Snowboard

The best wrist protection is soft enough to allow normal wrist motion, but is able to absorb loads for hyper extension of the wrist. Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled hook, line and sinker" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of Phishing. Shorts and rigid splints could cause severe forearm fractures. For example, the expression "fishing expedition" (usually used to describe a line of questioning), describes a case where the questioner implies that he knows more than he actually does in order to trick the target into divulging more information than he wishes to reveal. Be aware that wrist guards made for in-line are dangerous and not recomended. On the other hand, fishing with bait or lure sometimes has nuances of catching by deception, possibly with an implication of greed on the part of the victim. Snowboard-related injury accounts for 100,000 of the wrist fractures in the world each season. For example, in the New Testament, Jesus is reported to have said to his disciples: Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. Matthew 4:19.

Time not money will make a skilled, safe snowboarder. On the one hand, fishing with a net has nuances of gathering by honest effort. It is worthy of note that many of the worlds pros began on old equipment, riding on very small hills. Fishing is a widely used as a metaphor though as such it is possibly ambiguous. A professional lesson, or a day spent with a skilled friend is highly recomended. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. Beginners should start on very gentle slopes with soft snow conditions, even if they're a good alpine skier. Isinglass is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish (especially sturgeon), it is used for the clarification of wine and beer.

It is highly recomended that all riders wear a helmet. Fish glue has long been valued for its use in all manner of products from illuminated manuscripts to the Mongolian war bow. Necessary safety measures must be taken. Fish glue is made by boiling the skin, bones and swim bladders of fish. Beginners are in great danger during first hours of practice. Sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish. Injuries for snowboarders are very common, especially for upperlimb: wrist, elbows and shoulders. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus.

This is obviously easier with a less biased stance, such as the "duck" stance. Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. When a rider changes direction mid-run (for example a "regular" rider leads with their left foot), they are said to be riding "switch". Sharkskin leather is used in the manufacture of hilts of traditional Japanese swords. The question of how much the bindings are angled depends on the rider's purpose and preference. These skins are also used to make leather. However, personal preference and comfort are important with regard to this setting, so experimentation is recommended. Sharkskin and rayskin which are covered with, in effect, tiny teeth (dermal denticles) were used for the purposes that sandpaper currently is.

The usual measurement is to position the bindings so that the feet are placed just wider than shoulder width apart. Traditional methods of pearl hunting are now virtually extinct. Obviously, the size of the rider has much to do with proper stance width. Pearls and mother-of-pearl are valued for their lustre. Stance width is important because it determines how the rider is balanced on the board. There are several organizations devoted to improving the methods of collecting, handling, transporting, exporting and farming of wild and domesticated live food fish, as well as freshwater and marine tropical fish destined for aquaria. A good snowboarder should be equally skilled in riding both ways, even if they have a particular preference. Such techniques are used most often by researchers for observation and study but are also used by those who collect fish for the aquarium trade.

Most people have a natural stance determined by experimentation, and the two stances are roughly equally common. Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them such as in a seine net or by placing an electric current into the water. "Goofy" is just the opposite - the right foot leads and the left foot is at the back. This brought the value of their live food fish trade industry to US$400 million as reported by the World Resources Institute^[24]. A "regular" stance is one in which the rider's left foot is the front foot, while the right foot is the back foot. Hong Kong, for example, is estimated to have imported in excess of 15,000 tonnes of live food fish in 2000. There are two "stances" used by snowboarders. The prevalence of cultural beliefs and consumer standards helps to drive the demand for the live food fish trade.

