PorschePorsche (Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG), pronounced as a two syllable word (porsh-uh, IPA: pɔrʃʌ) , is a German manufacturer of sports cars, founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche, the engineer who created the first Volkswagen. The company is located in Zuffenhausen, a city district of Stuttgart. Porsche has a reputation for producing high-end sports vehicles that, despite their high performance, are reliable and tractable enough to be used for daily driving, and of high manufacturing quality and durability. The current Porsche lineup includes everything from an entry-level roadster (Boxster) to a Supercar (Carrera GT). Future plans include a high performance luxury sedan. As a company, Porsche is known for weathering changing market conditions with great financial stability, while retaining most production in Germany during an age when most other German car manufacturers have moved at least partly to Eastern Europe or overseas. The headquarters and main factory are still at Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, but for the Cayenne and Carrera GT there is a new plant at Leipzig, in the east of Germany. Some Boxster and Cayman production is outsourced to Valmet Automotive in Finland. Porsche has for many years offered consultancy services to various other car manufacturers. Studebaker, SEAT, Daewoo, Subaru and Yugo have consulted Porsche on engineering for their cars or engines. Porsche also helped Harley-Davidson design their new engine in their newer V-Rod motorcycle. Porsche's main competition is derived from Jaguar, BMW, Maserati, Aston Martin and arguably Mercedes-Benz. HistoryThe first Porsche, the Porsche 64 from 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. The second Porsche model, the Porsche 356 sports car of 1948, was initially built in Gmünd, Austria, where the company was evacuated to during war times, but after building 49 cars the company relocated back to Zuffenhausen. Many people regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. Ferdinand Porsche worked with his son Ferry Porsche in designing the 356 but died soon after the first prototype was built. Again, the car used components from the Beetle including its engine, gearbox and suspension. However, the 356 had several evolutions while in production and many VW parts were replaced by Porsche-made parts. The last 356s were powered by 100% Porsche designed engines. The sleek bodywork was designed by Erwin Komenda who had also designed the body of the Beetle. In 1963, after some success in motor-racing (namely with the Porsche 550 Spyder), the company launched the Porsche 911, another air-cooled, rear-engined sports car, this time with a 6-cylinder "boxer" engine. The car has become their most well-known model, successful on the race-track, in rallies, and in terms of sales. Far more than any other model, the Porsche brand is defined by the 911. It remains in production; however, after several generations of revision, current-model 911s share only the basic mechanical concept of a rear-engined, six=cylinder coupe, and basic styling cues with the original car. A cost-reduced model with the same body but 356-derived running gear (including its four-cylinder engine) was sold as the 912. The Porsche 912, a Porsche of the 1960sThe company has always had a close relationship with Volkswagen, and as already mentioned, the first Porsche cars used many Volkswagen components. The two companies collaborated in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, in 1976 with the Porsche 924, which used many Audi components and was built at an Audi Neckarsulm factory. Most 944 were also done there even though they used many fewer VW components. The Porsche Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares the entire body with VW Touareg, which are built at the Škoda factory in Bratislava. Both Audi and Škoda are wholly-owned subsidiaries of VW. Porsche hired Toyota to assist in Japanese production methods, Toyota are also assisting Porshce with Hybrid technology. Ferdinand Porsche's grandson, Ferdinand Piëch, was chairman and CEO of the Volkswagen Group from 1993 to 2002. With half of all voting shares, he also remains the largest individual shareholder of Porsche AG. Porsche's 2002 introduction of the Cayenne also marked the unveiling of a new production facility in Leipzig, Saxony, which today accounts for nearly half of Porsche's annual output. In 2004, production of the Porsche Carrera GT commenced in Leipzig, and at EUR 450,000.00 it is the most expensive production model Porsche ever built. As of 2005, the extended Porsche and Piech families controlled all of Porsche AG's voting shares. In early October 2005 the company announced acquisition of an 18.53% stake in Volkswagen AG and disclosed intentions to acquire additional VW shares in the future. Motor-racingPorsche has been successful in many branches of motor-racing, scoring a total of more than 23,000 victories. As Porsche offered only small capacity cars in the 1950s and 1960s, they scored many wins in their classes, and occasionally also overall victories against bigger cars. Particular success has been in sports car racing, notably the Carrera Panamericana and Targa Florio, races which were later used in the naming of street cars. Also, they did well in the Mille Miglia and especially 24 hours of Le Mans where they have won 16 times overall (more than any other company), plus many class wins. The Porsche 917 is considered one of the most iconic sports racing cars of all time and gave Porsche their first Le Mans win while the Group C Porsche 956/962C is one of the most successful sports prototype racers ever produced. Many Porsche race cars are run successfully by customer teams, financed and