Santorini

At some time in the future, it will undoubtedly erupt violently again.
. Santorini was also struck by a devastating earthquake in 1956. Due to legal disputes, Slick, Spec, and Blue decided to drop the name "Maverix" and their band mate and brother, Prettie Rickie Rickie (Rick), and added their brother Marcus (Pleasure) and later called themselves "Pretty Ricky.". In 1704 an undersea volcano breached the sea surface forming the current centre of activity at Nea Kameni, and eruptions centred on it continue—three times in the twentieth century, the last being in 1950. They released tracks like "Flossin'", "So Fresh So Clean", and "La La La", all of which were local hits in Miami. Also unique is the red, sweet and extremely strong Vinsanto. Members Slick 'Em, Spectacular, and Baby Blue were once known as the Maverix, alongside Prettie Rickie Rickie back in 1997.

They are trained in the shape of baskets, with the grapes hanging inside to protect them from the winds. There next two singles are "Your Body" and "Nothing But A Number".In 2005, Pretty Ricky joined other R&B/hip-hop acts including Bow Wow and Omarion on the Scream 4 Tour. They are adopted to their native habitat by being planted far apart and their principal source of moisture is dew. top ten single, "Grind With Me". Assyrtiko vines are extremely old, as they are resistant to phylloxera and have consequently not needed to be replaced during the great phylloxera epidemic of the early 20th century. Their debut album, BlueStars, was released on May 17, 2005 and features the hit U.S. Santorini is home to a small but flourishing wine industry, based on the indigenous grape variety, Assyrtiko. The band is comprised of four brothers, Corey "Slick'em" Mathis, age 20, Diamond Blue "Baby Blue" Smith, age 21, "Spectacular" Blue Smith, age 19, and Marcus "Pleasure" Cooper, age 21.

The pumice quarries have been closed since 1986 in order to preserve the caldera of Santorini. Pretty Ricky is an African American R&B "boy band" from Miami, Florida. The primary industry of Santorini is tourism. 2005: Bluestars #16 US [Certified: Gold]. Nowadays, there is a desalination plant that provides running, yet nonpotable, water to most houses. 2005 Billboard Music Award nomination for Top Hot Rhythmic Artist of the Year. Until the early nineties locals used to fill water cisterns from the rain that fell on their roofs and courts, from small springs as well as by importing it from other areas of Greece. 2005 World Music Award nominations for World's Best Selling R&B Group and World's Best Selling R&B New Artist.

The island has no rivers and water is scarce. 2005 American Music Award nomination for Favorite R&B/Hip-Hop Group. Akrotiri is a major archaeological site with ruins from the Minoan era. Major settlements in Santorini include Fira (Phira), Oia, Emporio, Kamari, Imerovigli, Pyrgos and Therasia. Santorini was annexed to Greece in 1912.

The island came under Ottoman rule in 1579.
. As with other Greek territories, Santorini then was ruled by the Romans, the Byzantines, and the Franks. According to Herodotus (4.149-165), following a drought of seven years, Thera sent out colonists who founded a number of cities in northern Africa, including Cyrene. Thera, the main Hellenic city of the island, on Mesa Vouno, 396 m above sea level was founded in the 9th century BC by Dorian colonists whose leader was Theras, according to tradition, and continued to be inhabited until the early Byzantine period.

Over the following centuries, first Phoenicians, then Dorians, came to control the island. 1450 BC. These significantly smaller values would make Atlantis the size of Crete's Messara Plain and the fall of the Atlantis c. Galanopoulos argue that the error in date and size could be caused by a mistranscription of the Ancient Egyptian or Mycenaean Linear B symbol for "hundred" as "thousand" (the former is unlikely because there would be little confusion in the visual appearance of hieroglyphic symbols of Egyptian numeric values).

G. Scholars such as James Luce and A. Detractors of the theory say that Santorini and Crete combined would not be the size of Plato's Atlantis, and the date of the Minoan collapse does not match Plato's dates for the fall of Atlantis. Starting with Spyridon Marinatos' 1939 landmark paper, this cataclysm at Santorini and its possibility to have caused the fall of the Minoan Civilization centered on Crete is sometimes regarded as a likely source or inspiration for Plato's story of Atlantis.