This is most likely to happen when the rider removes the board at the top or the bottom of a run (or while on a chairlift, which could be dangerous). Suiting customer preference, this practice makes the seafood higher in quality and better in taste. Nevertheless, most ski areas require the use of a "leash" that connects the snowboard to the rider's leg or boot, in case the snowboard manages to get away from its rider. The majority of live fish kept at seafood restaurants, however, are desired for the freshness of the seafood, being killed only immediately before being cooked. Furthermore it reduces the dangerous prospect of a board hurtling downhill riderless, and the rider slipping downhill on his back with no means to maintain grip on a steep slope. Some seafood restaurants keep live fish in aquaria for display or for cultural beliefs. Automatic release is not required in snowboarding, as the rider's legs are fixed in a static position and twisting of the knee joint cannot occur to the same extent. Live fish are collected for the international live food fish trade.

With skis, this mechanism is designed to protect from injuries (particularly to the knee) caused by skis torn in different directions. Fish oil is valued as a dietary supplement. Snowboard bindings, unlike ski bindings, do not automatically release upon impact or after falling over. In some cultures, for example China, Japan, and Vietnam, certain species of jellyfish are consumed^[23]. Strap-in, step-in, and hybrid bindings are used by most recreational riders and all freestyle riders. Sea cucumber is considered a delicacy in Chinese cooking and is often served at New Year’s feasts, usually in soups^[22]. There are several types of bindings. Squid and octopus are valued as food.

The bindings are fixed to the board, and hold the booted feet in place using a variety of systems. In some cultures, roe is considered a delicacy, for example caviar from the sturgeon. Though bindings are not strictly part of the snowboard, they are necessary for its use. Eggs, called roe, of various species may be eaten; roe comes from fish and certain marine invertebrates, such as sea urchins and shrimp. Other boots, such as Sorel-style boots, may look like they would work with a snowboard, but are unsuitable for snowboarding. Shelled molluscs include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle and scallop; some crustaceans are the shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and crab. Snowboard boots differ from other types of boots in that they provide internal support to transfer the rider's movements to the board. Shellfish include shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food.

Hard boots have become less common and are generally only found in more specialist stores. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish as well as other sea food. Hard boots are very similar to ski boots and provide greater stability, increased control and quicker responsiveness on the snowboard. For example: sardines. Generally, hard boots are used for alpine carving and racing, whereas soft boots are used in freestyle and freeride. Canning, developed during the 19th century has also had a significant impact on fishing by allowing seasonal catches of fish that are possibly far from large centres of population to be exploited. Soft boots look similar to winter boots and have a relatively comfortable, flexible feel that provides the forgiveness necessary for landing jumps and balancing on rails. Refrigeration and freezing also allow the catch to be distributed to markets further inland, reaching customers who previously would have had access only to dried or salted sea fish.

Snowboard boots come in two main types, soft boots and hard boots. The development of refrigeration and freezing technologies transformed the commercial fishing industry: fishing vessels could be larger, spending more time away from port and therefore accessing fish stocks at a much greater distance. Snowboard designs differ primarily in:. In the past, fishing vessels were restricted in range by the simple consideration that the catch must be returned to port before it spoils and becomes worthless. The base of the board may also feature graphics, often designed to make the manufacturer recognisable in photos. See:. Snowboard topsheet graphics can be a highly personal statement and many riders spend many hours customizing the look of their boards. All of these techniques are still used today but the more modern techniques of freezing and canning have taken on a large importance.

The top of the board typically sports graphics designed by board makers to attract riders to their boards. Ancient methods of preserving fish included drying , salting, pickling and smoking. The edges of the base are fitted with a steel edge, just a couple millimeters square, which helps the board grab the snow when tipped up on edge. Prices for fish caught in North American "pay to fish" waters are generally in the range of $0.10 to $0.20 per cm or from $5.00 to $10.00 per kg. The base (the side of the board that touches the snow) is covered with a plastic called p-tex, which is typically sintered to help it absorb wax, which helps it slide faster. In North America, establishments usually charge for the fish caught, by length or by weight, rather than for access to the site although some establishments charge both types of fees. The front or "nose" of the board is upturned, to help the board glide over uneven snow; the back or "tail" of the board may be more or less upturned to enable backwards (switch or switchstance) riding. In the United Kingdom, commercial fisheries of this sort charge access fees, with prices ranging from £2 to £25 per day.

