Shark

In ancient Greece, shark flesh was forbidden to be eaten at women's festivals. See also: Non-Test teams to have played ODI matches. In other Pacific Ocean cultures, Dakuwanga was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls. The lowermost rung consists of the Affiliate Member nations. A listing of them follows:
. A rung lower are the Associate Member nations. They believed that sharks were guardians of the sea, and called them Aumakua. They qualify automatically for the quadrennial World Cup matches.

Hawaiian mythology also contained many shark gods. At the highest level are the Test-playing nations. The beach goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and go swimming, subsequently being eaten by the same shark man who warned them not to enter the water. Nations playing cricket are separated into three tiers depending on the level of cricket infrastructure in that country. A common theme in the stories was that the shark men would warn beach goers that sharks were in the waters. The cricket board also selects the national squad and organises home and away tours for the national team. They could change form between shark and human at any time desired, and for any length. Each nation has a national cricket board which regulates cricket matches played in their country.

There are stories of shark men who have shark jaws on their back. It is headquartered in Dubai and includes representatives of each of the ten Test-playing nations, as well as an elected panel representing non-Test-playing nations. Sharks figure prominently in the Hawaiian mythology. The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body for cricket. Some organizations, such as the Shark Trust, campaign to limit shark fishing. Indoor cricket is a variant of the game that can be played in a netted, indoor arena. This has caused concern among biologists regarding the increase in effort applied to catching sharks over time, and many species are considered to be threatened. Kwik cricket is a form of the sport where the bowler does not have to wait for the batsman to be ready before a delivery, leading to a faster, more exhausting game which is often used in school PE lessons.

Sharks generally reach sexual maturity slowly and produce very few offspring in comparison to other fishes that are harvested. Some popular rule variations are:. Conservationists have campaigned for changes in the law to make finning illegal in the U.S. This is known as gully cricket in the subcontinent. There have been cases where hundreds of de-finned animals were swept up on local beaches without any way to convey themselves back into the sea. Families and teenages may play backyard cricket in suburban yards or driveways, typically with an improvised set of rules. Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, in which many sharks are hunted for their fins, which are cut off with a hot metal blade before the live animal is tossed back into the water. Other variants of the sport exist and are played in areas as diverse as on sandy beaches or on ice.

When served in fish and chip shops, it is called 'flake'. These matches are not recognised by the ICC as official matches. In the Australian State of Victoria shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips, in which fillets are battered and deep fried or crumbed and grilled and served alongside chips. The 'Twenty20' rule can be an example of cricket rule modification, since this particular modification enforces a limit of 20 overs per innings, which makes the game rather shorter in order to maximise the attention of the fans. Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including Japan and Australia. The game of cricket has also spawned a set of matches with modified rules to attract more fans. Other sharks are hunted for food (Atlantic thresher, mako and others), and some species for other products. At lower levels, club cricket is usually played over one to two days, either as a two innings or one innings limited overs match.

It was used for purposes similar to sandpaper. The point of origin of first-class cricket is an ongoing controversy that is described in the main article. Sharkskin is covered with dermal denticles, which are similar to tiny teeth. A Test match is also considered to be a first-class match, but one-day internationals are not due to the two innings per side rule. In the past they were fished simply for the sport of landing a good fighting fish (mako sharks for instance). Thus, a match between two Test nations, between two domestic teams in full members of the ICC, or between a Test nation and another Test nation's domestic team, may be considered first class. Every year, 100 million sharks are killed by people in commercial and recreational fishing. As a benchmark, a match can be considered first-class only if both teams have first-class status.

Sharks have two senses that many animals do not have:. Matches of Kenya, one of the foremost non-Test-playing nations, with other first class teams are adjudged first class, but its domestic matches are not. There are three ways in which shark pups are born:. All Test-playing nations are allowed to play first-class matches, as are their regional, state, provincial or county teams. No known sharks provide parental protection for their young, but females have a hormone that is released into their blood during the pupping season that apparently keeps them from feeding. The status of a match depends on the status of the teams contesting it. These pups are either protected by egg cases or born live. A significant feature of first-class cricket is that games must have two innings per side, in contrast with games where the teams have one innings each (including limited overs matches played by teams that are normally recognised as first-class).

Instead of producing huge numbers of eggs and larvae (99.9% of which never reach sexual maturity in fishes that use this strategy) sharks normally produce around a dozen pups, some species up to 70-80 and some as few as 2-3. A first-class match is generally defined as a high-level international or domestic match that takes place over at least three days on natural (as opposed to artificial) turf. Sharks have a much different reproductive strategy than most fishes. Strategies such as quick scoring, gravity-defying fielding and accurate bowling make this form more invigorating as compared to the Test matches. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand the sharks bite marks during mating. Innovations such as coloured clothing, frequent tournaments and result oriented-games often resulting in nail-biting finishes have seen ODI cricket gain many supporters. The male may come and bite the edges of the female to show his interest. Day and night matches are also played which extend into the night.

