Sports Illustrated

July 1999 cover showing soccer star Brandi Chastain

Sports Illustrated is a popular weekly American sports magazine owned by media giant Time Warner. It has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million adults each week, including over 18 million men, 19% of the adult males in the country. It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice.

Its "swimsuit issue," which has been published since 1964, is now an annual publishing event that generates its own television shows, videos and calendars.

History

Two other magazines named Sports Illustrated were actually started in the 1930s and 1940s, but they both quickly failed. In fact, there was no large-base, general sports magazine with a national following when TIME patriarch Henry Luce began considering whether his company should attempt to fill the gap. At the time, many believed sports was beneath the attention of serious journalism and didn't think sports news could fill a weekly magazine, especially during the winter. A number of advisers to Luce, including Life Magazine's Ernest Havemann, tried to kill the idea, but Luce, who was not a sports fan, decided the time was right. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 17-25).

After unsuccessfully offering $200,000 to buy the name Sport for the new magazine, they acquired the rights to the name Sports Illustrated instead for just $10,000. The goal of the new magazine was to be "not A sports magazine, but THE sports magazine." Launched on August 16, 1954, it was not profitable and not particularly well run at first, but Luce's timing could not have been better. The popularity of spectator sports in the United States was about to explode, and that popularity came to be driven largely by three things:

  • economic prosperity
  • television, and
  • Sports Illustrated.

The early issues of the magazine seemed caught between two opposing views of its audience. Much of the subject matter was directed at upper class activities (yachting, polo, and even safaris), but upscale would-be advertisers were unconvinced that sports fans were a significant part of their market. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 6, 27, 42).

Innovations

From the start, however, SI did introduce a number of innovations that are generally taken for granted today:

  • Liberal use of color photos - though the six-week lead time initially meant they were unable to depict timely subject matter
  • Scouting reports - including a World Series Preview and New Year's Day bowl game roundup that enhanced the viewing of games on television
  • In-depth sports reporting from writers like Robert Creamer, Tex Maule and Dan Jenkins.

In 1956, Luce asked Time, Inc. senior European Correspondent André Laguerre to come to New York and help define the magazine's character. Many of the staff had serious doubts that the English-born Frenchman could possibly know anything about American sports, but Laguerre won them over, and during his term as Managing Editor (1960 - 1974), SI became a model for other middle-class American magazines. Its writers developed their own characteristic style by daring to tell people what was important. Many would say that the magazine legitimized sports -- and being a sports fan -- for a huge segment of the American population. The steady creation of landmark stories (e.g., "The Black Athlete - A Shameful Story" by Jack Olsen and "Paper Lion" by George Plimpton) showed that sports fans could be readers, and a generation of sportswriters patterned their own writing after what they read in SI. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 5-8, 160).

Color Printing

The magazine's photographers also made their mark with innovations like putting cameras in the goal at a hockey game and behind a glass backboard at a basketball game. In 1965, offset printing began to allow the color pages of the magazine to be printed overnight, not only producing crisper and brighter images, but also finally enabling the editors to merge the best color with the latest news. By 1967, the magazine was printing 200 pages of "fast color" a year; in 1983, SI became the first American full-color newsweekly. An intense rivalry developed between photographers, particularly Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, to get a decisive cover shot that would be on newsstands and in mailboxes only a few days later. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 108-111, 139-141, 149-151, 236).

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, during Gil Rogin's term as Managing Editor, the feature stories of Frank Deford became the magazine's anchor. "Bonus pieces" on Pete Rozelle, Bear Bryant, Howard Cosell and others became some of the most quoted sources about these figures, and Deford established a reputation as one of the best writers of the time. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 236-238).

Creative Decline

After the death of Henry Luce in 1967, the creative freedom that the staff had enjoyed seemed to diminish. By the 1980s and 1990s, the magazine had become more profitable than ever, but many also believed it had become more predictable. Mark Mulvoy was the first top editor whose background contained nothing but sports; he had grown up as one of the magazine's readers, but he had no interest in fiction, movies, hobbies or history. Mulvoy's top writer Rick Reilly had also been raised on SI and followed in the footsteps of many of the great writers that he grew up admiring, but many felt that the magazine as a whole came to reflect Mulvoy's complete lack of sophistication. Critics said that it rarely broke (or even featured) stories on the major controversies in sports (drugs, violence, commercialism) any more, and that it focused on major sports and celebrities to the exclusion of other topics. The proliferation of "commemorative issues" and crass subscription incentives seemed to some like an exchange of journalistic integrity for commercial opportunism. More importantly, perhaps, many feel that 24-hour-a-day cable sports television networks and sports news web sites have forever diminished the role a weekly publication can play in today's world, and that it is unlikely any magazine will ever again achieve the level of prominence that SI once had. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. 8-9, 268-273, 354-358, 394-398, 402-405).