Most snowboards are constructed of a wood core and laminated with fiberglass. These provide fishing opportunities outside of the permitted seasons and quotas applied to public waters. Snowboards come in several different styles, depending on the type of riding intended:. In addition to the above, commercial fishing can also be thought of as encompassing "pay to fish" enterprises, which provide anglers with controlled access to stocked lakes, ponds or canals. Many professionals still opt not to involve themselves in the Olympic event, citing dissatisfaction with rules and with the concept of Olympic Snowboarding itself. Also see Krill fishery. Despite this rivalry, it is their establishment which finally convinces the IOC to declare snowboarding a new Olympic discipline in 1995. Some common commercial techniques today are trawling, seining, driftnetting, handlining, longlining, gillnetting, and diving.

Later, the ISF (International Snowboard Federation) originated primarily due to dissatisfaction with the new ISA rules. A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day. Due to the need for universal contest regulations, the ISA (International Snowboard Association) was founded in 1994. Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, and the technology available to the fishermen. The growing popularity of the sport is reflected by the history of snowboarding as an official sport: In 1985 the first World Cup is held in Zürs, Austria. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes (quotas), and international treaties that have sought to limit the fishing effort and, sometimes, capture efficiency. This opinion was well expressed in Heckler Magazine's "Declaration of Independents Snowboarding, Skateboarding and Music: An Intersection of Cultures.". Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories.

Many snowboarders are disappointed with the over-commercialization and of the sport, having viewed it as a very personal expression of themselves, similar to skateboarding, art and music. Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Snowboarding is now coming to terms with its popularity. Commercial fishing provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Ski companies are now absorbing many snowboard companies, creating their own and, arguably, designing skis which directly borrow technology and design from snowboards (see shaped skis and twin skis). Main article: Fishing industry. Many ski companies reacted negatively to snowboarding during the sport's infancy. Laws made to control recreational fishing frequently also attempt to control the harvest of other aquatic species, such as frogs and turtles.

In reaction, Transworld Snowboarding created a popular t-shirt called "Answers," which included the answers to many questions posed by skiers, including: "Yes I can stop." Many resorts did not initially allow snowboards and insisted on the use of superfluous leashes and were known to insist that riders prove their ability before being allowed on the hill. Noodling and Trout tickling may be pursued as a recreation. Snowboarding was seen as a fad. Big-game fishing describes fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. During the early years of the sport, snowboards and snowboarders were not widely respected by the ski industry and culture. Other competitions is purely on length with mandatory catch and release, either longest fish or total length is documented with camera and a mandatory sticker, of more fair since it’s hard to weigh a living fish accurately in a boat. Nowadays there are millions of snowboarders around the world and a multi-million dollar industry trying to satisfy their needs. Competitors are most often professional fishermen who are supported by commercial endorsements.

Since its early years, the snowboard has been improved steadily and has taken the world by storm. This sport evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, especially in North America. One of the most mentionable however is Bob patent from 1972, which he sold in 1990 to Jake Burton Carpenter, founder and owner of Burton Snowboards, today's largest manufacturer of snowboard-specific products. A recent phenomenon of recreational fishing are fishing competitions (tournaments) where fishermen compete for prizes based on the total weight of a given species of fish caught within a predetermined time. This process included different stages and individual ideas and resulted in several patents for snowboard-like constructions. Catch and release, in combination with techniques such as strong tackle (to get fish in quickly, for release in good condition), careful handling of fish and barbless hooks (to reduce physical damage) and quick release lead systems such as korda quick release system or the e.s.p variety may be useful tools in this endeavour. The history of the snowboard starts in Utah, [1]U.S.A., where pioneers like Sherman Poppen, Dimitrije Milovich, Bob Webber, Jake Burton Carpenter, Tom Sims, Mike Olson, and Chuck Barfoot developed prototypes mainly inspired by surfboards in the 1970s. The only way for growing numbers of recreational fishermen to continue fishing is to reduce their impact on fish populations.

