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A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.
The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
Rosa canina hipsThe fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Most roses have thorns or prickles. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points.
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses.
The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon).
Further information: List of Rosa species
Some representative rose species
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume.
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns.
Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock.
The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish).
The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival.
A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris.
The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution.
Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:
The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article.
The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period.
Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.
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The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In 1981 an original song 'Yellow Pearl' by Phil Lynott was commissioned as the new theme music. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. was used as the show's theme tune for most of the 1970s, and also in a remixed version between 1998 and 2003, although ironically the band never performed on the show. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. S. Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. C. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. A version of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" by C. Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. Mainly this has been performers who disliked the mime format of the show, often as a more effective protest of this rather than just refusing to appear. The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period. A number of performers have sent up the format in various ways. The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. In addition, the creator of the show, Johnnie Stewart, died on April 29, 2005. Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:. Although the original four presenters are still alive, five presenters of the show have passed away — Stuart Henry, Kenny Everett, occasional presenter Caron Keating, John Peel and Tommy Vance. The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. An edited version of the UK show can be seen on BBC Prime, the weekend after UK transmission. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. It is being planned for a possible Fall 2006 launch. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. It is expected to be similar to the 1987 version, but it will also utilize the Billboard magazine music charts, most notably the Hot 100 chart. Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. On January 23, 2006, record producer Lou Pearlman made a deal to bring "Top of the Pops" back to the airwaves in the United States. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Viewer interest was gone and the show was taken off BBC America's schedule. arkansana), Georgia (R. BBC America then tinkered with the show by cutting a few minutes out of each show and moving it to a weekday time slot. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. The network would get the episodes one week after they were transmitted in the UK. The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. In 2002, BBC America presented the BBC version of Top of the Pops as part of their weekend schedule. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). The show was presented on late Friday nights and lasted almost a year. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. It was hosted by Nia Peeples and even showed performances from the BBC version of the programme. Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. In 1987, the CBS television network decided to try an American version of the show. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:. Top of the Pops had short-lived fame in the United States. There is no single system of classification for garden roses. This is aimed at a younger audience as is part of the CBBC Saturday Morning lineup. They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. A more recent spin-off is Top of the Pops Reloaded (previously Top of the Pops Saturday), showing on Saturday mornings on BBC One. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). It has been shown on BBC2 since September 1994, although the network's new controller Roly Keating announced in the summer of 2004 that it was being "rested" (repeats, however, continue on the digital channel UKTV G2). The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. The BBC have also had a show called TOTP2 which shows archive footage from as early as the 1960s of musicians on earlier Top of the Pops shows. Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock. It now averages around 1.5 million viewers. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns. Since the move to Sundays, Cotton has continued to host with a different guest presenter each week, such as Rufus Hound or Richard Bacon. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. The show was co-hosted by Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton until 11th July 2005 every Friday night. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. It was not renewed due to his apparent lack of popularity with TV viewers. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. The new show was hosted by MTV presenter Tim Kash until his contract expired in August 2004. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. In a break with the previous format, the show is to play more up-and-coming tracks ahead of any chart success, and also to feature interviews with artists. Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. In November 2003, the show was radically overhauled in what has been widely reported as a make-or-break attempt to revitalise the long-running series. Some representative rose species. While this resulted in some of the show's best performances — notably Kurt Cobain's singing on "Smells Like Teen Spirit" — it also exposed a number of poor live singers, and was dropped as a general rule. . For a few years from 1991 the show adopted a live vocal to pre-recorded backing track policy. The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon). Acts performing on the show have traditionally mimed to a pre-recorded track and this accounts for a number of performers who never appeared on the show due to a resistance to mime. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. In its heyday during the glam rock era of the early 1970s, the show featured the tightly choreographed dance troupe Pan's People (later succeeded by Legs & Co.), something which has been widely imitated on similar shows ever since. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. The show has historically been closely associated with the BBC radio station Radio 1, usually being presented by DJs from the station (although from October 1991 to January 1994 no Radio 1 DJs presented the show, and the association has not been as close as it once was). The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. It celebrated its 2000th show in 2002. Roses are subject to several diseases. This chart show has seen many changes through the decades: in style, design, fashion and taste. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points. The first edition on BBC Two was broadcast on 17 July 2005 at 7pm. Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. However, it was insisted that the move was in fact so that the show would air immediately after the official announcement of the new top 40 chart on Radio 1, as it was thought that by the following Friday, the chart seemed out-of-date. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). This move has been widely reported as a final "sidelining" of the show, and perhaps a move towards cancelling it altogether. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. By November 2004, viewing figures had plummeted to below three million, prompting announcement by the BBC that the show was going to move again to Sunday evenings on BBC Two, thus losing its prime-time slot on BBC One which it had maintained for forty years.[2]. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. It was traditionally shown on a Thursday night, but was moved to a Friday in 1996, a change which caused some controversy. Most roses have thorns or prickles. During its heyday in the 1970s, it attracted 15 million viewers each week [1]. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. It was originally intended to have only a few programmes but has been going for over 40 years. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Over 2000 episodes have been shown over the years; and the act that has appeared in the most episodes is the British rock band, Status Quo. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. Savile rotated with three other presenters: Alan Freeman, Pete Murray and David Jacobs. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. DJ Jimmy Savile presented the first show, which featured (in order) The Rolling Stones with "I Wanna Be Your Man'", Dusty Springfield with "I Only Want to be With You", the Dave Clark Five with "Glad All Over", The Hollies with "Stay", The Swinging Blue Jeans with "The Hippy Hippy Shake" and The Beatles with "I Want to Hold Your Hand", that week's number one. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Top of the Pops began on New Year's Day 1964 in a studio set in a disused church in Manchester. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. . Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. Each programme consists of half an hour of performances of some of that week's best-selling popular music. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Top of the Pops is a long-running British music chart television programme shown each week on BBC Two and now licensed for local versions around the world. The fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. The New Jersey power pop band The Smithereens recorded a song entitled "Top of the Pops" on their album "Blow Up.". The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. Akira the Don's single, 'Living in the Future'. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The song "Formed a Band" by Art Brut includes in its lyrics, "We’re gonna write a song as universal as happy Birthday, that makes sure everybody knows that everything is going to be OK, we’re going to take that song and we’re going to play it 8 weeks in a row on Top of the Pops." In their song "Bad Weekend," the band also sings, "sometimes it's hard to stop when your heart is set on Top of the Pops, Top of the Pops." Art Brut Lyrics. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. "Me Plus One" by Anne Lilia Berge Strand or more commonly Annie. The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. Rat Trap by The Boomtown Rats. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. A song entitled "Top of the Pops" appeared on the Kinks album, Lola versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. "C-30 C-60 C-90 GO!", originally by Bow Wow Wow and covered by Seattle, WA band Pretty Girls Make Graves. A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. The Scottish punk band The Rezillos lampooned the show as a vehicle for vapid commercialism and for paying little or no attention to talented, unknown bands, in their song "Top of the Pops." Ironically the band actually ended up performing the song on the programme (twice) when it entered the charts — it would appear the producers misunderstood the song's lyrics and thought it was an affectionate tribute. O, my love's like a red, red rose – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose. Possibly because of this, his next appearance as presenter wasn't until 1982. Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose – Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1913), a poem included in Geography and Plays. When John Peel first presented the programme in 1968 he forgot the name of Amen Corner who were appearing that week. Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses. - James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses". When Elvis Costello performed "Radio Radio" on the show, he changed the lyrics to criticise Tony Blackburn who was the presenter that week. ii. Because of the BBC's former policy of deleting old programmes, nearly all of the episodes from the first ten years of the programme's history have been lost, including all of The Beatles' appearances. What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. Super Furry Animals once got the whole audience to sit down during a live performance of theirs. Green: calm. In 1980, the then fledgling heavy metal superstars Iron Maiden became the first band to play live on the show since The Who in 1972, when they refused to mime to their single "Running Free". Blue: mystery. It noticeably had Victoria Beckham promote her new song "This Groove", with a performance 7 times in the first 8 shows, including the (pre-recorded) Christmas special. Burgundy: beauty. The show's relaunch with Andi Peters as producer was widely considered the point where Top Of The Pops was Jumping The Shark. Orange: passion. The most complaints the show recieved for a single episode was in 1994 when Manic Street Preachers performed their song "Faster" in a manner that was seen as intimidating and featured lead singer James Dean Bradfield wearing a balaclava such as would be worn by an IRA terrorist. Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love. Cliff Richard has performed the most on Top Of The Pops, recording over 150 performances. Yellow: dying love or platonic love. The shortest performance was Super Furry Animals with Do or Die clocking in at 95 seconds. White: innocence, purity, secrecy, "You're heavenly...", "I'm worthy of you...", reverence and humility. . As of November 2005, the longest performance was of Green Day's Jesus Of Suburbia lasting 9 minutes. Light Pink: admiration, sympathy. "I'm miming"!. Dark Pink: gratitude. The lyric he did not mime to was .. Pink: grace. Fish, the face painted lead singer of early 1980s prog rockers Marillion, made sure that the cameras caught a close up of his firmly closed mouth during a particular section of their single Punch and Judy. Red: love. Singer Les Gray of Mud went on stage to perform with a ventriloquist dummy during the performance of Lonely this Christmas and had the dummy lip-synch to the voice-over in the middle of the song. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. This performance has been taken to heart by Nirvana fans, who affectionately refer to it as "Teen Gothic". Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. For this performance Cobain was trusted to sing live vocals to a pre-recorded backing track: instead, he sang in a low, mournful wail; he was later to claim this was his attempt to sound like Morrissey. They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses. In grunge band Nirvana's only performance on Top of the Pops, frontman Kurt Cobain "played" his guitar with his fingers inches away from the frets, drummer Dave Grohl danced around in his seat for most of the performance, and bassist Krist Novoselic waved his instrument around his head. Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). Faith No More lead singer Mike Patton also showed he was obviously miming a performance by sticking his tongue out of the side of his mouth during closeup shots. Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. The set ended with the band erupting in laughter at the Gallagher's impressions of each other. Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). It also mocked the habit people had in Oasis' early years of confusing the brothers, not being able to tell them apart. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. In 1995 Oasis played their single "Roll With It" featuring singer Liam Gallagher pretending to play guitar, while guitarist Noel Gallagher pretended to sing, just to show how fake the 'live' performance was. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Despite this, to this day, many TV nostalgia shows and other sources still claim this was an error. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. This was a deliberate joke by the band and the production staff, but many people (including, apparently, host David Jensen) didn't realise this and thought it was a genuine mistake. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. While performing their 1982 hit "Jackie Wilson Said" the band Dexy's Midnight Runners were seen performing in front of a projection of the darts player Jocky Wilson. Bermuda "Mystery" Roses - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'. gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of R. Tea - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'. Repeat-flowering. Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Repeat-flowering. Introduced in France in 1823. Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. Repeat-flowering. This group was developed from that rose. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. Once-flowering. Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. Once-flowering. Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. gallica versicolor). Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. They flower once in the summer. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. Once-flowering. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. alba. arvensis and the closely allied R. Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. lucida) - Virginia Rose. R. Rosa virginiana (syn. Rosa stellata - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose. Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose. Rosa roxburghii - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose. simplicifolia). Hulthemia persica, R. Rosa persica (syn. Rosa multiflora - Multiflora Rose. sinica) - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose. R. Rosa laevigata (syn. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose. R. Rosa glauca (syn. x odorata gigantea). R. Rosa gigantea (syn. Rosa gallica - Gallic Rose, French Rose. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier. R. Rosa eglanteria (syn. Rosa dumalis - Glaucous Dog Rose. Rosa canina - Dog Rose, Briar Bush. |