Sportsman of the Year

Since its inception, Sports Illustrated has annually presented the "Sportsman of the Year" award.

The Cover Jinx

December, 1970 Sports Illustrated cover showing Texas Longhorn fullback Steve "Woo-Woo" Worster

When Major League Baseball player Eddie Mathews, pictured on the cover of Volume 1, Issue 1, suffered a hand injury a week later that forced him to miss seven games, the "Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx" -- a.k.a. "The Dreaded SI Cover Jinx" -- was born, as some noted that bad things seemed to happen to people soon after they appeared on the magazine's cover. Other notable cover coincidences include:

  • January 31, 1955 - The week that an issue featuring her was on the stands, skier Jill Kinmont struck a tree during a practice run and was paralyzed from the neck down.
  • November 18, 1957 -- The University of Oklahoma had won 47 consecutive games, which remains the longest winning streak in the history of college football. The cover carried the headline "Why Oklahoma is unbeatable." In their very next game, Oklahoma lost to the University of Notre Dame, which was in the middle of a down period. Notre Dame had also been the last team to defeat Oklahoma before the streak began, in 1953.
  • May 26, 1958 - SI's 1958 Indianapolis 500 preview issue featured Pat O'Connor, who was killed in a 15-car pileup during the first lap of the race.
  • February 13, 1961 - Laurence Owen was billed as "America's Most Exciting Girl Skater." Two days after the cover date, Owen and the rest of the United States figure skating team perished in a plane crash.
  • December 14, 1970 - The University of Texas, 10-0 and enjoying a 30-game winning streak, fumbled nine times in its next game, a 24-11 loss to Notre Dame in the Cotton Bowl.
  • September 4, 1989 - Not his picture, but Major League Baseball Commissioner Bart Giamatti's words about Pete Rose appeared on the cover the week Giamatti died of a heart attack.
  • June 5, 1995 - Three days after his appearance, San Francisco Giants third baseman Matt Williams, the National League leader in home runs, batting average and RBIs, fouled a pitch off his right foot, breaking it, and forcing him to miss 2 1/2 months.
  • March 6, 2005 - The University of Illinois men's basketball team was 29-0 the day of their appearance, losing their final regular season game to Ohio State University.

While the list of "examples" of the jinx is extensive, an individual record 49 cover appearances by Michael Jordan and team record 61 covers by the New York Yankees have not hindered their success.

Writers

  • Marty Burns
  • Frank Deford
  • Gary Smith
  • Peter King
  • Arash Markazi
  • Rick Reilly
  • Phil Taylor
  • Gary Van Sickle
  • Tom Verducci
  • Paul Zimmerman
  • Ed Hinton (1995-2000)
  • Steve Rushin

Spinoffs

Sports Illustrated has helped launched a number of related publishing ventures, including:

  • Sports Illustrated for Kids magazine (circulation 950,000)
    • Launched in January 1989
    • Won the "Distinguished Achievement for Excellence in Educational Publishing" award 11 times
    • Won the "Parents' Choice Magazine Award" 7 times
  • Sports Illustrated Almanac annuals
    • Introduced in 1991
    • Yearly compilation of sports news and statistics in book form
  • SI.com sports news web site
    • Launched on July 17, 1997
    • Online version of the magazine and sports site for CNN.com
  • Sports Illustrated Women magazine (highest circulation 400,000)
    • Launched in March 2000
    • Ceased publication in December 2002 because of a weak advertising climate
  • Sports Illustrated on Campus magazine
    • Launched on September 4, 2003
    • Dedicated to college athletics and the sports interests of college students.
    • Distributed free on 72 college campuses through a network of college newspapers.
    • Circulation of one million readers between the ages of 18 and 24.
    • Ceased publication in December 2005 because of a weak advertising climate

References

  • Michael MacCambridge, 1997, The Franchise: A History of Sports Illustrated Magazine, Hyperion Press ISBN 0786862165

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Sports Illustrated has helped launched a number of related publishing ventures, including:.
. While the list of "examples" of the jinx is extensive, an individual record 49 cover appearances by Michael Jordan and team record 61 covers by the New York Yankees have not hindered their success. Years reflect the year in which the awards were presented, for music released in the previous year. Other notable cover coincidences include:. World. "The Dreaded SI Cover Jinx" -- was born, as some noted that bad things seemed to happen to people soon after they appeared on the magazine's cover. Traditional Pop.