. The fish which suffer most are those of large, slow growing species such as carp. A snowboard is not to be confused with a monoboard. Recreational fishermen can have profound deleterious effects on fish stocks in commercial lakes, this is due to anglers with poor knowledge of how to protect the fish from damage or stress once out of the water. Analogous to a surfboard or skateboard for snow, snowboards are typically about a metre and a half long by about 30 centimetres wide, with metal edges and an upturned lip at each end. Opponents would prefer to ban or to severely restricting angling, a suggestion most anglers find unpalatable. Attached to the rider's feet with bindings, it is ridden down snow-covered slopes or dry ski slopes without the use of ski poles. Proponents of catch and release also contend that the practice is increasingly necessary in order to conserve fish stocks in the face of burgeoning human populations, mounting fishing pressure and worsening habitat degradation.

A snowboard is a board ridden by a rider in the sport of snowboarding. Keeping fish trapped over long period of time creates a lot of noise which makes it hard to single out the effect of the catch from the effect of the chosen methodology. ISBN 0-393-32692-0 michaelbarnett@iinet.net.au. The difficulty of doing such experiments is closely linked to the fact that negative effects of being exposed to fishing gears (here barbless hooks) develop over long time. Norton & Company. Scientific studies show a wide range of survival, depending on species, environmental conditions, fish density and research design (methodology). W.W. In a real sense, the suitability of catch and release is an ethical consideration and, as such, a science-based conclusion on the issue is unavailable.

The Snowboard Book: A Guide for All Boarders. They most likey do not have nerves in their due to that they eat animals such as crayfish that can pinch. Hart, Lowell (1997). There is also some research that shows certin types of fish such as catfish, do not have nerves around their mouth. Patent 5190311 -- Snowboard binding system. Anglers deny this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if being hooked was painful. U.S. The practice, however, is viewed by some with disapproval as they consider it unethical to inflict pain on a fish for fun or sport and not for reasons of capturing food.

Patent 3900204 -- Mono-ski. In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish all be returned to the water (catch and release). U.S. Kayaks are extremely stealthy and can allow anglers to reach areas unfishable from land or by conventional boat. Patent 3378274 -- Surf-type snow ski. Kayak fisherman fish from sea kayaks in an attempt to level the playing field with fish and to further challenge their abilities. U.S. One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing.

This stance is becoming increasingly popular, and is the most resilient of the three. This practice is known as angling. Duck stance: Useful for tricks by removing the forward bias altogether, the feet are angled equally outwards such as 15° and -15°. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, line and hooks attached to any of a wide range of lures or baits. Alpine stance: Used primarily for racing, the leading foot may be anything up to 70° and the trailing foot generally 5° less. Typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. Forward stance: Suitable for most purposes, the leading foot is angled roughly 21° and the trailing foot at 6°. Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit the way in which fish may be caught.

Alpine snowboards tend to be longer and thinner with a much stiffer flex for greater edge hold and better carving performance. Recreational fishing and the closely related (nearly synonymous) sport fishing describe fishing for pleasure or competition. The stiff bindings and boots give much more control over the board and allow the board to be carved much more easily than with softer bindings. Main article: Angling. Extreme carvers and some Boarder Cross racers also use plate bindings. Protective equipment must be worn to isolate the operator and prevent electrocution. Plate - Plate bindings are used with hardboots on Alpine or racing snowboards. They are typically equipped with a "dead-man switch" and a tilt switch to disable the device if the unit is tipped or the operator incapacitated.

