Pumpkin

The name is adapted from an American Indian word (see L. It spread across the entire Pacific Ocean, with waves measuring up to 25 metres high. The name "squash" is applied in America to this and other species of the genus Cucurbita. Its epicenter off the coast of South Central Chile, generated one of the most destructive tsunamis of the 20th century. . The Great Chilean Earthquake, at magnitude 9.5 the strongest earthquake ever recorded. Pumpkins are traditionally used to carve Jack-o'-lanterns for use as part of Halloween celebrations. Note: The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center was established to track these killer waves and provide warning.

Pumpkins are a popular food, with their innards commonly eaten cooked and served in dishes such as pumpkin pie. The tsunami is locally known in Hawaii as the April Fools Day Tsunami in Hawaii due to people thinking the warnings were an April Fools prank. The larger kinds acquire a weight of 40 to 80 lb (18 to 36 kg) but smaller varieties are in vogue for garden culture. The Aleutian Island earthquake tsunami that killed 165 people on Hawaii and Alaska resulted in the creation of a tsunami warning system, established in 1949 for Pacific Ocean area countries. The rind is smooth and very variable in colour. The resulting tsunami measured over 7 metres in height and took about 2½ hours to reach the Burin Peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland, where 28 people lost their lives in various communities. The pumpkin varies greatly in form, being sometimes nearly globular, but more generally oblong or ovoid in shape. The quake was felt throughout the Atlantic Provinces of Canada and as far west as Ottawa, Ontario and as far south as Claymont, Delaware.

Cultivated in North America, continental Europe, as well as in English cottage gardens, Cucurbita varieties include Curcurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita mixta, or Cucurbita moschata — all plants native to the Western hemisphere. On November 18, 1929, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred beneath the Laurentian Slope on the Grand Banks. A pumpkin is a vegetable, most commonly orange in colour when ripe, that grows as a fruit (gourd) from a trailing vine of the genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). On the facing coasts of Java and Sumatra the sea flood went many miles inland and caused such vast loss of life that one area was never resettled but went back to the jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon nature reserve. For example: "I love you, Pumpkin!". Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the American West Coast, South America, and even as far away as the English Channel. "Pumpkin" is sometimes used as an affectionate term, often referring to one's significant other. A series of large tsunami waves was generated from the explosion, some reaching a height of over 40 metres above sea level.

Pumpkins were among the first foods from the "New World" adopted in Europe, probably due to a European cousin: Lagenaria. The island volcano of Krakatoa in Indonesia exploded with devastating fury in 1883, blowing its underground magma chamber partly empty so that much overlying land and seabed collapsed into it. Illinois produces more pumpkins than any other state in the United States. The philosophical concept of the sublime, as described by philosopher Immanuel Kant in the Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami. 90% of all pumpkins sold in the United States are used for Jack-o'-lanterns. Philosophers of the Enlightenment, notably Voltaire, wrote about the event. The town of Keene, New Hampshire currently holds the world record for the most lit pumpkins in one location. Europeans of the 18th century struggled to understand the disaster within religious and rational belief systems.

All Hallows Eve on 31 October marked the end of the old Celtic calendar year, and on that night hollowed-out turnips, beets and rutabagas with a candle inside were placed on windowsills and porches to welcome home spirits of deceased ancestors and ward off evil spirits and a restless soul called "Stingy Jack," hence the name "Jack-o'-lantern". Historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators were lost, and countless buildings were destroyed (including most examples of Portugal's Manueline architecture). Using pumpkins as lanterns at Halloween is based on an ancient Celtic custom brought to America by Irish immigrants. The earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent fires killed more than a third of Lisbon's pre-quake population of 275,000. These nutrients turn to vitamin A in the body. Before the great wall of water hit the harbour, waters retreated, revealing lost cargo and forgotten shipwrecks. Pumpkins are orange because they contain massive amounts of lutein, alpha- and beta-carotene. Many townspeople fled to the waterfront, believing the area safe from fires and from falling debris from aftershocks.