Suggestions have also been made that the eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout inspired myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod's Theogony and calamities of the Admonitions of Ipuwer of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta, but this is now known to be a misidentification ^[5]. Oddly, there seem to be no surviving Egyptian records of the eruption. Per the Bamboo Annals, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty (independently approximated to 1618 BC) was accompanied by "'yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals".

Some scientists correlate a volcanic winter from the Minoan eruption with Chinese records documenting the collapse of the Xia dynasty in China. It is still hoped, though, that Santorini ash might be found in another layer of the ice core, which would fix the date of the eruption. While an eruption as large as Thera can leave signals in tree rings and ice cores, the absence of such a signal does not mean the absence of an eruption. At the present time no hard evidence linking or refuting the 1628 BC tree-ring date with Thera has been found.

However, no firm evidence links these two events and, while unlikely but plausible, the two signals could be separate events. Tree ring data shows that a large event interfering with normal tree growth occurred in 1629-1628 BC, which may be the same event as the 1644 BC signal in the Greenland ice cores. Volcanic ash was retrieved from an ice core, and this was shown not to be from Santorini[4]; so the 1644 BC date is incorrect. A large eruption, identified in ice cores and dated to 1644 +/- 20 BC years was suspected to be Santorini.

It has long been hoped that information from Greenland ice cores would determine the date exactly. The debate about the date continues. Re-scaling archaeological chronologies is controversial, because revising the Aegean Bronze Age chronology could require, by association, revising the well-established conventional Egyptian chronology. Others look for a compromise between the archaeological and radiocarbon dates for best fits of both sets of data.

Some suggest re-scaling archaeological chronologies with the radiocarbon dates. Some scholars believe the radiocarbon dates to be completely wrong. These dates, however, conflict with the usual date from archaeology, which is between about 1500 BC and 1450 BC. Current opinion based on radiocarbon dating indicates that the eruption occurred between about 1650 and 1600 BC.

The Minoan eruption provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the 2nd millennium in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption occurs throughout the region; however, its exact date is unknown. (The VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) of the Thera eruption was thus about 6.) Every vestige of life is likely to have been eliminated or smothered in the Thera ashfall, leaving an island that had essentially been sterilized, as was Krakatau. The volume of ejecta is estimated to have been up to four times what was blown into the stratosphere by Krakatau in 1883, a well-recorded event. (Ash found in Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and would have had little impact ^[3].).

Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey, though, show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini. Elsewhere in the Mediterranean there are pumice deposits that could be caused by the Thera eruption [2]. On the island of Anaphi, 27 km to the east, ash layers 10 feet deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 meters above sea level. The tsunami would also certainly have eliminated every timber of the Minoan fleet along Crete's northern shore.

The impact of the tsunami pummelled coastal towns such as Amnisos, where building walls have been knocked out of alignment. The eruption also generated a 35 to 150 m high tsunami (estimates vary) that devastated the north coast of Crete, 110 km (70 mi) away. In a classic Plinian eruption marked by columns of smoke and ash extending high into the stratosphere, the Minoan eruption created a plume 30-35 km in height, and magma coming into contact with the shallow marine embayment would have caused a violent phreatic eruption. It remains to be seen if further excavations will show bodies of people huddled along the coast, too late to get off in a boat to escape the volcano's fury, akin to the finds at Herculaneum, which was buried by the much smaller eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

The thinness of the first ash layer and the likelihood of this layer being eroded by winter rains indicate that the volcano may have given warning at most months in advance and not years as previously believed ^[1]. (The single body found on Therasia has now been identified as a much earlier funerary burial). A series of warning earthquakes must have been alarming enough and early enough before the eruption for all the residents to pack up and move out, as not a single body has been found at the Akrotiri site. The layer is divided into three fairly distinct bands indicating different phases of the eruption.

On Santorini, there is a deposit of white tephra thrown from the eruption; it is up to 60 metres thick overlying the soil marking the ground level before the eruption. The eruption destroyed the sections of the ring between Aspronisi and Therasia, and between Therasia and Thera, creating two new channels. Before the Minoan eruption, the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring with the only entrance between the tiny island of Aspronisi and Thera. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcano and then collapsed again during the Minoan eruption.