This allows the rider to apply pressure and effect a "heelside" turn. Rigs can be battery powered back-packs or powered by a generator if they are mounted in a boat. The HyBak was originally designed by inventer Jeff Grell and built by Flite Snowboards. Smaller fish also require shorter pulses, closer together, while large fish should have longer pulses at lower power and longer gaps between pulses. Highback - A stiff moulded support behind the heel and up the calf area. Also the smaller the fish, and consequently the less surface area in contact with the water, the higher the current required to produce galvanotaxis. In 2004, K2 released the Cinch series, a similar hybrid binding; riders slip their foot in as they would a Flow binding, however rather than webbing, the foot is held down by straps which can then be micro-adjusted for superior fit and performance. Dissolved minerals in the water can decrease resistance causing less of the current to pass through the fish, whereas fish recently entering fresh water from the ocean have high salinity and are more prone to electric shock.

The rider's boot is held down by a webbing that covers most of the foot. Techniques for setting pulse length and patterns, current and voltage require great skill to fish effectively without killing or injuring fish if they are to be left unharmed. An example is the Flow binding system which is similar to a strap-in binding, except that the foot enters the binding through the back (which then clips into place) rather than the top. A low voltage or short pulse with long gaps will cause the fish to swim away from the device, and high voltage or long pulses with short rests can cause galvanonarcosis, or unconsciousness. Hybrid - There are also proprietary binding systems that seek to combine the convenience of step-in systems with the control levels attainable with strap-ins. A gated pulse of direct current is used to cause muscular contractions in a fish, called galvanotaxis, causing them to turn towards the source of the electrical current and swim towards it when correct pulse speeds and durations are used, along with correct current. Another problem is the formation of ice in the step-in mechanism, which may make it difficult to get in and out of the bindings. A relatively new fishing technique is electrofishing, typically used for stream classification surveys and catching brood stock for hatcheries, or making estimates of populations in a body of water.

While much more convenient than strap-ins, they are widely considered to be inferior because they do not provide as much of an immediate response from the rider's legs to the board.
. Popular (and incompatible) step-in systems include Burton, K2 Clicker, Rossignol and Switch. Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world. Step-ins use a technology similar to the clipless pedals in cycling, by allowing the binding to snap and engage stiff hardware on the rider's boots. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs^[21]. Relative to strap-in bindings, step-in bindings use a stiffer shoe sole and boot to maintain responsiveness in compensation for the lack of over the foot restraining straps and (sometimes) lack of binding highback. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment.

Step-in - In response to the inconvenience of strap-in bindings, step-ins were created to make entry easier for beginners, allow for fast ski-lift to slope transition, and appeal to the rental market. Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. Such companies as Salomon, Rossignol, Bakoda, Tech Nine, Ride, Flux and Burton have created different models of cap straps. Dynamite or blast fishing, is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Cap Strap bindings are a recent modification that provide a very tight fit to the heel cup which makes excellent edge control. The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs so harvested damages the coral polyps and has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisoning among local fishermen and their families. Also, because there are two points of pressure, the strap locations must be adjusted for each individual rider, making it more cumbersome for rental operations. Those that survive often die from shock or from massive digestive damage.

The downside for this is they take longer to put on, usually requiring the rider to sit in the snow and bend over to adjust the straps. Many fish caught in this fashion die either immediately or in shipping. They can be tightly ratcheted closed for a tight fit and good rider control of the board. This illegal fishing occurs mainly in or near the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. The foot is held onto the board with two buckle straps - one strapped across the top of the toe area, and one across the ankle area. Cyanides are used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood market. Strap-in - These are the earliest types of bindings, but perhaps still the most popular and technical. The rider wears a boot which has a thick but flexible sole, and padded uppers. Some of these poisons paralyse the fish, others are thought to work by removing oxygen from the water^[20].

Boards designed for powder conditions exaggerate the differences even more for more floatation on the powder. Many hunter gatherer cultures use poisonous plants to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand. Freeride and alpine boards, however, have a directional shape with a wider and longer nose. Labrador Retrievers have been used by fishermen to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore. Tail/nose width - Many freestyle boards have equal nose/tail specs for equal performance either direction. Dating from the 1500s in Portugal, Portuguese Water Dogs were used by fishermen to send messages between boats, to retrieve fish and articles from the water, and to guard the fishing boats. There is no standard way to quantify snowboard stiffness, but novices tend to prefer softer flex, racers stiffer flex, and everyone else something in between. However, these accounts are probably apocryphal, and based on earlier accounts no longer extant.