The bite marks can also come from the courtship of the sharks. Despite its name, a one-day match may go into a second day if play is interrupted by rain. Many females in the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping her to maintain position. In one-day cricket, each team bats for only one innings, and it is limited to a number of overs, usually 50 in international matches. In the less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts the clasper into the female's oviduct. The abbreviations ODI or sometimes LOI (for Limited Overs International) are used for international matches of this type. The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female. The inaugural World Cup in 1975 did much to hasten this.

Mating has rarely been observed in sharks. The idea was taken up in the international arena in 1971, during an England team tour of Australia, when a Test match was rained off, and the one-day game has since swollen to become a crowd-pleaser and TV-audience-generator across the globe. This animal is the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) which has claspers of 15 cm (6 in) in size on a fish that reaches 1 m (3 feet) in length.). One-day matches, also known as limited overs or instant cricket, were introduced in English domestic cricket in the 1960s due to the growing demands for a shorter and more dramatic form of cricket to stem the decline in attendances. (As a side note, Class Chondrichthyes has the distinction of having the animal with the largest intromittent organ — an organ used for transmitting sperm — in relation to body length. Tests that are not finished by five days are considered a draw and neither teams gets credit for a win. The name is somewhat misleading as they are not used to hold on to the female, but are the shark's version of the mammalian penis. Test matches are two innings games that must be finished within a five day time period.

The males all have their pelvic fins modified into a pair of claspers. Since then, over 1,700 Test matches have been played and the number of Test playing nations has increased to ten with Bangladesh, the most recent nation elevated to Test status, making its debut in 2000. The sex of a shark can be easily determined. The Test Cricket Series between England and Australia is called The Ashes, with the trophy being a tiny fragile urn, reputed to hold the ashes of a bail or cricket ball used during the second Test series between the two countries, which was presented to the English Cricket Captain, Ivo Bligh, by a group of Melbourne women, following the Test Series win by the England Cricket Team, during the England Cricket Team's Tour of Australia in 1882/83. The jaw was realized to be inaccurate, and estimates revised downwards to around 43 feet (13 metres) to 52 feet (15.9 metres). It ended on 19 March 1877 with Australia winning by 45 runs. A reproduction of the jaw was based on some of the largest teeth (up to almost 17 cm (7 inches) in length) and suggested a fish that could grow 80 feet (25 metres) long to 100 feet (30.5 metres). The first Test match began on 15 March 1877 and had a timeless format with four balls per over.

The Lamniformes include the extinct Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which like all extinct sharks is only known from its teeth (the only bone found in these cartilaginous fishes, and therefore the only fossils produced). Test cricket is a form of international cricket started in 1877 during the 1876/77 English cricket team's tour of Australia. There are eight orders of sharks, listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from more primitive to more modern species:. As of the early 2000s, however, the longer form of cricket is experiencing a growing resurgence in popularity. Most of the species we know today are as old as the Jurassic period. Since then, ODI matches have gained mass spectatorship, at the expense of the longer form of the game and to the consternation of fans who prefer the longer form of the game. The first sharks appeared in the oceans 400 to 350 million years ago. The governing International Cricket Council quickly adopted the new form and held the first ODI Cricket World Cup in 1975.

There are more than 360 described species of sharks. This gained widespread popularity and resulted in the birth of one-day international (ODI) matches in 1971. It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks. Cricket entered an epochal era in 1963, when English counties modified the rules to provide a variant match form that produced an expedited result: games with a restricted number of overs per side. The Elasmobranchii also include rays and skates; the Chondrichthyes also include Chimaeras. Olympic cricket lasted only two days and Great Britain is the current Olympic champion. Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. Cricket appeared at one Olympic Games, at Paris in 1900.

The collective noun for a group of sharks is a shiver. In 1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America) and 18 years later another England team took part in the first-ever Test Match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia. The name may have been derived from the Mayan word for shark, xoc, pronounced "shock" or "shawk". County clubs appeared from 1836 and ultimately formed a County Championship. The name "Shark" first came into use around the late 1560s to refer to the large sharks of the Caribbean Sea, and later to all sharks in general. Both developments were accompanied by major controversy. Until the late 16th century sharks were usually referred to in the English language as sea-dogs. The 19th Century saw underarm replaced by first roundarm and then overarm bowling.

These exceptions may be due to the "warm-blooded", or homeothermic, nature of their physiology. MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket. Another exception, the Great White, the largest actively predatory shark, is capable of surprising bursts of speed. For the next 30 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's in 1787, Hambledon was the game's greatest club and its focal point. The Mako shark is generally considered to be the fastest species of shark, and may be the fastest of all fish (for short bursts). The Hambledon Club was founded sometime before 1750 and started playing first-class matches in 1756. One exception to this generality is the Mako shark, whose speed may range upwards of thirty miles (48 kilometers) per hour. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury.