Raised by Larry Checkon from Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania in 2005, it is technically a "squash," Cucurbita maxima, and was of the public variety "Atlantic Giant," which is the "giant" variety - culminated from the simple hubbard squash by enthusiast farmers through intermittent effort since the mid 1800's. Tens of thousands of Portuguese who survived the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake were killed by a tsunami which followed a half hour later. The largest pumpkin ever grown weighed 1,469 lb (666 kg). January 26 - The Cascadia Earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record, ruptures the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a tsunami logged in Japan and oral traditions of the American First Nations. The pumpkin is related to the cucumber. In 2002 it was suggested that the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 in England and Wales, UK, may have been caused by a tsunami. Mashed pumpkin. Santorini is regarded as the most likely source for Plato's literary parable of Atlantis.

Pumpkin pie. At some time between 1650 BC and 1600 BC (still debated), the volcanic Greek island Santorini erupted, causing a 100 m to 150 m high tsunami that devastated the north coast of Crete, 70 km (45 miles) away, and would certainly have wiped out the Minoan civilization along Crete's northern shore. Pumpkin soup. In the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea), the Storegga Slides were a major series of sudden underwater land movements over the course of tens of thousands of years, which caused tsunamis and megatsunamis across a wide area. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events. Tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean, but are a global phenomenon; they are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides.

See also List of historic tsunamis by death toll.. While it would take some years for the trees to grow to a useful size, such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than the costly and environmentally destructive method of erecting artificial barriers. [5] Environmentalists have suggested tree planting along stretches of sea coast which are prone to tsunami risks. In one striking example, the village of Naluvedapathy in India's Tamil Nadu region suffered minimal damage and few deaths as the wave broke up on a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter the Guinness Book of Records.

Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed as a result of the tsunami's energy being sapped by a belt of trees such as coconut palms and mangroves. The effects of a tsunami can be mitigated by natural factors such as tree cover on the shoreline. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area.

For instance, the tsunami which hit the island of Hokkaido on July 12, 1993 created waves as much as 30m (100 ft) tall - as high as a 10-story building. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis are often higher than the barriers. Other localities have built floodgates and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunamis. Japan has implemented an extensive programme of building tsunami walls of up to 4.5m (13.5 ft) high in front of populated coastal areas.

While it is not possible to prevent a tsunami, in some particularly tsunami-prone countries some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused on shore. Some scientists speculate that animals may have an ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves from an earthquake minutes or hours before a tsunami strikes shore (Kenneally, [4]).. The phenomenon was also noted in Sri Lanka in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake ([3]). The Lisbon quake is the first documented case of such a phenomenon in Europe.

Many animals sense danger and flee to higher ground before the water arrives. One of the early warnings comes from nearby animals. Computer models can roughly predict tsunami arrival and impact based on information about the event that triggered it and the shape of the seafloor (bathymetry) and coastal land (topography).[2]. In some communities on the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunamis, warning signs advise people where to run in the event of an incoming tsunami.

Regions with a high risk of tsunamis may use tsunami warning systems to detect tsunamis and warn the general population before the wave reaches land. In a low-lying coastal area, a strong earthquake is a major warning sign that a tsunami may be produced. Again, being educated about a tsunami is important, to realise that when the water level drops the first time, the danger is not yet over. In instances where the leading edge of the tsunami is its first peak, succeeding waves can lead to further flooding.

People unaware of the danger may remain at the shore due to curiosity, or for collecting fish from the exposed sea bed. If the slope is shallow, this recession can exceed many hundreds of metres. In instances where the leading edge of the tsunami wave is its trough, the sea will recede from the coast half of the wave's period before the wave's arrival. Tsunamis cannot be prevented or precisely predicted, but there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and there are many systems being developed and in use to reduce the damage from tsunamis.

The following have at various times been associated with a tsunami [1]:. As a result, Hilo suffered worse damage than any other place in Hawaii, with the tsunami/seiche reaching a height of 14 m and killing 159 inhabitants. That meant that every second wave was in phase with the motion of Hilo Bay, creating a seiche in the bay. The natural resonant period of Hilo Bay is about thirty minutes.