It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then and the process repeated, most recently 21,000 years ago. The caldera itself was formed several hundred thousand years ago by collapse of the centre of a circular island caused by the emptying of the magma chamber during an eruption. The violent eruption was centred on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the caldera. It was one of the biggest volcanic eruptions on Earth in the last few thousand years.

The eruption would have caused a significant climate upset for the eastern Mediterranean region. The devastating volcanic eruption of Thira has become the most famous single event in the Aegean before the fall of Troy. Instead, the Minoan frescoes depict "Saffron-Gatherers", who offer their crocus-stamens to a seated lady, perhaps a goddess; in another house two antelopes, painted with a kind of confident, flowing decorative, calligraphic line; the famous fresco of a fisherman with his double strings of fish strung by their gills; the flotilla of pleasure boats, accompanied by leaping dolphins, where ladies take their ease in the shade of light canopies. Fragmentary wall-paintings at Akrotiri lack the insistent mythological content familiar in both Greek and Christian decor.

The hot water's origin was probably geothermic, given the volcano's proximity. The pipes run in twin systems, indicating that the Therans used both hot and cold water supplies. Pipes with running water and water closets found on Thera are the oldest such utilities discovered. The oldest signs of human settlement are Late Neolithic (4th millennium BC or earlier), but ca 2000–1650 BC Akrotiri developed into one of the Aegean's major Bronze Age ports, with recovered objects that had come not just from Crete but also from Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria and Egypt, from the Dodecanese and the Greek mainland.

A loom-workshop suggests organized textile weaving for export. The site was not a palace-complex such as are found in Crete, but its excellent masonry and fine wall-paintings show that this was no conglomeration of merchants' warehousing either. Only the southern tip of a large town has been uncovered, yet it has revealed complexes of multi-level buildings, streets and squares, with remains of walls standing as high as 8 meters, all entombed in the solidified ash of the famous eruption of Thera. The island was not called Thera at the time.

Spyridon Marinatos have made Thera the best-known "Minoan" site outside of Crete, the homeland of the culture. Excavations starting in 1967 at the site called Akrotiri under the late Prof. .
.

The eruption left a large caldera surrounded by volcanic ash deposits hundreds of feet deep, and its effects may have indirectly led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete, 110 km (70 mi) to the south. The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the last several thousand years when it erupted cataclysmically about 3,500 years ago. Before then it was called Kallisti, Strongili or Thera. The name Santorini was given to it by the Venetians in the 13th century and is a reference to Saint Irene.

It is the most active volcanic centre in the Aegean Arc, though what remains today is largely a caldera. It is the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an area of approximately 73 km² (28 sq mi), and in 2001 had an estimated population of 13,600. It is also known by the name of the largest island in the archipelago, Thira or Thera (Θήρα; see also List of traditional Greek place names). Santorini (Greek Σαντορίνη) is a small, circular group of volcanic islands located in the Aegean Sea, about 200 km south-east from the mainland of Greece (latitude: 36.40°N - longitude: 25.40°E).

Thera (Santorin) - Catholic Encyclopedia article. 79-88. The Thera Foundation, London, p. (ed.) Thera and the Aegean World III, v.2.

A. In: Hardy, D. (1990) Precursory Activity to the Minoan Eruption, Thera, Greece. and McCoy, F.

^  Heiken, G. 4. (2004), Volcanic ash retrieved from the GRIP ice core is not from Thera, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. ^  Keenan D.J.

610. 363, p. (1993), Tephra from the Minoan eruption of Santorini in sediments of the Black Sea, Nature, v. et al.

^  Guichard F. (2003), Scientists Revisit an Aegean Eruption Far Worse Than Krakatoa, October 21, 2003, The New York Times. Broad, William J. A historical account of the eruption and its effects from a geological point of view with many drawings, figures and pictures.

McBirney (Translator): Fire in the Sea: Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom 1999. Friedrich, Alexander R. Walter L. ISBN 0820448893.

Forsyth, Phyllis Y.: Thera in the Bronze Age, Peter Lang Pub Inc, New York 1997.