When Major League Baseball player Eddie Mathews, pictured on the cover of Volume 1, Issue 1, suffered a hand injury a week later that forced him to miss seven games, the "Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx" -- a.k.a. Spoken. Since its inception, Sports Illustrated has annually presented the "Sportsman of the Year" award. Surround Sound. 8-9, 268-273, 354-358, 394-398, 402-405). Rock. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. Reggae.

More importantly, perhaps, many feel that 24-hour-a-day cable sports television networks and sports news web sites have forever diminished the role a weekly publication can play in today's world, and that it is unlikely any magazine will ever again achieve the level of prominence that SI once had. Rap. The proliferation of "commemorative issues" and crass subscription incentives seemed to some like an exchange of journalistic integrity for commercial opportunism. R&B. Critics said that it rarely broke (or even featured) stories on the major controversies in sports (drugs, violence, commercialism) any more, and that it focused on major sports and celebrities to the exclusion of other topics. Production and engineering. Mulvoy's top writer Rick Reilly had also been raised on SI and followed in the footsteps of many of the great writers that he grew up admiring, but many felt that the magazine as a whole came to reflect Mulvoy's complete lack of sophistication. Pop.

Mark Mulvoy was the first top editor whose background contained nothing but sports; he had grown up as one of the magazine's readers, but he had no interest in fiction, movies, hobbies or history. Polka. By the 1980s and 1990s, the magazine had become more profitable than ever, but many also believed it had become more predictable. Packaging and notes. After the death of Henry Luce in 1967, the creative freedom that the staff had enjoyed seemed to diminish. New Age. 236-238). Music Video.

(MacCambridge, 1997, pp. Musical Show. "Bonus pieces" on Pete Rozelle, Bear Bryant, Howard Cosell and others became some of the most quoted sources about these figures, and Deford established a reputation as one of the best writers of the time. Latin. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, during Gil Rogin's term as Managing Editor, the feature stories of Frank Deford became the magazine's anchor. Jazz. 108-111, 139-141, 149-151, 236). Historical.

(MacCambridge, 1997, pp. Gospel. An intense rivalry developed between photographers, particularly Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, to get a decisive cover shot that would be on newsstands and in mailboxes only a few days later. Folk. By 1967, the magazine was printing 200 pages of "fast color" a year; in 1983, SI became the first American full-color newsweekly. Film/TV/Media. In 1965, offset printing began to allow the color pages of the magazine to be printed overnight, not only producing crisper and brighter images, but also finally enabling the editors to merge the best color with the latest news. Disco.

The magazine's photographers also made their mark with innovations like putting cameras in the goal at a hockey game and behind a glass backboard at a basketball game. Dance. 5-8, 160). Country. (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. Composing and arranging. The steady creation of landmark stories (e.g., "The Black Athlete - A Shameful Story" by Jack Olsen and "Paper Lion" by George Plimpton) showed that sports fans could be readers, and a generation of sportswriters patterned their own writing after what they read in SI. Comedy.

Many would say that the magazine legitimized sports -- and being a sports fan -- for a huge segment of the American population. Classical. Its writers developed their own characteristic style by daring to tell people what was important. Children's. Many of the staff had serious doubts that the English-born Frenchman could possibly know anything about American sports, but Laguerre won them over, and during his term as Managing Editor (1960 - 1974), SI became a model for other middle-class American magazines. Blues. senior European Correspondent André Laguerre to come to New York and help define the magazine's character. Alternative.