run without any factory support - often they have beaten the factory itself. Recently, 996-generation 911 GT3s have dominated their class at Le Mans and similar endurance and GT races. The various version versions of the 911 also proved to be serious competitor in Rally as long as the regulations allowed them to compete. Porsche official team was only present in seldom occasion in Rally, but the best private 911s were often close to other brand works car. Jean-Pierre Nicolas even managed to win the 1978 Monte Carlo Rally with a private 911 SC. The Paris Dakar Rally was won twice, too using the 911 derived Porsche 959 Group B supercar. Porsche has also participated in Formula One racing, with mixed results; its first foray (as a constructor) from 1961 to 1962 produced just one win in a championship race, claimed by Dan Gurney at the 1962 French Grand Prix. One week later, he repeated the success in front of Porsche's home crowd on Stuttgart's Solitude in a non-championship race. At the end of the season, Porsche retired from F1 due to the high costs. Privateers continued to enter out-dated Porsche 718 in F1 until 1964. Porsche returned in 1983 after nearly two decades away, supplying engines badged as TAG units for the McLaren Team. Porsche-powered cars took two constructor championships in 1984 and 1985 and three driver crowns in 1984, 1985 and 1986. Porsche returned to F1 again in 1991 as an engine supplier, however this time with disastrous results: Porsche-powered Footwork cars failed to score a single point, and failed to even qualify for over half the races that year; Porsche has not participated in Formula One since. Stock and lightly-modified Porsches are raced in many competitions around the world; some of these are primarily amateur classes for enthusiasts, but the Porsche Michelin Supercup is a wholly professional category raced as a support category for European Formula One rounds. Porsche dropped its factory motorsports programs during the turn of the century (preferring to support privateers) for financial reasons and has only recently made a comeback with the new RS Spyder prototype. Based on LMP2 homologaton regulations, the RS Spyder made its debut at Laguna Seca during the final race of the 2005 ALMS season and immediately garnering a class win in the LMP2 class and finishing 5th overall. Major Victories and Championships
ModelsSee: Category:Porsche vehicles TractorsPorsche-Diesel Super
Consumer models
Racing models
Prototypes and concept cars
Pronunciation of "Porsche"In German "Porsche" is pronounced porsh-uh (IPA /ˈpɔɹʃə/). In English, the German form is often heard from official Porsche sources and from some Porsche owners and enthusiasts. There is a habit in American English towards over-compensating the e, which then results into pronouncing it as Pors-scha (IPA /ˈpɔɹʃa/). Outside of these groups however, the pronunciation porsh (IPA /pɔɹʃ/) is standard.
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Outside of these groups however, the pronunciation porsh (IPA /pɔɹʃ/) is standard. Bush nominated the following individuals to sit on the Supreme Court of the United States:. There is a habit in American English towards over-compensating the e, which then results into pronouncing it as Pors-scha (IPA /ˈpɔɹʃa/). See: Category:Porsche vehicles. A poll, commissioned by Afterdowningstreet.org and performed by Zogby, was released in January 2006 showing that a majority of United States of America citizens (52 percent to 43 percent) believe Congress should consider impeaching the president if it is shown that he wiretapped US citizens without approval from the courts.[51] In 2005 and 2006 there have been calls for impeachment from Representative John Conyers and former Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, and from convicted Watergate participant and former Nixon Administration official John Dean. Major Victories and Championships. In what may be seen as an unofficial international take on opinion, a multitude of website editors have participated in a so-called "Google bomb", which returns the official biography of Bush on the White House website, when the phrase "Miserable failure" is typed into the Google search engine.[50]. Based on LMP2 homologaton regulations, the RS Spyder made its debut at Laguna Seca during the final race of the 2005 ALMS season and immediately garnering a class win in the LMP2 class and finishing 5th overall. Polls find that majorities in most nations view Bush negatively, with the exception of Israel and India. Porsche dropped its factory motorsports programs during the turn of the century (preferring to support privateers) for financial reasons and has only recently made a comeback with the new RS Spyder prototype. Internationally, Bush finds more criticism than support. Stock and lightly-modified Porsches are raced in many competitions around the world; some of these are primarily amateur classes for enthusiasts, but the Porsche Michelin Supercup is a wholly professional category raced as a support category for European Formula One rounds. More recently, criticism has focused on issues of rights and freedoms, such as the CIA Secret Prison controversy and the NSA domestic monitoring of communications without obtaining warrants from the court established to issue them. Porsche returned to F1 again in 1991 as an engine supplier, however this time with disastrous results: Porsche-powered Footwork cars failed to score a single point, and failed to even qualify for over half the races that year; Porsche has not participated in Formula One since. Bush has also been criticized for his handling of the leak of the name of CIA agent Valerie Plame from a source within his administration. Porsche-powered cars took two constructor championships in 1984 and 1985 and three driver crowns in 1984, 1985 and 1986. Along with the criticism on issues of foreign policy, President Bush has also taken criticism for his administration's response to Hurricane Katrina, which many considered slow. Porsche returned in 1983 after nearly two decades away, supplying engines badged as TAG units for the McLaren Team. A poll by Rasmussen reports show that Bush's approval rating is at 45% as of 23 January 2006, up from previous ratings, which has dipped as low as 36% approval.