For instance, the tsunami that hit Hawaii on April 1, 1946 had a fifteen-minute interval between wave fronts. Local geographic peculiarities can lead to seiche or standing waves forming, which can amplify the onshore damage. They also need not be symmetrical; tsunami waves may be much stronger in one direction than another, depending on the nature of the source and the surrounding geography. However, tsunami waves can diffract around land masses (as shown in this Indian Ocean tsunami animation as the waves reach southern Sri Lanka and India).

Tsunamis propagate outward from their source, so coasts in the "shadow" of affected land masses are usually fairly safe. There is no proof for this. This gives the transient pressure built up during the quake as equal to twice and in addition to the hydrostatic pressure. The passing "hump" mentioned earlier is a "momentum flux" equal to density multiplied by the square of the velocity.

However a conjecture exists for velocities. At a water depth of 40 m, the speed would be 20 m/s (about 72 km/h or 45 mi/h), which is much slower than the speed in the open ocean but the wave would still be difficult to outrun. For example, in the Pacific Ocean, where the typical water depth is about 4000 m, a tsunami travels at about 200 m/s (720 km/h or 450 mi/h) with little energy loss, even over long distances. Shallow-water waves move at a speed that is equal to the square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s²) and the water depth.

A wave becomes a 'shallow-water wave' when the ratio between the water depth and its wavelength gets very small, and since a tsunami has an extremely large wavelength (hundreds of kilometres), tsunamis act as a shallow-water wave even in deep oceanic water. As a wave goes down the whip from handle to tip, the same energy is deposited in less and less material, which then moves more violently as it receives this energy. The steepening process is analogous to the cracking of a tapered whip. While a person at the surface of deep water would probably not even notice the tsunami, the wave can increase to a height of 30 m or more as it approaches the coastline and compresses.

As the wave approaches land, the sea shallows and the wave no longer travels as quickly, so it begins to 'pile-up'; the wave-front becomes steeper and taller, and there is less distance between crests. The wave travels across the ocean at speeds from 500 to 1,000 km/h. The energy of a tsunami passes through the entire water column to the sea bed, unlike surface waves, which typically reach only down to a depth of 10 m or so. This is often practically unnoticeable to people on ships.

The actual height of a tsunami wave in open water is often less than one metre. This is very different from typical wind-generated swells on the ocean, which might have a period of about 10 seconds and a wavelength of 150 metres. In open water, tsunamis have extremely long periods (the time for the next wave top to pass a point after the previous one), from minutes to hours, and long wavelengths of up to several hundred kilometres. A single tsunami event may involve a series of waves of varying heights; the set of waves is called a train.

This is the two-dimensional equivalent of the inverse square law in three dimensions. Although the total or overall loss of energy is small, the total energy is spread over a larger and larger circumference as the wave travels, so the energy per linear meter in the wave decreases as the inverse power of the distance from the source. A tsunami can cause damage thousands of kilometres from its origin, so there may be several hours between its creation and its impact on a coast, arriving long after the seismic wave generated by the originating event arrives. Tsunamis act very differently from typical surf swells; they are phenomena which move the entire depth of the ocean (often several kilometres deep) rather than just the surface, so they contain immense energy, propagate at high speeds and can travel great trans-oceanic distances with little overall energy loss.

Large objects such as ships and boulders can be carried several miles inland before the tsunami subsides. The sheer weight of water is enough to pulverise objects in its path, often reducing buildings to their foundations and scouring exposed ground to the bedrock. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area. Instead it looks rather like an endlessly onrushing tide which forces its way around and through any obstacle.

Although often referred to as "tidal waves", a tsunami does not look like the popular impression of "a normal wave only much bigger". However, an extremely large landslide could generate a megatsunami that might have ocean-wide impacts. These events can give rise to much larger local shock waves (solitons), such as the landslide at the head of Lituya Bay which produced a water wave estimated at 50 – 150 m and reached 524 m up local mountains. Tsunamis caused by these mechanisms, unlike the ocean-wide tsunamis caused by some earthquakes, generally dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines distant from the source due to the small area of sea affected.

These phenomena rapidly displace large volumes of water, as energy from falling debris or expansion is transferred to the water into which the debris falls. In the 1950s it was discovered that larger tsunamis than previously believed possible could be caused by landslides, explosive volcanic action and impact events. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium and radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond. Similarly, a violent submarine volcanic eruption can uplift the water column and form a tsunami.

