Soybean

This condition has not been found in many other animals, and is not known to occur in humans. Wins by Country (Runners-up in brackets). This is probably because rats are extremely sensitive to dietary protease inhibitors like those found in soybeans, which can disrupt the action of digestive enzymes needed to break down protein. Total wins (Runners-up in brackets). A 1985 animal study showed that young rats fed large amounts of soy products as their primary food source showed an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Final Results. The original paper in the journal Circulation: January 17,2006[4]. For more information see Super 12 Champions.

[3]. The 2005 Super 12 Trophy was taken back by the Crusaders, who defeated the NSW Waratahs 35-25. The panel also found that soy isoflavones do not reduce post menopause "hot flashes" in women nor do isoflavones help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus or prostate. The 2004 Super 12 Trophy was taken by the ACT Brumbies, who defeated the Crusaders 47-38 in the final. In January , 2006 an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade long study of soy protein benefits casts doubt on the FDA allowed "Heart Healthy" claim for soy protein. The South African region that is not participating in the Super 14 is also guaranteed regular competition with the other five South Africa regions. The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." One serving, (1 cup or 240 mL) of soy milk, for instance, contains 6 or 7 grams of soy protein. The Spears, as well as the relegated region from 2007, will play in a series against the national teams of Argentina, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.

On the basis of this research PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with FDA for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease. There will be a similar test match in following years, with the Spears subject to possible relegation starting at the end of the 2008 season. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) adsorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. After the 2007 season, the lowest-finishing South African team in that year's Super 14 table, other than the Spears, will play a promotion/relegation test match against the team that was relegated in 2006. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL(good cholesterol) did not increase. The Spears are also guaranteed a place in the 2008 Super 14. This meta-analysis concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglyceride concentrations. In 2007, the Southern Spears, based in Port Elizabeth, will replace the lowest-finishing South African team in the 2006 table.

Louis. For more details regarding the areas from which each Super 14 team draws its players, see Super 14 franchise areas. 5) published a report from the University of Kentucky entitled, "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids." It was financed by the PTI division of DuPont,"The Solae Co."[2] St. In 2006, the competing teams will be:. 333, No. The fallout from the controversy surrounding the addition of the fifth South African side resulted in the creation of a competitive series involving Argentina, the Pacific Islands and at least one South African side, slated to begin in 2006. In 1995, the New England Journal of Medicine (Vol. South Africa will establish a promotion/relegation system to determine the five sides that will compete in the Super 14 each year.

Isoflavones are polyphenol compounds, produced primarily by beans and other legumes, including peanuts and chickpeas. The Spears will replace one of the five existing South Africa sides for 2007 and 2008. Soybeans also contain isoflavones, forms of phytoestrogen that are considered by some nutritionists and physicians to be useful in the prevention of cancer, though very controversial and also blamed for some thyroid and reproductive health problems. However, a sixth South African team, the Southern Spears, will be formed in the Southern and Eastern Cape region. They are also high in fiber and vitamin C. Finally, the five teams for 2006 were confirmed to be the country's existing four teams, plus the Central Cheetahs, which will draw its players from the Free State and Northern Cape Provinces. In spite of the chelating effects of phytic acid, soybeans remain a good source of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and manganese. The addition of the new South African team led to considerable controversy, including government involvement.

Scientific research [1] also indicates that it may reduce the risk of colon cancer. It has been confirmed that the new Australian team in the competition will be based in Perth and is to be called the Western Force. The Journal of Environmental Nutrition (April 2004 volume 27 issue 4) has also stated phytic acid may be considered a phytonutrient, providing an antioxidant effect. However, Argentina and the Pacific Islands remain shut out of the competition proper under this proposal (but see the following paragraphs for more information). However, dietary mineral chelators help prevent over-mineralization of joints, blood vessels, and other parts of the body, which is most common in older persons. The proposal also included the possibility of splitting the updated Super 14 into two seven-team divisions, but it was decided to keep the competition in its traditional single-table format. For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those in developing countries, this effect can be undesirable. Under the new deal, Australia and South Africa each got one extra team in the competition, and a third round of fixtures will be added to the Tri Nations Series.