[49]. Privateers continued to enter out-dated Porsche 718 in F1 until 1964. Since then, his approval ratings and approval of handling of domestic, economic, and foreign policy issues have steadily dropped for many reasons. At the end of the season, Porsche retired from F1 due to the high costs. In the time of national crisis following the September 11 attacks, Bush enjoyed approval ratings of greater than 85%. One week later, he repeated the success in front of Porsche's home crowd on Stuttgart's Solitude in a non-championship race. Notable spikes in his approval rating followed the 11 September attacks, and the beginning of the 2003 Iraq conflict. Porsche has also participated in Formula One racing, with mixed results; its first foray (as a constructor) from 1961 to 1962 produced just one win in a championship race, claimed by Dan Gurney at the 1962 French Grand Prix. The magazine TIME named Bush as its Person of the Year for 2000 and for 2004. The Paris Dakar Rally was won twice, too using the 911 derived Porsche 959 Group B supercar. His opponents have disagreed on those very subjects and have also criticized the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act, the controversial 2000 election, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Jean-Pierre Nicolas even managed to win the 1978 Monte Carlo Rally with a private 911 SC. His supporters believe he has done well with the economy and homeland security, and shown exemplary leadership after the September 11 attacks. Porsche official team was only present in seldom occasion in Rally, but the best private 911s were often close to other brand works car. Bush has drawn both popular praise and scathing criticism. The various version versions of the 911 also proved to be serious competitor in Rally as long as the regulations allowed them to compete. The Bush administration has threatened presidential veto of legislation on several occasions, usually resulting in a compromise report from conference committee; Bush has never yet vetoed a bill. Recently, 996-generation 911 GT3s have dominated their class at Le Mans and similar endurance and GT races. As President of the United States, he has continued in his support for capital punishment, including presiding over the first federal execution in decades, that of convicted terrorist Timothy McVeigh. Many Porsche race cars are run successfully by customer teams, financed and run without any factory support - often they have beaten the factory itself. During his tenure as Governor of Texas, 152 people were executed in that state, maintaining its record as the leading state in executions. The Porsche 917 is considered one of the most iconic sports racing cars of all time and gave Porsche their first Le Mans win while the Group C Porsche 956/962C is one of the most successful sports prototype racers ever produced. Bush is a strong supporter of capital punishment. Also, they did well in the Mille Miglia and especially 24 hours of Le Mans where they have won 16 times overall (more than any other company), plus many class wins. President. Particular success has been in sports car racing, notably the Carrera Panamericana and Targa Florio, races which were later used in the naming of street cars. In total, Bush has appointed more women and minorities to high-level positions within his administration than any other U.S. As Porsche offered only small capacity cars in the 1950s and 1960s, they scored many wins in their classes, and occasionally also overall victories against bigger cars. He has drawn criticism from some minority groups on his policies. Porsche has been successful in many branches of motor-racing, scoring a total of more than 23,000 victories. In regards to what is commonly called Affirmative Action, Bush does not support enforced quotas, but has asked the public and private sector to reach out to minorities. In early October 2005 the company announced acquisition of an 18.53% stake in Volkswagen AG and disclosed intentions to acquire additional VW shares in the future. Bush is the first Republican President to appoint an openly gay man to his administration. As of 2005, the extended Porsche and Piech families controlled all of Porsche AG's voting shares. He endorsed the Federal Marriage Amendment. In 2004, production of the Porsche Carrera GT commenced in Leipzig, and at EUR 450,000.00 it is the most expensive production model Porsche ever built. Bush opposes same-sex marriage but supports civil unions. Porsche's 2002 introduction of the Cayenne also marked the unveiling of a new production facility in Leipzig, Saxony, which today accounts for nearly half of Porsche's annual output. Bush has signed legislation supporting faith-based initiatives, and created the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to assist such organizations. With half of all voting shares, he also remains the largest individual shareholder of Porsche AG. On 2005-08-01, Bush took a controversial stance favoring the teaching of Intelligent Design alongside evolution in science classes, saying, "I think that part of education is to expose people to different schools of thought, and I'm not suggesting — you're asking me whether or not people ought to be exposed to different ideas, and the answer is