In 1956, Luce asked Time, Inc. Béla Fleck has been nominated in more categories than any other musician, namely country, pop, jazz, bluegrass, classical, folk, and spoken word, as well as composition and arranging. From the start, however, SI did introduce a number of innovations that are generally taken for granted today:. Christopher Cross (Grammy Awards of 1981) and Norah Jones (Grammy Awards of 2003) are the only artists to receive the "Big Four" (Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best New Artist) in a single ceremony. 6, 27, 42). The most Grammys won in a single night is eight -- a record shared by Michael Jackson (1984), and Carlos Santana (2000). (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. Conductor Sir Georg Solti holds the record for most Grammys won, having won a total of thirty-eight awards before his death in 1997.

Much of the subject matter was directed at upper class activities (yachting, polo, and even safaris), but upscale would-be advertisers were unconvinced that sports fans were a significant part of their market. Soul and R&B legend Aretha Franklin has won 11 awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, including 8 consecutive (and the first 8 ever awarded) awards in the category:. The early issues of the magazine seemed caught between two opposing views of its audience. Legendary Opera Diva Leontyne Price has won 18 awards. The popularity of spectator sports in the United States was about to explode, and that popularity came to be driven largely by three things:. Session drummer Hal Blaine played on six consecutive records which won Record of the Year:. The goal of the new magazine was to be "not A sports magazine, but THE sports magazine." Launched on August 16, 1954, it was not profitable and not particularly well run at first, but Luce's timing could not have been better. Metheny, as of the 2004 Grammy Awards, holds the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories:.

After unsuccessfully offering $200,000 to buy the name Sport for the new magazine, they acquired the rights to the name Sports Illustrated instead for just $10,000. Pat Metheny and the Pat Metheny Group have won 16 Grammys in total, including six consecutive awards for six consecutive albums. 17-25). . (MacCambridge, 1997, pp. The Grammys are currently broadcast on CBS. A number of advisers to Luce, including Life Magazine's Ernest Havemann, tried to kill the idea, but Luce, who was not a sports fan, decided the time was right. So, for example, John Lennon & Yoko Ono's album Double Fantasy was released in November, 1980, a month-and-a-half too late to qualify for the 1981 Grammys, and thus eligible for the 1982 awards (it eventually won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year).

At the time, many believed sports was beneath the attention of serious journalism and didn't think sports news could fill a weekly magazine, especially during the winter. Unlike the Academy Awards, for which the eligibility period begins January 1, the eligibility period for the Grammys begins October 1, which results in September being considered the Christmas sales period for the music industry (in which artists generally release big albums to qualify for the next year's Grammy). In fact, there was no large-base, general sports magazine with a national following when TIME patriarch Henry Luce began considering whether his company should attempt to fill the gap. Of the "big three" music awards shows, the Grammys are the highest rated. Two other magazines named Sports Illustrated were actually started in the 1930s and 1940s, but they both quickly failed. In fact, many artists who are placed in high regard, artistically, by many fans and critics (such as Elvis Presley, Mariah Carey, Garth Brooks, Pink Floyd, Kenny Rogers, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Radiohead, ) have been awarded very few Grammys. . Hence, the Grammys are not taken seriously by some musicians and music fans.

Its "swimsuit issue," which has been published since 1964, is now an annual publishing event that generates its own television shows, videos and calendars. Some feel that because Grammy voters tend to vote conservatively, and are marketed to by record companies, the most widely-recognized Grammys tend to go to either well-established artists or those being hyped by the recording industry. It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice. The awards ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and some of the more prominent Grammys are presented in a widely-viewed televised ceremony. It has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million adults each week, including over 18 million men, 19% of the adult males in the country. The awards are named for the trophy which the winner receives - a small gilded statuette of a gramophone, handcrafted by Billings Artworks. Sports Illustrated is a popular weekly American sports magazine owned by media giant Time Warner. Like the Oscars, the Grammys, which currently have 108 categories within 30 genres of music (such as pop, gospel, and rap), are voted upon by peers - voting members of the Recording Academy - rather than being based upon popularity (as with the AMAs) or sales and chart achievements (the BMAs).

Michael MacCambridge, 1997, The Franchise: A History of Sports Illustrated Magazine, Hyperion Press ISBN 0786862165. However, the Grammys, usually held in February, (last of what are considered the "big three" music awards shows, including the BMA and AMA shows) are considered the approximate equivalent to the Oscars, in the music world. Ceased publication in December 2005 because of a weak advertising climate. The Grammy Awards (originally the Gramophone Awards), presented by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding achievements in the recording industry, is one of four major music awards shows held annually in the United States (the Billboard Music Awards, the American Music Awards, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony, make up the rest). Circulation of one million readers between the ages of 18 and 24. Best Contemporary World Music Album. Distributed free on 72 college campuses through a network of college newspapers. Best Traditional World Music Album.