Usually a softer flex makes turning easier while a harder flex makes the board more stable at high speed. The earliest surviving records of the practice are Peter Martyr d'Anghera's 1511 accounts of the second voyage of Columbus to the New World (1494)^[19]. Flex - The flexibility of a snowboard affects its handling and typically varies with the rider's weight. The practice of tethering a remora, a sucking fish, to a fishing line and using the remora to capture sea turtles probably originated in the Indian Ocean. Shorter sidecut radii (tighter turns) are generally used for halfpipe riding while longer sidecut radii (wider turns) are used for freeride/alpine/racing riding. The fish are instead collected by the fisherman^[18]. Most boards use a sidecut radius between 8-9 meters. Fishermen use the natural fish-hunting instincts of the cormorants to catch fish, but a metal ring placed round the bird's neck prevents large, valuable fish being swallowed.

The curve has a radius that might be a short as 5 meters on a child's board or as large as 17 meters on a racer's board. In China and Japan, the practice of cormorant fishing is thought to date back some 1300 years. This curve aids turning and affects the board's handling. Similar traps are used in many areas to capture bait fish. Sidecut - The edges of the board are symmetrically curved concavely, so that the width at the tip and tail is greater than the center. The pots are baited and lowered into the water and checked daily. This is termed "toe/heel-drag" and can be cured by choosing a wider board or by adjusting the stance angle. Pot traps such as the lobster trap may be constructed in various shapes, each is a mesh box designed with a convoluted entrance that makes entry much easier than exit.

Riders with larger feet may have problems with the toes or heels overhanging the side of the board. Pot traps are typically used to catch crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish. Most folks ride boards in the 24-25 cm range. Twice a day the adults Wagenya people pull out these baskets to check whether there are any fish caught; in which case somebody will dive into the river to fetch it. Alpine boards are typically 18-21 cm wide, although they can be as narrow as 15 cm. It is a very selective fishing, as these baskets are quite big and only large size fish are trapped. Freestyle boards are up to 28 cm wide, to assist with balance. To these tripods are anchored large baskets, which are lowered in the rapids to "sieve" the waters for fish.

Width - The width is typically measured at the waist of the board, since the nose and tail width varies with the sidecut and taper. These tripods are anchored on the holes naturally carved in the rock by the water current. Another factor riders consider when selecting a snowboard is the type of riding it will be used for, freestyle boards being shorter than all-mountain boards. The Wagenya people, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, build a huge system of wooden tripods across the river. The longer the board, the more stable it is at high speed, but also a bit tougher to control. Basket weirs are about 2 m long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other — easy to get into and hard to get out^[17]. Rather, snowboards correspond to the weight of the rider, and a board length should be selected so the rider falls in the middle of the manufacturer's weight range for that model and size. They are shown in medieval illustrations and surviving examples have been found.

It is a myth that the height of the rider dictates the length of the snowboard. Basket weir fish traps were widely used in ancient times. Most people ride boards in the 140-165 cm range. The Magna Carta includes a clause requiring that they be removed:. Length - Boards for children are as short as 90 centimeters; boards for racers, or "alpine" riders, are as long as 215 cm. Such fish traps were evidently controversial in medieval England. Freestyle (pipe): waisted, semi-stiff, medium length, soft boots, either twin-directional or directional, light, deep sidecuts. 'V' shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m and worked by directing fish towards fish traps or nets.

Freestyle (rails): waisted, flexible, short, soft boots, twin-directional, light. In medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. These boards are made specifically for use in powder. This involves the construction of a temporary dam resulting in a drop in the water levels downstream -- allowing fish to be easily collected^[15]. Swallow-Tail: Generally a wider board that as a split running down it's tail, which gives it the general look of a swallow's tail. A technique called dam fishing is used by the Baka pygmies. All-Mountain: waisted, varying flexes and lengths, soft boots, sometimes slightly directional, meant to perform well as a Freeride and Freestyle board. Somewhat similar stone wall traps were constructed by native American Pit River people in north-eastern California^[14].