yes.". Ferdinand Porsche's grandson, Ferdinand Piëch, was chairman and CEO of the Volkswagen Group from 1993 to 2002. The White House has come under criticism for downplaying reports that link human activity and greenhouse gas emissions to climate change. Porsche hired Toyota to assist in Japanese production methods, Toyota are also assisting Porshce with Hybrid technology. The CEV would be used to return American astronauts to the Moon by 2018. Both Audi and Škoda are wholly-owned subsidiaries of VW. Known as the Vision for Space Exploration, it calls for the completion of the International Space Station by 2010 and the retirement of the space shuttle while developing a new spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle under the title Project Constellation. The Porsche Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares the entire body with VW Touareg, which are built at the Škoda factory in Bratislava. On 2004-01-14, Bush announced a major re-direction for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Most 944 were also done there even though they used many fewer VW components. 4664, far-reaching legislation to put the National Science Foundation on a track to double its budget over five years and to create new mathematics and science education initiatives at both the pre-college and undergraduate level. The two companies collaborated in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, in 1976 with the Porsche 924, which used many Audi components and was built at an Audi Neckarsulm factory. R. The company has always had a close relationship with Volkswagen, and as already mentioned, the first Porsche cars used many Volkswagen components. On 2002-12-19, Bush signed into law H. A cost-reduced model with the same body but 356-derived running gear (including its four-cylinder engine) was sold as the 912. [48]. It remains in production; however, after several generations of revision, current-model 911s share only the basic mechanical concept of a rear-engined, six=cylinder coupe, and basic styling cues with the original car. In January 2006, six former EPA directors, five of them Republican, warned of the consequence of continued inaction on global warming. Far more than any other model, the Porsche brand is defined by the 911. The United States has signed the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, a pact that allows signatory countries to set goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions individually, but with no enforcement mechanism. The car has become their most well-known model, successful on the race-track, in rallies, and in terms of sales. economy; the protocol has more than 100 signatory nations. In 1963, after some success in motor-racing (namely with the Porsche 550 Spyder), the company launched the Porsche 911, another air-cooled, rear-engined sports car, this time with a 6-cylinder "boxer" engine. Bush has opposed the Kyoto Protocol to reduce the effect of global warming, saying it would harm the U.S. The sleek bodywork was designed by Erwin Komenda who had also designed the body of the Beetle. Partially due to gas price hikes, Bush proposed tapping the oil reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The last 356s were powered by 100% Porsche designed engines. Another subject of controversy is Bush's Clear Skies Initiative, which seeks to reduce air pollution through expansion of emissions trading. However, the 356 had several evolutions while in production and many VW parts were replaced by Porsche-made parts. In December 2003, Bush signed legislation implementing key provisions of his Healthy Forests Initiative; environmental groups have charged that the plan is simply a giveaway to timber companies. Again, the car used components from the Beetle including its engine, gearbox and suspension. Bush signed the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002, authorizing the federal government to begin cleaning up pollution and contaminated sediment in the Great Lakes, as well as the Brownfields Legislation in 2002, accelerating the cleanup of abandoned industrial or brownfield sites. Ferdinand Porsche worked with his son Ferry Porsche in designing the 356 but died soon after the first prototype was built. Bush's environmental record has been attacked by most environmentalists, who charge that his policies cater to industry demands to weaken environmental protections. Many people regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. Critics say schools were not given the resources to help meet new standards, although their argument is based on premise that authorization levels are spending promises instead of spending caps. The second Porsche model, the Porsche 356 sports car of 1948, was initially built in Gmünd, Austria, where the company was evacuated to during war times, but after building 49 cars the company relocated back to Zuffenhausen. In January of 2002, Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy as chief sponsor, which aims to close the achievement gap, measures student performance, provides options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and targets more federal funding to low-income schools. The first Porsche, the Porsche 64 from 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. 