Sub-marine landslides; which are sometimes triggered by large earthquakes; as well as collapses of volcanic edifices, may also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rocks slide downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor. Subduction earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates in a process known as subduction. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries. Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water.

An earthquake which is too small to create a tsunami by itself may trigger an undersea landslide quite capable of generating a tsunami. However, the most common cause is an undersea earthquake. A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that rapidly moves a large mass of water, such as an earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide or meteorite impact. .

However, since they are not actually related to tides the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by oceanographers. Tsunamis have been historically referred to as tidal waves because as they approach land they take on the characteristics of a violent onrushing tide rather than the sort of cresting waves that are formed by wind action upon the ocean (with which people are more familiar). A tsunami is not a sub-surface event in the deep ocean; it simply has a much smaller amplitude (wave heights) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometres long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a passing "hump" in the ocean. The term was created by fishermen who returned to port to find the area surrounding the harbour devastated, although they had not been aware of any wave in the open water.

Although in Japanese tsunami is used for both the singular and plural, in English tsunamis is well-established as the plural. The term tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbour ("tsu", 津) and wave ("nami", 波 or 浪). The effects of a tsunami can range from unnoticeable to devastating. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

A tsunami (IPA pronunciation /suˈnɑːmi/ or /tsuˈnɑːmi/]) is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. 16 October 1979 23 people died when the coast of Nice, France, was hit by a tsunami. 4 July 1992 - Daytona Beach, FL. 19 May 1964 - Northeast USA.

21 September 1938 - Hurricane, NJ coast. 19 August 1931 - Atlantic City, NJ. 8 August 1924 - Coney Island, NY . 6 August 1923 - Rockaway Park, Queens, NY .

9 June 1913 - Longport, NJ. 35 Million years ago - Chesapeake Bay impact crater, Chesapeake Bay. 18 August 1946 - Dominican Republic. 4 August 1946 - Dominican Republic.

9 January 1926 - Maine. 18 November 1929 - Newfoundland. 11 October 1918 - Puerto Rico. 17 November 1872 - Maine.

18 November 1867 - Virgin Islands. 14 November 1840 - Great Swell on the Delaware River. The villages of Arop and Warapu were destroyed. While the magnitude of the quake was not large enough to create these waves directly, it is believed the earthquake generated an undersea landslide, which in turn caused the tsunami.

A 7.1 magnitude earthquake 24 km offshore was followed within 11 minutes by a tsunami about 12 m tall. 17 July, 1998: A Papua New Guinea tsunami killed approximately 2200 people [7]. May 26, 1983: 104 people in western Japan were killed by a tsunami spawned from a nearby earthquake. 1976: On 16 August (midnight) a tsunami killed more than 5000 people in the Moro Gulf region (Cotabato City) of the Philippines.

It travelled at over 150 kph. This happened in the fjord shaped Lituya Bay, Alaska, USA. July 9, 1958: A huge landslip caused the highest ever reported tsunami which was 524 metres high. 1946: An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands sent a tsunami to Hawaii, killing 159 people (five died in Alaska).

A wave more than seven stories tall (about 20 m) drowned some 26,000 people. One of the worst tsunami disasters engulfed whole villages along Sanriku, Japan, in 1896. January 26, 1700: the Cascadia Earthquake (estimated 9.0 magnitude) caused massive tsunamis across the Pacific Northwest. The cause of the flood remains disputed, it is quite possible that it was caused by a combination of meteorological extremes and tidal peaks (discussion).

January 20, 1606/1607: along the coast of the Bristol Channel (main article) thousands of people were drowned, houses and villages swept away, farmland was inundated and flocks were destroyed by a flood that might have been a tsunami. circa 500 C.E.: Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu, India, Maldives. As the wave approaches, the top of the wave may glow red. A flash of red light might be seen near the horizon.

The sea may recede to a considerable distance. or a whistling sound. or a noise akin to the periodic whop-whop of a helicopter,. a roaring noise as of a jet plane.

A thunderous boom may be heard followed by