In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of five miles (8.25 kilometers) per hour, but when feeding or attacking, the average shark will reach speeds upwards of twelve miles (19.25 kilometers) per hour. Betting played a major part in that development and rich patrons began forming their own "select XIs". A few other shark species do attack people every year, producing wounds that can potentially kill, but this occurs either specifically because they have been provoked, or through mistaken identity due to water conditions or the like. The game underwent major development in the 18th Century and had become the national sport of England by the end of the century. Many shark species are known to "display" when feeling threatened, and it is ill-advised to remain in the vicinity at such a time as this would generally be considered enough provocation to warrant an attack. We know that a great cricket match with eleven players a side was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest reference we have to cricket in terms of such importance. In most cases, if a person moves away calmly, or remains still, they will be ignored. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is possible that the first professionals appeared about that time.

These sharks are also large, powerful predators which can be provoked simply by being in the water at the wrong time and place, but they are normally considered less dangerous to divers and swimmers than the previous group. During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in the south-east of England. This group contains the Mako, Hammerhead, Gray Reef, Black Tip Reef, Lemon, Silky and Blue sharks. (The latter is problematic, since Old English 'cc' was palatal in pronunciation in the south and the west midlands, roughly ch, which is how crycc leads to crych and thence crutch; the 'k' sound would be possible in the north, however.) Alternatively, the French criquet apparently derives from the Flemish word krickstoel, which is a long low stool on which one kneels in church and which resembles the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. A number of other species (perhaps 10 - 15) have threatened, attacked, and/or bitten (but not killed) humans without being obviously provoked. The name may derive from a term for the cricket bat: old French criquet (meaning a kind of club) or Flemish krick(e) (meaning a stick) or in Old English crycc (meaning a crutch or staff). This protects the shark from retribution from a wounded and aggressive target, but also allows humans the time to get out of the water and survive. A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term cricket.

This behaviour has many possible explanations, one being that humans don't taste good (or at least, as good), or are lacking the necessary fat, and another being that sharks normally make one swift attack, and then retreat and wait for the victim to die, or exhaust itself, before it comes back to feed. The Oxford English Dictionary gives this as the first recorded instance of cricket in the English language. Often the shark that attacks a human will make only one bite and then go away. In 1598, a court case referred to a sport called Creckett being played at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford around 1550. Some claim that the shark is confusing a human for a seal or other prey animal; this would be typical in the case of an attack against a surfer. Written evidence exists of a sport known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 1300. There are many theories about why sharks attack people. The game seems to have originated among shepherds and farm workers in the Weald between Kent and Sussex.

These sharks, being large, powerful predators perfectly capable of eating humans, will sometimes attack and kill people, but all of the above sharks, even the Great White, have been filmed in open water, with no cage, time and time again, without incident. A basic form of the sport can be traced back to the 13th century, but it may have existed even earlier than that. Out of the more than 360 described species of sharks, only 4 have been confirmed to have killed humans: the Great White, Tiger, Bull, and Oceanic Whitetip sharks. Here the substitute is a temporary role and leaves the field once the injured player is fit to return. Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. In all forms of cricket, if a player gets injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him; though he cannot bowl, bat, or act as a captain or wicket-keeper. only those people who enter the water in the areas populated by sharks). This kind of substitute is known as Super Sub, and was introduced in 2005.

several hundred people die anually struck by lightning; however, lightning may strike anywhere worldwide, whereas only a very small part of human population is susceptible to shark attacks, i.e. A player who is replaced cannot return to the game. While sharks cause a few dozen human deaths annually, it is relatively not a large number (e.g. In one-day international (ODI) cricket and some other limited overs competitions, a single substitution is allowed during the game. The fear of sharks has been fueled worldwide by a few unusual instances of unprovoked attack, such as the Jersey Shore Shark Attacks of 1916, and by sensationalized fiction and film, such as the Jaws series. After a batsman hits the ball, the runner's only task is to run between the wickets in place of the injured batsman. Their upper jaw are not attached to the skull. The runner chosen must, if possible, be a player who has already been given out.

Urine in sharks accumulates in the blood and is then secreted through the skin. In the event of a batsman being fit to bat but too injured to run, he may ask the umpire and the fielding captain for a runner. [1]. The burden of the captain's duties can interfere with his quality of play considerably, slightly, or not at all, depending on how well he deals with the stress of his position. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few, if any, scientific or statistical studies that have shown sharks to have heightened immunity to disease. However, it is considered an honour to be in such a privileged position and much praise is given to the captain when his team wins. A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and cancer, however, this is untrue and there are both diseases and parasites that affect sharks. Much blame is placed on a captain when his team loses.

Researchers use this condition for handling sharks safely. The captain's job on the team is very important but can be rather stressful at times. A shark, if inverted, enters a natural state of paralysis. The captain makes a number of important decisions, including setting field positions, alternating the bowlers and taking the toss. Their dermal teeth gives them hydrodynamic advantages as they are reducing the turbulence when swimming. The captain's acumen in deciding the strategy is crucial to the team's success. A similar arrangement of collagen fibres has been discovered in dolphins and squids. The wicket-keeper is also the only person who can get a batsman out stumped.