Of any studied legume, whole soybeans have the highest levels of phytic acid, an organic acid and mineral chelator present in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds, which binds to certain ingested minerals: calcium, magnesium, iron, and especially zinc—in the intestinal tract, and reduces the amount the body assimilates. SANZAR remains free to negotiate separate deals for other markets, such as France, Japan and the Americas. The only non-legume to have an almost identical protein profile to soy is the cereal oat (Avena sativa), and perhaps quinoa. It covers international fixtures as well as the Super 14. Soy protein is similar to that of other legume seeds, but has the highest yield per square meter of growing area, and is the least expensive source of dietary protein. [2]. For this reason, soy is important to many vegetarians and vegans. The contract is worth USD 323 million over five years, which is a 16% annual increase compared to the previous deal.

A complete protein is one that contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids that must be provided to the human body because of the body's inability to synthesize them. That December, SANZAR announced that a new TV deal had been signed, with News Corporation winning the rights for the UK, Australia and New Zealand and Supersport winning rights for South Africa. Soybeans are a source of complete protein. In September 2004, SANZAR began negotiations for a new television deal to take effect in 2006. Concern is also for the high amounts of residual toxin since the herbicide is sprayed on the soya crop repeatedly during growth. However, until 2006, the competition remained as it began. As with other "Roundup Ready" crops, concern is expressed over damage to biodiversity through the loss of wildflowers removed by the roundup treatment, and consequent loss of insects and birds that depend on them. Argentina was also pushing for inclusion in the Super 12.

Currently, 80% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market are genetically modified. There was also discussion of including a team from the South Pacific Island nations, such as Fiji; or a combined Pacific Islanders team from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. RR soybeans allow a farmer to reduce tillage or even to sow the seed directly into an unplowed field, known as 'No Plow' tillage. In recent years (2001 onwards), Australia had pushed unsuccessfully for the inclusion of a fourth Australian team (this has been now confirmed as Western Australia), and South Africa for another team from its country (two extra teams were added, for a total of six, but only five will compete in any given year). Roundup kills conventional soybeans. Therefore by setting up the Super 12, the Unions had a product that was in demand from viewers, enabling them to sell a 10 year contract for exclusive television rights to News Corp for USD 555 million [1], giving them both coverage and financial support. strain CP4, inserted, by means of a gene gun, into its genome that allows the transgenic plant to survive being sprayed by this non-selective, glyphosate-based herbicide. Another reason is that with the establishment of the Super League, the Rugby Unions were concerned that they would lose players, who were switching codes to follow the high salaries.

In 1995, Monsanto introduced "Roundup Ready" (RR) soybeans that have had a complete copy of a gene (plasmid) from the bacteria, Agrobacterium sp. A key part of the business model for the Foxtel pay TV network in Australia was to attract subscribers by offering an exclusive product (such as rugby union) which could not be seen on free-to-air broadcast television. Monsanto is the world's leader in genetically modified soy for the commercial market. One significant reason for the development of the Super 12 competition was the introduction, in Australia especially but also in other nations, of pay (or subscription) television. Soybeans are one of the "Biotech Food" crops that are being genetically modified, and GMO soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa formed SANZAR (South African, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) to administer an annual 12-team provincial competition and Tri-Nations Test Series between the three countries. Soybeans are also used as fermenting stock to make a brand of vodka. It was born out of the success of 1995 Rugby Union World Cup, pitting regional teams of the then three strongest rugby nations against each other.

Soybeans are also used in industrial products including oils, soap, cosmetics, resins, plastics, inks, crayons, solvents, and biodiesel. The first Super 12 series was held in 1996, although it has its origins in the Super 10, Super 6 and South Pacific championships. Additionally, soy protein has been found to reduce renal excretion of calcium, an effect that is reinforced by the high potassium content of soy products. The Australian teams also play each other for the National Ricoh Championship (or State of the Union), the winner of which is awarded the Bob Templeton trophy. Tofu often contains high amounts of this important mineral since calcium salts are used to coagulate the protein in soy milk when creating tofu. The two winners then play the final at the home ground of the top surviving seed. Many manufacturers of soy milk now sell calcium-enriched products as well. The top four teams at the end of the round-robin phase then play semifinals, with the first placed team hosting the fourth placed team and the second placed team hosting the third placed team.