Dedicated to college athletics and the sports interests of college students. Best World Music Album. Launched on September 4, 2003. Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. Sports Illustrated on Campus magazine

    . Best Spoken Comedy Album. Ceased publication in December 2002 because of a weak advertising climate. Best Spoken Word Album.

    Launched in March 2000. Best Surround Sound Album. Sports Illustrated Women magazine (highest circulation 400,000)

      . Best Rock Album. Online version of the magazine and sports site for CNN.com. Best Rock Song. Launched on July 17, 1997. Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental.

      SI.com sports news web site

        . Best Metal Performance. Yearly compilation of sports news and statistics in book form. Best Hard Rock Performance. Introduced in 1991. Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Sports Illustrated Almanac annuals
          . Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

          Won the "Parents' Choice Magazine Award" 7 times. Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo. Won the "Distinguished Achievement for Excellence in Educational Publishing" award 11 times. Best Male Rock Vocal Performance. Launched in January 1989. Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Sports Illustrated for Kids magazine (circulation 950,000)

            . Best Reggae Album.

            Steve Rushin. Best Rap Album. Ed Hinton (1995-2000). Best Rap Song. Paul Zimmerman. Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. Tom Verducci. Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.

            Gary Van Sickle. Best Male Rap Solo Performance. Phil Taylor. Best Female Rap Solo Performance. Rick Reilly. Best Rap Solo Performance. Arash Markazi. Best Rap Performance.

            Peter King. Best Contemporary R&B Album. Gary Smith. Best R&B Album. Frank Deford. Best R&B Song. Marty Burns. Best Rhythm & Blues Recording.

            March 6, 2005 - The University of Illinois men's basketball team was 29-0 the day of their appearance, losing their final regular season game to Ohio State University. Best Urban/Alternative Performance. June 5, 1995 - Three days after his appearance, San Francisco Giants third baseman Matt Williams, the National League leader in home runs, batting average and RBIs, fouled a pitch off his right foot, breaking it, and forcing him to miss 2 1/2 months. Best R&B Instrumental Performance. September 4, 1989 - Not his picture, but Major League Baseball Commissioner Bart Giamatti's words about Pete Rose appeared on the cover the week Giamatti died of a heart attack. Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance. December 14, 1970 - The University of Texas, 10-0 and enjoying a 30-game winning streak, fumbled nine times in its next game, a 24-11 loss to Notre Dame in the Cotton Bowl. Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

            February 13, 1961 - Laurence Owen was billed as "America's Most Exciting Girl Skater." Two days after the cover date, Owen and the rest of the United States figure skating team perished in a plane crash. Best R&B Solo Vocal Performance, Male or Female. May 26, 1958 - SI's 1958 Indianapolis 500 preview issue featured Pat O'Connor, who was killed in a 15-car pileup during the first lap of the race. Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Notre Dame had also been the last team to defeat Oklahoma before the streak began, in 1953. Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. The cover carried the headline "Why Oklahoma is unbeatable." In their very next game, Oklahoma lost to the University of Notre Dame, which was in the middle of a down period. Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical.

            November 18, 1957 -- The University of Oklahoma had won 47 consecutive games, which remains the longest winning streak in the history of college football. Producer of the Year, Classical. January 31, 1955 - The week that an issue featuring her was on the stands, skier Jill Kinmont struck a tree during a practice run and was paralyzed from the neck down. Producer of the Year, Non-Classical. In-depth sports reporting from writers like Robert Creamer, Tex Maule and Dan Jenkins. Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical. Scouting reports - including a World Series Preview and New Year's Day bowl game roundup that enhanced the viewing of games on television. Best Engineered Recording - Special or Novel Effects.

            Liberal use of color photos - though the six-week lead time initially meant they were unable to depict timely subject matter. Best Engineered Album, Classical. Sports Illustrated. Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. television, and. Best Pop Instrumental Album. economic prosperity. Best Pop Vocal Album.

            Best Contemporary Song. Best Pop Instrumental Performance with Vocal Coloring. Best Pop Instrumental Performance. Best Performance by an Orchestra or Instrumentalist with Orchestra - Primarily Not Jazz or for Dancing.

            Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Dancing. Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Best Contemporary Performance by a Chorus. Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

            Best Contemporary (R&R) Solo Vocal Performance - Male or Female. Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Best Instrumental Performance.

            Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus. Best Performance by a Chorus. Best Performance by a Vocal Group. Best Vocal Performance, Male.

            Best Vocal Performance, Female. Best Polka Album. Best Album Notes - Classical. Best Album Notes.

            Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package. Best Recording Package. Best Album Cover, Photography. Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts.

            Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical. Best Album Cover - Classical. Best Album Cover. Best New Age Album.

            Video of the Year. Best Performance Music Video. Best Concept Music Video. Best Long Form Music Video.

            Best Short Form Music Video. Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast From a Motion Picture or Television. Best Musical Show Album. Best Salsa/Merengue Album.

            Best Merengue Album. Best Salsa Album. Best Tejano Album. Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album.

            Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album. Best Latin Pop Album. Best Latin Recording.

            Best Latin Jazz Album. Best Contemporary Jazz Album. Best Jazz Vocal Album. Best Original Jazz Composition.

            Best Jazz Fusion Performance. Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album. Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group. Best Jazz Instrumental Solo.

            Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group. Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male. Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female. Best Historical Album.

            Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album. Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album. Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album. Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album.

            Best Rock Gospel Album. Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album. Best Inspirational Performance. Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus.

            Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male or Female. Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male. Best Soul Gospel Performance, Female. Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary.

            Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional. Best Soul Gospel Performance. Best Gospel Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus. Best Gospel Vocal Performance, Male.

            Best Gospel Vocal Performance, Female. Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary. Best Gospel Performance, Traditional. Best Gospel Performance.

            Best Hawaiian Music Album. Best Native American Music Album. Best Contemporary Folk Album. Best Traditional Folk Album.

            Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording. Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (previously in the "composing and arranging" field). Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (previously in the "composing and arranging" field). Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.

            Best Disco Recording. Best Electronic/Dance Album. Best Dance Recording (previously in "Pop"). Best New Country & Western Artist.

            Best Bluegrass Album. Best Country Album. Best Country Song. Best Country & Western Single.

            Best Country & Western Recording. Best Country Instrumental Performance. Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

            Best Country Performance, Duo or Group - Vocal or Instrumental. Best Male Country Vocal Performance. Best Female Country Vocal Performance. Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices.

            Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s). Best Instrumental Arrangement. Best Arrangement. Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (now in the "film/TV/media" field).

            Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (now in the "Film/TV/Media" field). Best Instrumental Composition. Best Spoken Comedy Album. Best Comedy Album.

            Best New Classical Artist. Best Classical Crossover Album. Best Classical Album. Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

            Best Chamber Music Performance. Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor). Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra). Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra).

            Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra). Best Choral Performance. Best Opera Recording. Best Classical Performance, Operatic or Choral.

            Best Classical Vocal Performance. Best Orchestral Performance. Best Spoken Word Album for Children. Best Musical Album for Children.

            Best Album for Children. Best Contemporary Blues Album. Best Traditional Blues Album. Best Alternative Music Album.

            Grammy Trustees Award. Grammy Tech Award. Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Grammy Legend Award.

            Grammy Hall of Fame. Best New Artist. Song of the Year. Album of the Year.

            Record of the Year. 1988 - Aretha. 1986 - "Freeway of Love". 1982 - "Hold On, I'm Comin'".

            1975 - "Ain't Nothing Like The Real Thing". 1974 - "Master of Eyes". 1973 - Young, Gifted, and Black. 1972 - "Bridge Over Troubled Water".

            1971 - "Don't Play That Song". 1970 - "Share Your Love With Me". 1969 - "Chain of Fools". 1968 - "Respect".

            1971 Simon & Garfunkel - "Bridge Over Troubled Water". 1970 5th Dimension - "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In". Robinson". 1969 Simon & Garfunkel - "Mrs.

            1968 5th Dimension - "Up, Up and Away". 1967 Frank Sinatra - "Strangers in the Night". 1966 Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass - "A Taste of Honey". Best New Age Album (2004).

            Best Jazz Instrumental Solo (2001). Best Rock Instrumental Performance (1999). Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group (1998, 2000). Best Contemporary Jazz Performance/Album (1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2003).

            Best Instrumental Composition (1991). Best Jazz Fusion Performance (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990).