The sharks saves more energy while swimming this way than if they didn't have their collagenous corset. Due to his position directly behind the striker, the wicket-keeper has a good chance of getting a batsman out caught off a fine edge from the bat; thicker edges are typically handled by the "slips" fieldsmen. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles. To this end, he wears special gloves (he is the only fielder allowed to do so) and pads to cover his lower legs. Unlike bony fish, the sharks have a complex dermal corset arranged as a helical network and made of flexible collagenous fibres surrounding their body. His primary job is to gather deliveries that the batsman fails to hit, to prevent them running into the outfield, which would enable batsmen to score byes. Sand tiger sharks are known to gulp air at the surface and store it in their stomach to provide buoyancy. The wicket-keeper is a specialist fielder who stands behind the batsman's wicket throughout the game.

Also, unlike other fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders, but rather rely on an oil-filled liver for (limited) buoyancy, so they sink when they stop swimming; a resting shark always sinks to the sea bed. They do this in two ways: by taking catches to dismiss a batsman, and by intercepting hit balls and returning them to the pitch to attempt run-outs to restrict the scoring of runs. The outflow is strong enough to allow for respiration, and it is believed that the reason for this behaviour is that the fresh water helps remove certain parasites. Fielders assist the bowlers to prevent batsmen from scoring too many runs. There are also known instances, such as in certain caves along the Yucatan coast, where sharks of varying species rest on the cave floors and allow the fresh water outflow to pass over them. Obstructing the field, Handled the ball, Timed Out and Hit the ball twice dismissals are extremely rare. Some sharks, like the Blacktip Reef Shark and Nurse Shark, can pump water over their gills as they rest. With all other modes of dismissal, only one batsman can be dismissed per ball bowled.

If a shark were to stop swimming, the necessary water circulation for respiration would become too low and the animal could suffocate. Timed out by its nature is a dismissal without a delivery. Due to their size and the nature of their metabolism, sharks have a higher demand for oxygen than most fish and they cannot rely on ambient water current to provide an adequate supply of oxygenated water. The batsman who is not on strike may be run out by the bowler if he leaves his crease before the bowler bowls, and a batsman can be out obstructing the field or retired out at any time. Like other fish, sharks extract their oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. Some of these modes of dismissal can take place without the bowler bowling a delivery. This is possible because of the presence of the rete mirabile, a counter current exchange mechanism that reduces the loss of body heat. He cannot be out — 'bowled', 'caught', 'leg before wicket', or 'hit the ball twice' off a wide.

A few of the larger species, the Mako and White Shark, are mildly homeothermic, able to maintain their body temperature at a level above the ocean's temperature. An individual cannot be out — 'bowled', 'caught', 'leg before wicket', 'stumped', or 'hit wicket' off a no ball. Although not unique among sharks, the Bull Shark is the better known of several species to regularly swim in both salt and fresh water environments (most famously in Lake Nicaragua, in Central America) and in most deltas. Also, an unimpaired batsman may retire, in which case he is treated as being dismissed retired out; no player is credited with the dismissal. Sharks include everything from the hand-sized Pygmy Shark, a deep sea species, to the Whale Shark, the largest fish (although sharks are not closely related to bony fish) which is known to grow to a maximum length of approximately 15m (49 feet) and which, like the great whales, feeds only on plankton. The batsman is not out; he may return to bat later in the same innings if sufficiently recovered. There are exceptions to the "large", "marine" (as in 'ocean-going') and "predatory" portions of the characterization. For instance, if he is ill or injured, this is known as retired hurt or retired ill.

(Gilbertson, 7.3). Additionally, a batsman may leave the field undismissed. The lower teeth are primarily used for holding prey, while the top are used for cutting into it. Briefly, the ten modes are:. Their teeth are not attached to the jaw, but embedded in their flesh, and in many species are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life. Of the following ten modes of dismissal, the first six are common, while the last four are technicalities which rarely occur. Sharks generally rely on their superior sense of smell to find prey, but once they are close they also use the lateral lines running along their sides to sense movement in the water and also employ special sensory pores on their heads (Ampullae of Lorenzini) to detect electrical pulses created by the muscles of prey. The wicket is put down if a bail is dislodged from the top of the stumps or a stump is struck out of the ground either with the ball, or by a fielder with the ball in his hand.

This membrane covers the eyes during predation, and when it is being attacked. Many modes of dismissal require the wicket to be "put down". To protect their eyes some have nictitating membranes. If the batsman is dismissed, another player from the batting team replaces him until ten batsmen are out and the innings is over. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. There are ten ways of being dismissed, some of which are credited as wickets to the bowler, some of which are not credited to any player. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger nocturnal adaptations. A batsman is allowed to bat as long as he does not get out (also known as being dismissed).

This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to the retina, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. There are two main kinds of bowlers : pace bowlers and spin bowlers. Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to their marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. If a bowler gets a batsman out, he is credited for this achievement. The short duct between the anterior and posterior nasal openings are not fused like in bony fish. This is known as the Economy rate. Some species, such as Nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. Their next task is to limit the numbers of runs scored per over they bowl.

