SawA saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material, consisting of a serrated blade (a blade with the cutting edge dentated or toothed) and worked either by hand or by steam, water, electric or other power. The saw can also be used — or abused — for playing music. Though Greek mythology indicates Perdix, the nephew of Daedalos, the inventor of the saw, unearthed constructed wooden artifacts from Ancient and Predynastic Egypt suggest possibly a much earlier date (see [1], Predynastic Egypt). Saw terminologyDiagram showing the teeth of a saw blade when looking front-on. The teeth protrude to the left and right, so that the saw cut (kerf) is wider than the blade width. The term set describes how much the teeth protrude.
Types of sawsThere are a number of different categories of saw, all with the same purpose of accurately making larger pieces of wood into smaller pieces of wood. The first and largest division is between hand-powered saws and mechanically powered saws. Hand sawsHand-powered saws fall into three divisions, which are defined by the way they hold the blade stiff (a requirement to get an even, clean cut). A Hand saw uses either simply a blade thick enough to be stiff, or cuts on the pull stoke which reduces the stiffness requirement. This division includes the following specific types of saws:
Back sawsThe second category of hand saws keep a thinner blade stiff by reinforcing it with a steel or brass back. Back saws are differentiated by length of blade. While this list is not definitive, they are generally named, from longest to shortest: Mitre Saw, Carcase Saw, Tenon saw, and Dovetail saw. These saws also have a handle that is vertical in relation to the blade. A saw with a straight handle that extends from the top back of the blade is referred to as a Gent's saw. Finally, some Dozuki saws, which are an Eastern-style (cut on the pull stroke)saw have backs and are classified as back-saws.
Frame sawsThe final category of hand saws stiffens the blade by placing it under tension. This is accomplished by placing the blade in a frame. This division of Frame Saws includes the following types of saws:
Mechanically powered sawsMechanically powered saws mechanically move the teeth past the wood while the saw itself is held stationary. This is accomplished in one of three ways: the teeth are along the perimiter of a flat, circular blade; the blade reciprocates up and down rapidly; or the teeth are along one edge of a continuous band. They are more specifically differentiated as follows: Circular blade saws
Reciprocating blade saws
Continuous band
Types of saw blades and the cuts they make
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They are more specifically differentiated as follows:. Bush nominated Samuel Alito for the seat on October 31, 2005 and he was confirmed on January 31, 2006. This is accomplished in one of three ways: the teeth are along the perimiter of a flat, circular blade; the blade reciprocates up and down rapidly; or the teeth are along one edge of a continuous band. Some commentators suggested the White House's staunch refusal to release documents relating to Miers' White House service provided a pretext for withdrawal. Mechanically powered saws mechanically move the teeth past the wood while the saw itself is held stationary. Although many in Washington and in the media expressed surprise at Miers' decision to withdraw, the move was widely anticipated. This division of Frame Saws includes the following types of saws:. history. This is accomplished by placing the blade in a frame. Ginsburg in 1987, and the seventh to do so in U.S. The final category of hand saws stiffens the blade by placing it under tension. Miers was the first Supreme Court nominee to withdraw since Douglas H. Finally, some Dozuki saws, which are an Eastern-style (cut on the pull stroke)saw have backs and are classified as back-saws. On October 27, 2005, the White House announced that Harriet Miers had asked President Bush to withdraw her nomination, citing fears that the nomination would create a "burden for the White House and its staff and it is not in the best interest of the country." President Bush stated that the Senate's interest in internal White House documents "would undermine a president's ability to receive candid counsel," and he had "reluctantly accepted" her request. A saw with a straight handle that extends from the top back of the blade is referred to as a Gent's saw. On October 19, 2005, Specter and Leahy announced their intent to begin confirmation hearings for Miers on November 7, 2005. These saws also have a handle that is vertical in relation to the blade. "There are no votes one way or another", he said on CBS' Face the Nation. While this list is not definitive, they are generally named, from longest to shortest: Mitre Saw, Carcase Saw, Tenon saw, and Dovetail saw. He said that most senators were waiting for the hearings before making up their mind. Back saws are differentiated by length of blade. Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) stated shortly afterwards that "I think, if you were to hold the vote today, she would not get a majority, either in the Judiciary Committee or on the floor." However, Specter, the committee chairman rejected the notion that Miers' nomination was shaky. The second category of hand saws keep a thinner blade stiff by reinforcing it with a steel or brass back. In addition, the Committee repeated its request to review internal White House documents that would illustrate her experience as White House Counsel and the constitutional issues she worked on. This division includes the following specific types of saws:. Her answers also included an error on constitutional law where she mentioned a constitutional right for proportional representation which the Supreme Court previously ruled that did not exist. A Hand saw uses either simply a blade thick enough to be stiff, or cuts on the pull stoke which reduces the stiffness requirement. In an unprecedented move, Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter and ranking Senator Patrick Leahy also requested that Miers re-do some of her answers to the questionnaire submitted to her by the Committee, noting that her responses were "inadequate", "insufficient", and "insulting" because she failed or refused to adequately answer various questions with acceptable accuracy or with sufficient detail. Hand-powered saws fall into three divisions, which are defined by the way they hold the blade stiff (a requirement to get an even, clean cut). Early one-on-one meetings between Miers and the members of the Senate Judiciary Committee were said to have gone poorly, and the White House considered suspending them to focus on preparation for the confirmation hearings. The first and largest division is between hand-powered saws and mechanically powered saws. There are a number of different categories of saw, all with the same purpose of accurately making larger pieces of wood into smaller pieces of wood. Many notable conservatives vigorously criticized her nomination, and numerous conservative groups normally considered part of Bush's political base planned to mount an organized opposition campaign. . Miers' nomination was criticized from people all over the political spectrum, based on her lack of judicial experience, her close personal ties to Bush, and her lack of a clear record on issues likely to be encountered as a Supreme Court Justice. Though Greek mythology indicates Perdix, the nephew of Daedalos, the inventor of the saw, unearthed constructed wooden artifacts from Ancient and Predynastic Egypt suggest possibly a much earlier date (see [1], Predynastic Egypt). On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated Miers to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. The saw can also be used — or abused — for playing music. This caused several commentators to draw parallels with the 2000 election, when Dick Cheney, the head of Bush's vice-presidential search committee, was ultimately selected as the running mate (see [[21]]). A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material, consisting of a serrated blade (a blade with the cutting edge dentated or toothed) and worked either by hand or by steam, water, electric or other power. Bush took the recommendation seriously, factoring into account suggestions by several senators that the nominee should come from outside the appellate court system (see [[20]]). Chainsaw, motor-driven, for felling trees. Meanwhile, Senate minority leader Harry Reid (Democrat - Nevada), recommended Miers as O'Connor's successor (see [[18]],[[19]]). Band saw, with motor-driven continuous band. The Senate confirmed the nomination on September 29. Scroll saw, motorized version of the coping saw for making intricate curved cuts. Rehnquist died of thyroid cancer on September 3, Bush withdrew this nomination and renominated Roberts for Chief Justice of the United States. Reciprocating saw is the correct term to avoid violating trademark rights. After William H. because they pioneered this type saw and "Sawzall" is their trademark. as O'Connor's replacement. Often called a "Sawzall" which is actually correct only if made by the Milwaukee Tool Co. Roberts, Jr. Normally held in both hands, useful for demolition work. On July 19, 2005, Bush announced John G. Reciprocating Saw, action similar to a jigsaw, but much larger, more powerful and with a longer stroke. Bush appointed Miers as head of the search committee for candidates to replace O'Connor. Historically was called a sabre saw (also saber) saw - no longer a common term. On July 1, 2005, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor announced her intention to retire upon the confirmation of a successor. Jigsaw, narrow blade for cutting irregular shapes, typically held in one hand. Miers' last public speech was given to the North Dallas Chamber of Commerce on June 2, 2005. A sliding compound miter saw has a blade which can be pulled through the work similar to the action of a radial arm saw, which gives a greater capacity for cutting wider boards. Bush is an impossible-to-describe privilege" and noted that Bush's personal qualities "make a brighter future for our nation and people all around the world possible." (see [[17]]). The basic model has it's circular blade fixed at a 90º angle to the vertical, a compound miter saw's blade can be adjusted to other angles. She also stated that "serving President Bush and Mrs. Electric miter saw, (also called chop saw, cut-off saw or power miter box) – for making accurate cross cuts and miter cuts. According to former Bush speechwriter David Frum, Miers has called Bush the most brilliant man she had ever met (see [[15]]) and says he was the "best Governor ever" (see[[16]]). who pioneered this type saw - design is similar to a small wood router, bits are similar to a twist drill, some cut on the upward twist, some cut downwards. Miers is said to be one of Bush's closest personal friends, and appears given to effusive praise for the President. The latter is a trademark owned by Bosch Tool Corp. In November 2004, Bush named her to succeed Alberto Gonzales, his nominee for Attorney General, to the post of White House Counsel, the chief legal adviser for the Office of the President. Rotary saw, for making accurate cuts without need for a pilot hole in wallboard, plywood, and other thin materials, also called a spiral cut saw or a "RotoZip". In 2003, she was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy. Radial arm saw, versatile machine used mainly for cross-cutting where the blade is pulled on a guide arm through a piece of wood held stationary on the saw's table. In that role, she opposed the administration's 2001 decision to stop cooperating with the ABA rating of judicial nominees. Cabinet saw, similar to a table saw, but more precise and more powerful, often driven by multiple belts - an enclosed base stand is an integral part of the saw. In January 2001, Miers followed Bush to Washington, D.C., serving as Assistant to the President and Staff Secretary during the first two years of his presidency. Can be set on a workbench, on steel legs, or a base specifically built to hold the saw. She said her resignation had nothing to do with lagging sales in the system's biggest game, Lotto Texas, but rather that she wanted to allow her successor time to prepare for rebidding the lottery's primary operator contract. The latter is sometimes called a Contractor's Saw. Miers resigned from the lottery commission in early 2000, a year before her term ended. May be direct drive or belt driven. According to Texans for Public Justice, GTech paid Littwin $300,000 to settle the suit (see [[14]]). Table saw, circular blade rises thru a slot in a table, most common piece of stationary woodworking equipment. He brought a lawsuit alleging that he was fired in retaliation for the investigation and to ensure that GTech would keep its contract (see [[13]]). Circular saw, machine-driven for industrial sawing of log and beams, typically found in sawmills - also name given to smaller hand-held saws. He stated that Miers ordered him to stop the investigation. Coping saw, thin blade tensioned by a metal frame, sometimes called a jigsaw; that term has now become more common to describe a motorized hand held saw with a reciprocating blade. Littwin, as director, began an investigation into whether GTech had made illegal campaign contributions and whether GTech owed the commission millions of dollars for breaches of its contract. Bucksaw or log saw, for fast, rough cutting. At the time, the contract to operate the lottery was held by the politically connected GTech Corporation (see [[11]]), which had obtained the contract with the help of a former Lieutenant Governor of Texas (Democrat Ben Barnes) (see [[12]]). Hacksaw, for cutting metal. In 1997, the commission under Miers hired Lawrence Littwin as executive director, but then fired him five months later. Bow saw, thin blade pulled taut by a twisted cord or rod and nut. Her tenure has also been criticized, however. One type of hand powered Miter saw (makes precisely angled cross cuts) uses a backsaw. Some have credited Miers with reforming the commission after a previous corruption scandal (see [[10]]). Two-man saw, for cutting large logs. Bush, then Texas governor, appointed Miers to chair the Texas Lottery Commission. Keyhole saw or padsaw or compass saw, with narrow pointed blade. In 1995, George W. Japanese saw, hand saws that cut on the pull stroke with straight handles. She served as the first female president of both the Dallas Bar Association and later the State Bar of Texas, and also served one term on the Dallas City Council. Floorboard saw, with curved blade. Before joining the Bush administration, Miers was a lawyer in private practice for 27 years, handling business cases, and acting as then-Governor Bush's personal lawyer. Hand saw, saws operated by hand as opposed to power saws. Prior to assuming the position of White House Counsel, Miers had served as White House staff secretary, and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy. Ripsaw, for cutting along the grain. She is a close friend of Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, and former Secretary of Agriculture, Ann Veneman. Crosscut saw, for making cuts perpendicular to the grain. After her nomination to the Supreme Court, Hecht was cited as an unofficial spokesperson representing her views. Texas Supreme Court Justice Nathan Hecht has been described as Miers's "companion" and "on-again, off-again boyfriend"; he has known her for over 25 years. Miers never married and has no children. She also had a sister, Kitty, who is deceased. Miers's mother and two of her brothers still live in Dallas; a third brother lives in Houston, Texas. Ed Gillespie said that she was a "conservative Democrat" at the time. Her last recorded contribution to a Democratic cause or campaign was in 1988. Her earlier political history shows support for the Democrats during the 1980s, with recorded contributions