Freeride: waisted, sometimes flexible, medium to long length, soft boots, directional. Traps at different levels in the marsh came into operation as the water level rose and fell. Racing/Alpine: long, stiff to very stiff, hard boots, slightly waisted, directional. The eels were caught by a variety of traps including stone walls constructed across canals with a net placed across an opening in the wall. The purpose of these canals was the encouragement and catching of eels, a fish of short coastal rivers (as opposed to rivers of the Murray-Darling system). In southern Victoria, indigenous people created an elaborate systems of canals, some more than 2 km long.

The Brewarinna fish traps caught huge numbers of migratory native fish as the Barwon River rose in flood and then fell. The largest and best known were the Brewarrina fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina in New South Wales, which fortunately are at least partly preserved^[13]. Unfortunately, most have been completely or partially destroyed. Here, where water levels fluctuate seasonally, indigenous people constructed ingenious, stone, fish traps^[12].

Indigenous Australians were, prior to European colonisation, most populous in Australia's better-watered areas such as the Murray-Darling river system of the south-east. There are essentially two types of trap, a permanent or semi-permanent structure placed in a river or tidal area and pot-traps that are baited to attract prey and periodically lifted. Traps are culturally almost universal and seem to have been independently invented many times. It is practised by hunter-gatherers such as the Inuit and by sportsmen in many cold climates.

Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and hooks through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. Main article: Ice fishing.. Kites can also be used for trolling a lure through the water. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate such as shallows or coral reefs where fish may be plentiful.

Kites can provide the boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. The fishing line may be made from coconut fibre and the lure made from spiders webs^[11]. Those of Tobi Island are a large leaf stiffened by the ribs of the fronds of the coconut palm. Suitable kites may be of very simple construction.

It is not clear whether kite fishing was communicated or of independent invention. Kite fishing was invented in China and was (and is) also known to the people of New Guinea and other Pacific Islands. Long-line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time.

Trolling is also a freshwater angling technique most often used to catch Trout. Trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used when fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. Trolling is a technique in which a fishing lure on a line is drawn through the water. Fishing with a hook and line is called angling.

The tightening of the line would fix it cross-wise in the quarry's stomach or gullet and so the capture would be assured. A gorge is buried in the bait such that it would be swallowed end first. A fishing hook will pierce the mouthparts of a fish and may be barbed to make escape less likely. Fish are caught with a fishing line by encouraging a fish to bite upon a fish hook or a gorge.

Scallop dredging is very destructive to the seabed, and nowadays is often replaced by mariculture or by scuba diving to collect the scallops. They tend to have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh and they are towed by a fishing boat. There are types of dredges used for collecting scallops or oysters from the seabed. They may continue to be a menace to wildlife for many years.

Ghost nets are nets that have been lost at sea. Thus trapped, the fish can neither advance trough the net nor retreat. A gillnet catches fish which try to pass through it by snagging on the gill covers. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats.

Danish seine is a method which has some similarities with trawling. A simple and commonly used fishing technique is beach seining, where the seine net is operated from the shore. In purse seine fishing the net hangs vertically in the water by attaching weights along the bottom edge and floats along the top. A seine is a large fishing net that may be arranged in a number of different ways.

The nets are dipped into the water and raised again, but otherwise cannot be moved. Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) found at Kochi in India are an unusual method of fishing. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles are brought to touch and the fish is then secured.

Coracle-fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while, with the other, he plies his paddle. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in^[10]. The net is thrown by hand in such a manner that it spreads out on the water and sinks. Sizes vary up to about 4 m diameter.