They are even more attracted to the chemicals found in the gut of many species, and often linger near or in sewage outfalls. If a bowler can dismiss the more accomplished batsmen on the opposing team he reduces the opportunity for them to score, as it exposes the less skilful batsmen. Sharks have keen olfactory senses, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. The bowler's primary goal is to take wickets; that is, to get a batsman out or dismissed. . A wide or no-ball results in a run to the batting team score, and the ball to be rebowled. Sharks are a group (superorder Selachimorpha) of fish, with a full cartilaginous skeleton, a streamlined body plan, with normally 5, but up to 7 (depending on species) gill slits along the side of, or beginning slightly behind, the head (in some species, a modified slit called a spiracle, is located just behind the eye), dermal denticles covering the body to protect from damage, parasites and improve fluid dynamics, and rows of replaceable teeth in the mouth. A wide cannot be called if the batsman hits the ball.

The black tip diving shark will can dive up to 250 feet down. The ball must also be delivered so it is within the batsman's reach, otherwise it is termed a wide. The Basking shark is a shark that will never eat a human. Some part of the bowler's front foot in the delivery stride (that is, the stride when the ball is released) must be behind the popping crease to avoid a no-ball (although the bowler's front foot does not have to be grounded). The people who worshipped him feared to eat, touch or cross the smoke of the kokala, his sacred fish. Usually, the bowler pitches the ball so that it bounces before reaching the batsman. Kane-i-kokala - A kind shark god that saved shipwrecked people by taking them to shore. This new law came in to prevent injury to bowlers.

He sometimes moved to another cave on the windward side of island of Moloka'i. Under new cricketing law, after consultation with health experts, the bowler is allowed to sraighten his arm 15 degrees or less, if the bowler straightens his or her arm more than 15 degrees it is called a "no ball". Kauhuhu - He was a fierce king shark that lived in a cave in Kipahulu on the island of Maui. If the elbow straightens, it is an illegal throw and the delivery is called a no-ball. He was said to be 30 fathoms (55 m) long and was the husband of Ka'ahupahau. A bowler delivers the ball toward the batsmen, using what is known as a bowling action: the elbow may be held at any angle and may bend further, but may not straighten out during the action. Kuhaimoana - He was the brother of Pele and lived in the Ka'ula islet. A team need not be batting in order to receive penalty extras.

Kua - This was the main shark god of the people of Ka'u, and believed to be their ancestor. Five penalty runs are also awarded if a fielder uses anything other than his body to field the ball, or if the ball hits a protective helmet left on the field by the fielding team. He had an affair with a human girl, who gave birth to a helpful green shark. For serious infractions such as tampering with the ball, deliberate time-wasting, and damaging the pitch, the umpires may award penalty extras to the opposition; in each case five runs. He was called the protector of the Ka'u people. The former two are runs that can be scored if the batsman misses making contact with bat and ball, and the latter two are types of fouls committed by the bowler. Keali'ikau 'o Ka'u - He was the cousin of Pele and son of Kua. Extras consist of byes, leg byes, no balls, wides and penalty runs.

Kawelomahamahai'a - Another human, he was transformed into a shark. These runs are known as extras, apart from in Australia where they are also called sundries. He was a trickster god who performed many heroic feats, including the calming of two legendary colliding hills that destroyed canoes trying to pass between. A team's total also includes a number of runs which are unaccredited to any batsmen. Kane'apua - Most commonly, he was the brother of Pele and Kamohoali'i. Every run scored by the batsmen contributes to the team's total. Kaholia Kane - This was the shark god of the ali'i Kalaniopu'u and he was believed to live in a cave at Puhi, Kaua'i. If the ball goes over the boundary, then four runs are scored, or six if the ball has not bounced.

She was also believed to live near Pearl Harbor. If a fielder knocks the bails off the stumps with the ball while no batsman is grounded behind the nearest popping crease, the nearest batsman is run out. She was later transformed into shark form and was believed to protect the people who lived on O'ahu from sharks. If the batsmen score an odd number of runs, then they will have swapped ends and their roles as striker and non-striker will be reversed for the next ball, unless the most recent ball marks the end of an over. Ka'ahupahau - This goddess was born human, with her defining characteristic being her red hair. But there is no tip and run rule, so the batsmen are not required to attempt a run when the ball is hit. At one point he had a he'iau (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Moloka'i. This is known as running between wickets.

A summit cliff on the crater of Kilauea is considered to be one of his most sacred spots. If the striker hits the ball well enough, the batsmen may double back to score two or more runs. He was able to take on all human and fish forms. Both runners must touch the ground behind the popping crease with either his bat or his body to register a run. Kamohoali'i - The most well known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of Pele, and helped and journeyed with her to Hawaii. To score a run, a striker must hit the ball and run to the opposite end of the pitch, while his non-striking partner runs to his end. The shark can 'hear' frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz using this sense. This order may be changed at any time during the course of the game for strategic reasons.