to Democratic candidates and causes, including the Democratic National Committee, the Senate campaign of Lloyd Bentsen and the 1988 presidential campaign of Al Gore, totaling $3,000. Bush), including Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Phil Gramm, and Pete Sessions, with recorded contributions to Republican candidates and causes totaling nearly $12,000. Since September 1994, Miers has contributed to the campaigns of various Republicans (at about the same time she began to work for George W. She subsequently became Bush's personal lawyer, and worked as a lawyer in his 2000 presidential campaign. Miers subsequently worked as general counsel for Bush's transition team in 1994, when he was first elected Governor of Texas. Nathan Hecht, her escort close friend, made the introduction. Bush in January 1989 at an Austin dinner, an annual affair held for legislators and other important people. Miers met George W. She did not run for reelection in 1991 after a restructure of the city council converted Miers's at-large seat, elected by voters citywide, into a single-district seat. In 1989, Miers was elected to a two-year term as an at-large member of the Dallas City Council. Thus, all Texas lawyers who oppose abortion would have been forced, despite those beliefs, to financially support ABA's pro-choice position. Second, as a unitary bar state, Texas makes bar membership a licensure requirement. First, the State Bar of Texas is statutorily prohibited from taking positions on political issues. Meirs, who had not been involved in Chicago, supported ABA abortion neutrality in San Francisco on two grounds. By the summer of 1992, at its annual meeting in San Francisco, the issue was again pending before the ABA assembly. The ABA adopted neutrality on abortion in 1990 in Chicago at its annual meeting. While head of the State Bar of Texas, Miers joined an unsuccessful effort to have the American Bar Association maintain its then-official position of neutrality on abortion. She has also served as chair of the Board of Editors for the American Bar Association Journal and as the chair of the ABA's Commission on Multi-Jurisdictional Practice. In 1992, Miers became the first woman to head the State Bar of Texas. In 1986, Miers became the first female president of the Dallas Bar Association. As a commercial litigator, she represented clients including Microsoft and the Walt Disney Company. In 2000 the firm settled a lawsuit asserting that "it aided a client in defrauding investors" for $22 million (see [[9]]). When the merger that created Locke, Liddell & Sapp took place in 1999, she became the co-managing partner of a legal business with more than 400 lawyers. She was the first female lawyer hired by the firm, and later became its president. From 1972 until 2001, Miers worked for the Dallas law firm of Locke, Liddell & Sapp (and predecessor firms prior to mergers). Estes. District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Joe E. After graduating from law school, from 1970 to 1972, Miers was a law clerk for the Chief Judge of the U.S. In the summer of 1969, between her second and third years of law school, Miers worked as a clerk for Belli, Ashe, Ellison, Choulos & Lieff, the San Francisco law firm founded by "King of Torts", the late eccentric attorney, Melvin Belli (see[[8]]). Raggio, who was a mentor to Miers (see [[7]]). In the late 1990s, while Miers was on the advisory board for Southern Methodist University's law school, she helped create and fund a Women's Studies lecture series named after pioneering Texas lawyer, Louise B. Miers also recently received an honorary degree from Pepperdine University (see[[6]]). Miers graduated from Southern Methodist University with a bachelor's degree in mathematics (1967) and from its law school with a Juris Doctor degree (1970). When a lawyer was able to organize her family's financial situation, Miers was inspired to enter law school (see [[5]]). Then her father had a debilitating stroke. The economic plight of her family was so dire that she almost dropped out in her freshman year, but she was able to find part-time work that put her through college. Miers entered Southern Methodist University intending to become a teacher. It was inititally reported that she was raised a Roman Catholic before becoming an evangelical Protestant, but these were ultimately debunked. Miers, Sr., and his wife, the former Sally Richardson. She describes herself as a "Texan through and through." (see[[4]]) The fourth of five children, she is the daughter of real estate investor Harris W. to work in the Bush administration. Miers was born in Dallas, Texas, and spent most of her life there until 2001, when she moved to Washington, D.C. . On October 27 Miers asked the President to withdraw her nomination, and President Bush did so. As the Senate hearing process proceeded, Miers' appointment was widely criticized, with Miers herself being characterized as unqualified and a Presidential crony. Supreme Court to replace Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Bush nominated her on October 3, 2005 for Associate Justice of the U.S. Based on the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (Democrat - Nevada) ([[1]],[[2]],[[3]]), President George W. Harriet Ellan Miers (born August 10, 1945) is an American lawyer, currently serving as White House Counsel. |