A casting net is circular with a weighted periphery. In England, hand netting is the only legal way of catching eels and has been practised for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn. Such a net used by an angler to aid in landing a captured fish is known as a landing net. A small hand net held open by a hoop and possibly on the end of a long stiff handle has been known since antiquity and may be used for sweeping up fish near the water surface.

Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used in certain areas. All fishing nets are meshes usually formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Hunter gatherers may use the bow to kill fish in shallow water. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods.

Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun has made the method much more efficient. A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for "gigging" bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp and other trash fish in the shallows. Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear^[8][9] or the trident. Catching Fish by hand is currently illegal in the state of Kansas.

Hand-line fishing is a technique requiring a fishing line with a weight and one or more lure-like hooks. Pearl diving is the practice of hunting for oysters by free-diving to depths of up to 30 m. Divers can catch lobsters by hand. Trout binning is a method of fishing, possibly fictional, performed with a sledgehammer^[7].

In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare. In the USA catching catfish in this way is known as noodling. It is possible to fish with minimal equipment by using only the hands. In traditional Chinese history, history begins with three semi-mystical and legendary individuals who taught the Chinese the arts of civilization around 2800-2600 BC: of these Fu Hsi was reputed to be the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping, and fishing.

From ancient representations and literature it is clear that fishing boats were typically small, lacking a mast or sail, and were only used close to the shore. Oppian’s description of fishing with a "motionless" net is also very interesting:. Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats, scoop nets held open by a hoop, spears and tridents, and various traps "which work while their masters sleep". This is the earliest such work to have survived intact to the modern day.

Oppian of Corycus, a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika, composed between 177 and 180. The Greek historian Polybius ((ca 203 BC-120 BC), in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head^[6]. An early example from the Bible in Job 41:7: Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?^[5]. There are numerous references to fishing in ancient literature; in most cases, however, the descriptions of nets and fishing-gear do not go into detail, and the equipment is described in general terms.

The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. He would fight against the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius was armed with a trident and a casting-net. Various species such as conger, lobster, sea urchin, octopus and cuttlefish are illustrated^[4].

Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics which show fishing from boats with rod and line as well as nets. This object is currently in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[3]. It is clearly not a net. This has been identified as a fish-cage used for keeping live fish, or as a fish-trap.

In the water below, a rounded object of the same material with an opening on the top. There is a wine cup, dating from 510–500 BC, that shows a boy crouched on a rock with a fishing-rod in his right hand and a basket in his left. Fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime.

Nile perch, catfish and eels were among the most important fish. As is fairly common today, the fish were clubbed to death after capture. By the 12th dynasty, metal hooks with barbs were being used. Woven nets, weir baskets made from willow branches, harpoons and hook and line (the hooks having a length of between eight millimetres and eighteen centimetres) were all being used.

Simple reed boats served for fishing. The Egyptians invented various implements and methods for fishing and these are clearly illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. The ancient river Nile was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population^[2]. There is a controversial proposal called the aquatic ape hypothesis which proposes that the ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting and that they gathered most of their food from shallow coastal or other waters before their descendants returned to a more land-based existence.

Fishing may even pre-date the development of modern humans. With the new technologies of farming and pottery came the basic forms of most fishing methods known today. The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between about 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. However, where there are a few early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food.

During this time, most people lived a hunter-gather lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. We know from archaeological features such as shell middens^[1], discarded fish bones and cave paintings that sea foods were important and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago. .

An organized fishing effort, typically centred around a particular commercially valuable species, is known as a fishery. Fishing is an ancient and worldwide practice with many techniques and traditions, and it has been transformed by modern technological developments. The term fishing is usually not applied to the hunting of aquatic mammals such as whales. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates.

Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Cod: stockfish (air dried), lutefisk (soaked in lye). Salmon: smoked salmon, cured salmon, and gravlax (fermented). Herring: kipper (salted and smoked), surströmming (fermented), rollmops (pickled), soused (salted).

Haddock: Arbroath Smokie (lightly smoked).