The shark uses this to detect other organisms moving, especially wounded fish. After them the all-rounders follow and finally the bowlers (who are usually not known for their batting abilities). It is used to detect motion or 'sound' in the water. After that, the team typically bats in descending order of batting skill, the first five or six batsmen usually being the best in the team. Lateral line - This system is found in most fishes, including sharks. The first two positions, known as "openers", are generally a specialised position, as they face the most hostile bowling (the opposing team's fast bowlers are at their freshest and the ball is new). It is this sense that sometimes confuses a shark into attacking a boat: when the metal interacts with salt water, sharks can detect the resultant electrical charge from over one mile away. Batsmen come in to bat in a batting order, which is decided by the team captain.

This sense is used to find prey hidden in sand in bottom feeding sharks, by detecting the nerve impulses. Depending on the team's strategy, he may be required to bat defensively in an effort to not get out, or to bat aggressively to score runs quickly. The shark has the greatest electricity sensitivity known in all animals. Shots are named according to the style of swing and the direction in the field to which the batsman desires to hit the ball. Electroreception: The Ampullae of Lorenzini are small pits in the head that detect electricity. If the ball brushes the side of the bat it is called an edge or snick. They choose such areas mainly because of the protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food. If the batsman hits the ball with his bat, it is called a shot (or stroke).

Most ovoviviparous sharks generally give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths, and shallow reefs. The wooden bat that a batsman uses consists of a long handle and a flat surface on one side. Whale shark eggs found are now thought to have been aborted. Batsmen stand waiting for the ball at the batting crease. The whale shark is now considered to be in this category after having been classified as oviparous for a long time. See also: Scoring. The survival strategy for the species that do this is that the young are able to grow to an even larger size before being born. In these countries the hurricane and cyclone season coincides with their summers.

Sand tigers, makos, threshers, porbeagles and possibly great whites have oophagous young. In the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh games are played in the winter. Sometimes they are functional even before being born, as some species practice oophagy, where the first to hatch eat the remaining eggs in the oviduct. These requirements mean that in England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe the game is usually played in the summer. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. Professional cricket is usually played outdoors. The eggs hatch within the oviduct, and the young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. Some one-day games are now played under floodlights, but, apart from few experimental games in Australia, floodlights are not used in longer games.

The young are nourished by the yolk of their egg and by fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct. Play is therefore halted during rain (but not usually drizzle) and when there is bad light. Ovoviviparity - Most sharks utilize this method. Additionally, as in professional cricket it is common for balls to be bowled at over 90 mph (144 km/h), the game needs to be played in daylight that is good enough for a batsman to be able to see the ball. The blue shark produces the most young of sharks that have had the number of pups recorded, the maximum reported being 82. The game is only played in dry weather. Dogfishes also have the longest known gestation period of any shark, 22 months. There is also a short interval between innings.

Hammerheads, the requiem sharks (like the bull and tiger sharks), the basking shark and the smooth dogfishes fall into this category. There are formal intervals on each day for lunch and tea, and shorter breaks for drinks, where necessary. The young are born alive and fully functional. One innings matches are usually played over one day for six hours or more. Viviparity - These sharks actually maintain a placental link to the developing young, more analogous to mammals than other fishes. Typically, two innings matches are played over three to five days with at least six hours of cricket being played each day. Oviparous sharks include the horn shark, catsharks, Port Jackson Sharks, and the swell shark. An innings is completed if:.

When they wash up empty on beaches, the egg cases are sometimes called mermaid's purses. The umpires swap so the umpire at the bowler's end moves to square leg, and the umpire at square leg moves to the new bowler's end. Some of these cases are corkscrewed into crevices for protection. After every over, the batting and bowling ends are swapped, and the field positions are adjusted. In most of these species, the developing embryo is protected by an egg case with the consistency of leather. After the completion of an over, the bowler takes up a fielding position, while another player takes over the bowling. Oviparity - Some sharks lay eggs. No bowler is allowed to bowl consecutive overs.

They are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction. Each over consists of six consecutive legal (see "Extras" for details) deliveries bowled by the same bowler. They include the goblin shark, basking shark, megamouth shark, the thresher sharks, mako shark and great white shark. Each innings is subdivided into overs. Lamniformes: They are commonly referred to as the mackerel sharks. The captain winning the toss may choose either to bat or bowl first. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an attack. The two opposing captains then toss a coin.

Carcharhiniformes: They are commonly referred to as the groundsharks, and some of the species include the blue, tiger, bull, reef and oceanic whitetip sharks (collectively called the requiem sharks) along with the houndsharks, catsharks and hammerhead sharks. On the day of the match, the captains inspect the pitch to determine the type of bowlers whose bowling would be suited for the offered pitch surface and select their eleven players. Orectolobiformes: They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs and the largest of all fishes, the whale shark. Each position on the field has a unique label. Heterodontiformes: They are commonly referred to as the bullhead or horn sharks. Their placement may vary dramatically depending on strategy. Squatiniformes: Angel sharks. The captain of the fielding team spreads his remaining nine players — the fielders — around the ground to cover most of the area.

Pristiophoriformes: These are the sawsharks, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fishes that they subsequently eat. The wicket-keeper, who generally acts in that role for the whole match, stands or crouches behind the wicket at the batting end. Squaliformes: Examples from this group include the bramble sharks, dogfish sharks and roughsharks. The player designated as bowler must change after every over. Hexanchiformes: Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake. The fielding team has all eleven of its players on the ground, and at any particular time, one of these will be the bowler. His partner stands at the bowling end and is known as the non-striker.