Soy milk does not contain significant amounts of calcium, since the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the pulp. A bonus point is also earned by a team that loses a game by seven points (a converted try) or less. These imitation products are derived from extensive processing to produce a texture and appearance similar to the real dairy-based ones. Teams also receive a bonus point for scoring four tries, regardless of the final result. Many traditional dairy products have been imitated using processed soybeans, and imitation products such as soy milk, "soy yogurt" and "soy cream cheese" are readily available in most supermarkets. A team receives four points for a win, two for a draw, and none for a loss. The formulas are sold in powdered, ready to feed, or concentrated liquid forms. Games are held over 14 weekends with each team receiving one bye.

Infant formulas based on soy are used by lactose-intolerant babies; and for babies that are allergic to human milk proteins and cow milk proteins. There are 91 regular season games in total. It is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate. The Super 14 is a round-robin competition with each team playing every other team once, with six or seven home games and six or seven away games. Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) in order to minimize denaturation of the protein to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI), for uses such as extruder texturizing (TVP). The naming rights for the competition are different in the three countries:. Soybean meal, the material remaining after solvent extraction of soybean flakes, with a 50% soy protein content, toasted (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam), and ground, in a hammer mill, provided the energy for the American revolution, beginning in the 1930s, of growing farm animals such as poultry and swine on an industrial scale; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. .

The remaining soybean husks are used mainly as animal feed. From 1996 through 2005, the competition was known as Super 12; the name change came about after two teams were added for the 2006 season. New processes increasingly prepare protein isolates for use as food additives or health supplements. The Super 14 is a rugby union championship competed for by teams from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. The oils are exported abroad, sold as vegetable oil, or end up in a wide variety of processed foods. Penalties: 43 – Andrew Mehrtens, Crusaders, 1999. The oils are blended for their applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Conversions: 39 – Stirling Mortlock, Brumbies, 2000.

The soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and solvent extracted with commercial hexane. Tries: 14 – Joe Roff, Brumbies, 1997, Rico Gear, Crusaders, 2005. Soybean oil extraction is performed on a large scale in the U.S. Points: 206 – Andrew Mehrtens, Crusaders, 1998. Soybean oil makes up 80% of the edible oil consumption in the United States. Penalties: 195 – Andrew Mehrtens, Crusaders. All commercial soybeans in the United States are yellow or yellow brown. Conversions: 148 – Matt Burke, Waratahs.

Soybeans having a dark colored seed coat, or even beans with a dark hilum will inadvertently leave dark specks in the flour, an undesirable factor when used in food products. Tries: 57 – Joe Roff, Brumbies. In processing soybeans for oil extraction and subsequent soy flour production, selection of high quality, sound, clean, dehulled yellow soybeans is very important. Points: 926 – Andrew Mehrtens, Crusaders. Soybeans are also the primary ingredient involved in the production of soy sauce (or shoyu). First Super 12 penalty: Cameron, Wellington v Auckland, Palmerston North, 1996. Common forms of soy (or soya) include soy meal ( used as animal feed), soy flour, "soy milk", tofu, textured vegetable protein (TVP, which is made into a wide variety of vegetarian foods, some of them intended to imitate meat), tempeh, soy lecithin and soybean oil (aka "vegetable oil" in the USA). First Super 12 conversion: Cameron, Wellington v Auckland, Palmerston North, 1996.

The beans can be processed in a variety of ways. First Super 12 try: Alama Ieremia, Auckland v Wellington, Palmerston North, 1996. Soybeans prepared this way are a popular local snack in Hawai'i, where, as in Japan, China, and Korea, the bean and products made from the bean (miso, natto, tofu, douchi, doenjang, ganjang and others) are a significant part of the diet. Fewest wins in a season: 0 – Bulls, 2002 regular season. Soybeans may be boiled whole in their green pod and served with salt, under the Japanese name edamame. Most wins in a season: 11 – Crusaders, 2002 regular season. A smaller percentage of soybeans are used directly for human consumption, particularly in Asia. Fewest tries in a season: 15 – Auckland, 1999, 2000.

The bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil production, with the high-protein defatted and "toasted" soy meal used as livestock feed. Most tries in a season: 56 – Auckland, 1996/7, 1998. Soybeans are the most important cash crop in the United States and the leading agricultural export. Most tries in a match: 14 – Crusaders v Waratahs, 2002. Among the legumes, the soybean, also classed as an oilseed, is pre-eminent for its high (38-45%) protein content as well as its high (20%) oil content. Most consecutive losses: 11 – Bulls, 2002. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because they have a tendency for the pods to shatter on reaching maturity. Most consecutive wins: 15 – Crusaders, 2002/03.

Tofu and soymilk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. Highest score away: 60 – Blues v Hurricanes (7), 2002. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Highest winning margin: 77 – Crusaders v Waratahs (96-19), 2002. Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Lowest score: 0 – Bulls v Brumbies (15), 1999; Cats v Brumbies (64), 2000. Peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes or other plants that would replenish the soil with nitrogen and minerals were planted for two years and then cotton on the third year. Highest score: 96 – Crusaders v Waratahs (19), 2002.

He also encouraged farmers to use crop rotation. South Africa 0 (2). The first research on soybeans in the United States was conducted by George Washington Carver at Tuskeegee, Alabama, but he decided it was too exotic a crop for the poor black farmers of the South so he turned his attention to peanuts. Australia 2 (4). Environmental groups, such as Greenpeace and the WWF, have reported that soybean cultivation and the threat to increase soybean cultivation in Brazil is destroying huge areas of Amazon rainforest and encouraging deforestation. New Zealand 8 (4). Other leading producers are Brazil, Argentina, China, Japan, and India. Waratahs 0 (1).

produced 75 million metric tons of soybeans in 2000, of which more than one-third was exported. Highlanders 0 (1). The U.S. Sharks 0 (2). Soybeans are native to southeast Asia, but 45 percent of the world's soybean area, and 55 percent of production, is in the United States. ACT Brumbies 2 (3). Modern crop cultivars generally reach a height of 1 m or more, and take between 80-120 days from sowing to harvesting. Blues 3 (1).

However, for best results an inoculum of the correct strain of bacteria should be mixed with the soybean(or any legume) seed before planting. Crusaders 5 (2). Rhizobium japonicum; Jordan 1982). 2005 Crusaders 35-25 Waratahs. Soybeans, like most legumes perform nitrogen fixation by establishing a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum (syn. 2004 ACT Brumbies 47-38 Crusaders. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils with a good organic content. 2003 Blues 21-17 Crusaders.

Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20 °C to 30 °C; temperatures of below 20 °C and over 40 °C retard growth significantly. 2002 Crusaders 31-13 ACT Brumbies. Soybeans did not become an important crop outside of Asia until about 1910. 2001 ACT Brumbies 36-6 Sharks. Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter in 1770 mentioning sending soybeans home from England. 2000 Crusaders 20-19 ACT Brumbies. They were first introduced to Europe in the early 1700s and the United States in 1765, where it was first grown for hay. 1999 Crusaders 24-19 Highlanders.

Soybeans were used as food in eastern Asia long before written records, and it is still a major crop in China, Japan and Korea. 1998 Crusaders 20-13 Blues. A very small proportion of the crop is consumed directly for food by humans. 1997 Blues 23-7 ACT Brumbies. The bulk of the crop is solvent extracted for vegetable oil and the defatted soy meal is used for animal feed. 1996 Blues 45-21 Sharks. It is grown for its oil and protein. Stormers - Cape Town (plus northern Western Cape).

Soybeans are an important global crop, with political ramifications. Sharks - Durban (KwaZulu-Natal). The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the micropyle, or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water. Central Cheetahs - Bloemfontein (Free State Province plus Northern Cape). The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or "germ") from damage. Cats - Johannesburg (plus Mpumalanga and North West). Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in several hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, and mottled. Bulls - Pretoria (plus East Rand and Limpopo Province).

. South Africa