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A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.
The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
Rosa canina hipsThe fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Most roses have thorns or prickles. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points.
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses.
The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon).
Further information: List of Rosa species
Some representative rose species
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume.
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns.
Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock.
The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish).
The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival.
A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris.
The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution.
Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:
The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article.
The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period.
Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.
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The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. There are many important Moorish and Catholic architectural sites in Granada:. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil. It advanced Spain to the first rank among the nations of Europe, and gave her arms a prestige that secured for her position, influence, and deference long after the decline of her power had commenced. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. It ended, after an existence of eight hundred years, the Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula, and thus formed an offset to the progress of the Muslim power in Eastern Europe and the loss to the Christian world of Constantinople. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The fall of Granada holds an important place among the many significant events that mark the latter half of the 15th century. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. On the 2nd of January 1492, the Moors surrendered to the Spanish, and the kingdom was incorporated into Castile. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. See Nasrid dynasty for a full list of the Nasrid rulers of Granada. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The most prominent members of the dynasty are:. Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The only religious minority was a small Jewish community. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. Those Christians who did not convert to Islam had been deported or escaped to christian countries in North and Africa. Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. This was the most religiously homogenous area in the peninsula, in fact, Granada has been described [citation needed] as the first Muslim nation to be almost completely Muslim. The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period. The nation constantly shrunk, and by 1492, it was only a small nation on the southeastern coast. The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. The kingdom of Granada linked the commercial routes from Europe to Africa crossing the Sahara. Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:. The city became the seat of the Nasrid kingdom (taifa) in 1238, when the Moors retreated during the Christian reconquest of Spain. The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. The Nasrid sultans and kings were responsible for building most of the palaces in the Alhambra. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. From 1232 to 1492, Granada (Arabic غرناطة Ġarnāṭah) was the seat of the Nasrid dynasty that ruled the sultanate (until 1238) and kingdom from the mid 13th century to the 15th century, one of the longest-lasting Islamic dynasties in the history of al-Andalus. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. By the end of the 11th century, the city had spread across the Darro to reach what is now the site of the Alhambra. Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. With the arrival of the Zirid dynasty in 1013, Granada became an independent kingdom. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). In the subsequent reconstruction, the suburb of Gárnata was incorporated in the city, and the modern name in fact derives from this. arkansana), Georgia (R. Civil conflicts that wracked the Caliphate in the early 11th century led to the destruction of the city in 1010. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. They gave it the name "Ilbira", the remaining Christian community calling this "Elvira", and it became the capital of a province of the Caliphate of Cordoba. The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. It was with the help of this community that Moorish forces under Tariq ibn-Ziyad first took the city in 711, though it was not fully secured until 713. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). A Jewish community established itself in what was effectively a suburb of the city, called "Gárnata" or "Gárnata al-yahud" (Granada of the Jews). The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. The Visigoths maintained the importance of the city as a centre of both ecclesiastical and civil administration and also established it as a military stronghold. Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. Under Roman rule, in the early centuries CE, this name had become "Ilíberis". In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:. By the 5th century BCE, the Greeks had established a colony which they named "Elybirge". There is no single system of classification for garden roses. There was an Ibero-Celtic settlement here, which made contact in turn with Phoenecians, Carthagenians and Greeks. They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. The city has been inhabited from the dawn of history. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). . The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. {TOC}. Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. The beauty of the sights of Granada is famous. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. The pomegranate (in Spanish, granada) is the heraldic device of Granada. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. In fact, it is said that it is one of the three best cities for college students (the other two are Salamanca and Santiago de Compostela). Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Granada is also well-known within Spain due to its prestigious university and, nowadays, wild night-life (though in the 1920s Federico García Lorca described the granadinos as "the worst bourgeoisie in Spain"). Some representative rose species. It is the most remarkable item of the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian historical legacy that makes Granada a hot spot among cultural and tourist cities in Spain. . The Alhambra, a famous Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon). About 3.3% of the population did not hold Spanish citizenship, the largest number of these (31%) coming from South America. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. At the 2003 census, the population of the city of Granada proper was 237,663, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 450,439, ranking as the 13th-largest urban area of the Spanish Kingdom. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. It is situated at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of two rivers, Darro and Genil, at an elevation of 738 metres above sea level. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. Roses are subject to several diseases. Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. Sample of Granada's baroque. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Basilica San Juan de Dios: Basilica where the rest of this saint rest. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. Bermejas Towers: Strongpoints on the encircling wall of the Alhambra, they date from the 8th and 9th centuries. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Old University: Now the School of Law, it retains its original 17th century facade. Most roses have thorns or prickles. Legend says that the catacombs under the church were the site of the martyrdom of San Cecilio, the city's first bishop and now its patron saint. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. Sacromonte Abbey: Founded in the 17th century. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. San José Church: On the site of the "moans" Almorabitín, the mosque of the morabites, one of oldest in Granada, dating from the 10th century. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. Santo Domingo Church: Funded in 1512 by the Reyes Católicos. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Hospital Real: Funded in 1504 by the Reyes Católicos, now part of the University.. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Adapted after 16th century for theater plays. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. El Corral del carbón: Deposit of merchandise and shelter of merchants. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. Santa Ana Church: 16th century, Mudejar Style. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. El Cármen de los mártires: A lovely palace with a beautiful botanic garden near the Alhambra. The fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Calle Calderería: An Albayzin street where you can taste Arab typical food, especially teas and desserts from North Africa. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. El Albaicín (Albayzin): The ancient Jewish quarter, containing many original houses from the 16th century. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The Alhambra and Generalife. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. Granada's cathedral. The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. Boabdil, the last of the line, who was defeated and deposed in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabel. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. Muhammed V (1354-1391, builder of the royal palace within the Alhambra. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. Yusuf I (1334-1354). A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. Ibn al-Ahmar (died 1273), the first of the line. O, my love's like a red, red rose – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose. Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose – Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1913), a poem included in Geography and Plays. Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses. - James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses". ii. What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. Green: calm. Blue: mystery. Burgundy: beauty. Orange: passion. Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love. Yellow: dying love or platonic love. White: innocence, purity, secrecy, "You're heavenly...", "I'm worthy of you...", reverence and humility. . Light Pink: admiration, sympathy. Dark Pink: gratitude. Pink: grace. Red: love. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses. Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Bermuda "Mystery" Roses - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'. gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of R. Tea - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'. Repeat-flowering. Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Repeat-flowering. Introduced in France in 1823. Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. Repeat-flowering. This group was developed from that rose. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. Once-flowering. Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. Once-flowering. Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. gallica versicolor). Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. They flower once in the summer. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. Once-flowering. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. alba. arvensis and the closely allied R. Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. lucida) - Virginia Rose. R. Rosa virginiana (syn. Rosa stellata - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose. Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose. Rosa roxburghii - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose. simplicifolia). Hulthemia persica, R. Rosa persica (syn. Rosa multiflora - Multiflora Rose. sinica) - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose. R. Rosa laevigata (syn. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose. R. Rosa glauca (syn. x odorata gigantea). R. Rosa gigantea (syn. Rosa gallica - Gallic Rose, French Rose. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier. R. Rosa eglanteria (syn. Rosa dumalis - Glaucous Dog Rose. Rosa canina - Dog Rose, Briar Bush. |