that fuses kera ("coconut palm tree") and alam ("land" or "location"). More than a millennium of overseas contact and trade culminated in four centuries of struggle between and among multiple colonial powers and native Keralite states, a period whose end saw on January 11, 1956 the final formation of the modern-day state of Kerala. Subsequent contact with the Mauryan Empire spurred development of new Keralite polities, including the Cheran kingdom and feudal Namboothiri Brahminical city-states. Only then did tribes of megalith-building proto-Tamil speakers from northwestern India settle in Kerala.

Prehistoric Kerala's rainforests and wetlands, then thick with malaria-bearing mosquitoes and man-eating tigers, were largely avoided by Neolithic humans; indeed, no evidence of habitation prior to around 1,000 BCE exists. With a 73-year life expectancy and a 91% literacy rate, Kerala is also one of India's healthiest and best-educated states. With a population of around 3.18 crore (31.8 million) and 819 persons per km², Kerala is among India's most densely populated regions. Kerala also envelops Mahé, a coastal exclave of the Union Territory of Pondicherry.

Kerala borders Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to the east and northeast; to the west and south lie the Indian Ocean islands of Lakshadweep and the Maldives, respectively. Kerala (IPA: ['kɛrʌɹlʌ]; Malayalam: കേരളം — Keralam) is a state on the southwestern tropical Malabar Coast of India.