One batsman, known as the striker, faces and plays the balls bowled by the bowler. The team batting always has two batsmen on the field. The infield, outfield, and the close-infield are used to enforce fielding restrictions. Two circles of radius 15 yards (13.7 m), centred on each wicket and often marked by dots, define the close-infield.

This line, commonly known as the circle, divides the field into an infield and outfield. A painted oval is made by drawing a semicircle of 30 yards (27.4 m) radius from the centre of each wicket with respect to the breadth of the pitch and joining them with lines parallel, 30 yards (27.4 m) to the length of the pitch. For a one-innings match played over a set number of fair deliveries, there are two additional field markings. Creases are used to adjudicate the dismissals of batsmen and to determine whether a delivery is fair.

Lines drawn or painted on the pitch are known as creases. The area of the field on the side of the line joining the wickets where the batsman holds his bat (the right-hand side for a right-handed batsman, the left for a left-hander) is known as the off side, the other as the leg side or on side. One end of the pitch is designated the batting end where the batsman stands and the other is designated the bowling end where the bowler runs in to bowl. Each set of three stumps and two bails is collectively known as a wicket.

Two wooden crosspieces, known as the bails, sit in grooves atop the stumps, linking each to its neighbour. At each end of the pitch three upright wooden poles, called the stumps, are hammered into the ground. The pitch measures 10 × 66 feet (3.05 × 20.12 m). Most of the action takes place in the centre of this ground, on a rectangular clay strip usually with short grass called the pitch.

On most grounds, a rope demarcates the perimeter of the field and is known as the boundary. There are no fixed dimensions for the field but its diameter usually varies between 450 feet (137 m) to 500 feet (150 m). The cricket field consists of a large circular or oval-shaped grassy ground. The official scorers occasionally make mistakes, but unlike umpires' mistakes these can be corrected after the event.

In international and national cricket competitions the media often requires to be notified of records and statistics, so unofficial scorers often keep tally for the broadcast commentators and newspaper journalists. In practice scorers also keep track of other matters, such as bowlers' analyses, the rate at which the teams bowl their overs, and team statistics such as averages and records. They are to acknowledge signals from the umpire, and to check the accuracy of the score regularly both with each other and, at playing intervals, with the umpires. The laws of cricket specify that the official scorers are to record all runs scored, wickets taken and (where appropriate) overs bowled.

Two scorers are appointed, and most often one scorer is provided by each team. In international matches an off-field match referee ensures that play is within the laws of cricket and the spirit of the game. In some professional matches, they may refer a decision to an off-field 'third' umpire, who has the assistance of television replays. The other will stand near the fielding position called square leg, which offers a side view of the batsman, and assist on decisions for which he has a better view.

One umpire will stand behind the wicket at the end from which the ball is bowled, and adjudicate on most decisions. Two on-field umpires preside over a match. A player who excels in both batting and bowling (or occasionally in batting and keeping wicket) is known as an all-rounder. One player of the team that is bowling and fielding takes up the role of a wicket-keeper, which is a highly specialised fielding position.

A balanced team usually has five or six specialist batsmen and four or five specialist bowlers. Depending on his primary skills, a player may be classified as a specialist batsman or bowler. Each team consists of eleven players. In particular, there are a number of modifications to the playing structure and fielding position rules that apply to one innings games that are restricted to a set number of fair deliveries.

Other rules supplement the main laws and change them to deal with different circumstances. Teams may agree to alter some of the rules for particular games. The game is played in accordance with 42 laws of cricket, which have been developed by the Marylebone Cricket Club in discussion with the main cricketing nations. If such a match is abandoned without completion due to an impossibility of continuing the play, because of an extended period of bad weather, unruly crowd, or any such unlikely event or situation, the result is declared as No-Result if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs has been bowled by either team.

If the match has only a single innings per side, with a set number of deliveries, and the match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula known as the Duckworth-Lewis method is often used to recalculate a new target score. they are one run short of their target (an extremely rare occurrence) the match is a tie. If the team batting last is dismissed with the scores exactly equal, i.e. If, in a two-innings match, the first team to bat is dismissed in their second innings with a combined first- and second-innings score less than the first-innings score of their opponents (a relatively rare occurrence), the match is concluded and they are said to have lost by an innings and n runs, where n is the difference in score between the teams.

A match is divided into innings^[1] during which one team bats and the other bowls. The objective of the game is to score more runs than the opposing team. Cricket is a bat and ball sport. .

It has even occasionally given rise to diplomatic outrage, the most infamous being the Bodyline series played between England and Australia. For its fans, the sport and the intense rivalries between top cricketing nations provide passionate entertainment and outstanding sporting achievements. The length of the game — a match can last six or more hours a day for up to five days in one form of the game — the numerous intervals for lunch and tea, and the rich terminology are notable aspects which can often confuse those not familiar with the sport. It is also a prominent minor sport in countries as diverse as the Netherlands, Israel, Nepal, and Argentina (see also: International Cricket Council).

Cricket is also a major sport in England and Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe and the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean, which are known in cricketing parlance as the West Indies. In some countries in South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, cricket is by far the most popular sport. It originated in its modern form in England, and is popular mainly in the countries of the Commonwealth. Cricket has been an established team sport for several centuries.

This is sometimes surprising to those not familiar with the game, but it does add interest to one-sided games by giving the inferior team the incentive to try and achieve a draw even if they cannot win. However, the game may run out of time before it is finished, in which case it is a draw, even if one team is overwhelmingly winning at that point. At the end of the match, the winner is the team that has scored the most runs. Depending on the specific rules of the match, one or two innings may be played, possibly with a fixed number of legally-bowled balls defining the end of an innings rather than ten batsmen having been dismissed.

As there must always be two batsmen on the field, if and when the tenth batsman is out, the team's turn to bat or innings (always with a terminal "s" in cricket usage) is over, and the other team may bat while the first team takes the field. Once out, a batsman is replaced by the next batsman in the team. Batsmen can also be out by other means, such as failing to defend the bowled ball from hitting the wicket, or hitting a catch to a fielder. If the ball strikes a wicket while the nearest batsman is still running, the batsman is out.

The batting team attempts to score as many runs as it can, while members of the bowling team gather the ball and return it to either wicket. This scores a run. If the batsman hits the ball with his bat, he may run to the other wicket, exchanging places with the non-striker. Another batsman (the non-striker) stands in an inactive role near the bowler's wicket.

A player from the opposing team (the batsman) attempts to defend the wicket from the ball with a wooden cricket bat, traditionally made of willow. A player from one team (the bowler) propels a hard, fist-sized ball(made of cork which is then wrapped in leather.) from one wicket towards the other. At each end of the pitch stand a set of wooden poles called wickets (traditionally made from the wood of the ash tree). It is a bat-and-ball game played on a roughly elliptical grass field, in the centre of which is a hard, flat strip of ground 22 yards (20.12 m) long, called the pitch.

Cricket is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players each. If a batter hits the ball over the fence (scoring six runs) they are out and required to fetch the ball themselves by climbing into a neighbours yard. "Six and out". This rule is design to make sure all players spend some time batting.

If out on the first ball, the batter may continue to bat. "Can not get out first ball". (Law 31). (If the delay is even more protracted, the umpires may cause the match to be forfeited.) No player is credited with the dismissal.

Timed out — When a new batsman takes more than three minutes to take his position in the field to replace a dismissed batsman. (Law 37). No player is credited with the dismissal. Obstructing the field — When a batsman deliberately hinders a fielder from attempting to field the ball.

(Law 34). No player is credited with the dismissal. Hit the ball twice — When the batsman deliberately strikes the ball a second time, except for the sole purpose of guarding his wicket. (Law 33).

No player is credited with the dismissal. Handled the ball — When the batsman deliberately handles the ball without the permission of the fielding team. (Law 35). The bowler is credited with the dismissal.

Hit wicket — When the batsman accidentally knocks the stumps with either the body or the bat, causing one or both of the bails to be dislodged, either in playing a shot or in taking off for the first run. (Law 39). This generally requires the keeper to be standing within arm's length of the wicket, which is done mainly to spin bowling. The bowler and wicket-keeper are both credited.

Stumped — When the batsman leaves his crease in playing a delivery, voluntarily or involuntarily, but the ball goes to the wicket-keeper who uses it to remove one or both of the bails through hitting the bail(s) or the wicket before the batsman has remade his ground. Such a dismissal is not officially credited to any player, although the identities of the fielder or fielders involved is often noted in brackets on the scorecard. The ball can either hit the stumps directly or the fielder's hand with the ball inside it can be used to dislodge the bails. Run out — When a fielder, bowler or wicket-keeper removes one or both of the bails with the ball by hitting the stumps whilst a batsman is still running between the two ends.

The bowler is credited with the dismissal. The laws of cricket stipulate certain exceptions in favour of the batsman; for instance, a batsman should not be given out LBW if the place where the ball bounced on the pitch is to the leg-side of the area strictly between the two wickets. Leg before wicket (LBW) — When a delivered ball misses the bat and strikes the batsman's leg or pad, and the umpire judges that the ball would otherwise have struck the stumps. (Law 30).

The bowler is credited with the dismissal. This happens regardless of whether the batsman has edged the ball onto the stumps or not. Bowled — When a delivered ball hits the stumps at the batsman's end, and dislodges one or both of the bails. (Law 32).

The bowler and catcher are both credited. Caught — When a fielder catches the ball before the ball bounces and after the batsman has struck it with the bat or it has come into contact with the batsman's glove while it is in contact with the bat handle. A captain declares his innings closed (this does not apply to one-day limited over matches). The predetermined number of overs are bowled (in a one-day match only, usually 50 overs).

A team chasing a given target number of runs to win manages to do so. Ten out of eleven batsmen are 'out' (dismissed).