2005-01-24/MNGCTAV6E71.DTL sfgate Adult stem cell funding has not been restricted, and is supported by President Bush as a more viable means of research. . In January of 2005 it was determined that all embryonic stem cell lines approved for use in research were contaminated by mouse virus particles derived from the substrates on which the cells were cultured and were consequently probably unusable in therapies for human patients. Studebaker, SEAT, Daewoo, Subaru and Yugo have consulted Porsche on engineering for their cars or engines. Bush opposes any new embryonic stem cell research, and has limited federal funding for research to studies that use embryonic stem cell lines that were in existence on 2001-08-09 (the day of the announcement). Porsche has for many years offered consultancy services to various other car manufacturers. Perhaps most significantly, individuals who develop chronic illnesses relatively early (before age 55) are unlikely to have set aside sufficient money to even minimally meet the costs of their own care. Some Boxster and Cayman production is outsourced to Valmet Automotive in Finland. Individual employees are also weakly positioned to negotiate for better, or less expensive care. The headquarters and main factory are still at Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, but for the Cayenne and Carrera GT there is a new plant at Leipzig, in the east of Germany. Critics point out that most families do not have significant funds to put aside for additional retirement savings, most individual investors are not skilled at the management of complex financial instruments, and that both the Social Security and health care funding changes simply permit employers to spend less on benefits for employees, whether employees are able to replace the benefits or not. As a company, Porsche is known for weathering changing market conditions with great financial stability, while retaining most production in Germany during an age when most other German car manufacturers have moved at least partly to Eastern Europe or overseas. Additionally, consumer choice would use the market to drive efficiencies in the behaviors of providers. Future plans include a high performance luxury sedan. The rationale for such accounts is that individuals would theoretically seek better value for their "own" money than if costs were covered by employer-funded insurance or by federal programs. The current Porsche lineup includes everything from an entry-level roadster (Boxster) to a Supercar (Carrera GT). The main advantage of personal accounts within Social Security is that it permits workers to own the money they save against the cost of retirement such that cannot be taken away from them by fiat or political whim. Porsche has a reputation for producing high-end sports vehicles that, despite their high performance, are reliable and tractable enough to be used for daily driving, and of high manufacturing quality and durability. President Bush emphasized his proposal for personalized accounts would allow individual workers to invest a portion of their Social Security Tax (FICA) into secured investments. The company is located in Zuffenhausen, a city district of Stuttgart. Bush called for major changes in Social Security, identifying the system's projected insolvency as a priority early in his second term. Porsche AG), pronounced as a two syllable word (porsh-uh, IPA: pɔrʃʌ) , is a German manufacturer of sports cars, founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche, the engineer who created the first Volkswagen. It is pending Supreme Court review. F. The law has not yet been enforced, having been ruled unconstitutional by three District Courts. c. Bush signed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, having declared his aim to "promote a culture of life". h. Bush said the law, estimated to cost 400,000,000,000 (USD) over the first 10 years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care". Ing. Bush signed the Medicare Act of 2003, which added prescription drug coverage to Medicare (United States), subsidized pharmaceutical corporations, and prohibited the Federal government from negotiating discounts with drug companies. Porsche (Dr. Most recently, in the fourth quarter of 2005, the economy under Bush grew at a 1.1 percent pace, the worst showing in more than three years.[47] Just prior to that in the third quarter, pace of growth was 4.3 percent, the best showing in more than a year. The correct pronunciation of 'Porsche'. Under Bush, the seasonally adjusted Unemployment Rate based on the Household Survey started at 4.7% in January 2001, peaked at 6.2% in June 2003, and retreated to 4.9% in August 2005. Porsche E2. In January 2006, the government reported that first-time jobless claims fell to their lowest level in more than five years to 291,000, a sign that the national labor market continues to shake off the effects of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.[46]. Porsche Carrera GT Concept. Considering population growth, that still represents a 4.6% decrease in employment since Bush took office. Porsche Boxster Concept. The economy then added private jobs for 25 consecutive months from (July 2003 to August 2005), and the private employment seasonally adjusted numbers increased as of June 2005 when it reached 111,828,000. Porsche Varrera. Private employment (seasonally adjusted) originally decreased under Bush from 111,680,000 in December 2000 to 108,250,000 in mid-2003. Porsche 989. Inflation under Bush has remained near historic lows at about 2-3% per year. Porsche Panamericana. As a percentage of GDP, however, the deficits are lower than those experienced during the Reagan Administration. Porsche 969. The tax cuts, a recession, and increases in outlays all contributed to record budget deficits during the Bush administration. Porsche 942. Federal spending in constant dollars increased under Bush by 26% in his first 4 and a half years. Porsche 959 Prototype. During his first term, Bush sought and obtained Congressional approval for three major tax cuts, and has asked congress to make the cuts permanent. Porsche 916 (flat-6 914). foreign policy which means the USAID would support those "countries that are committed to democratic governance, open economies, and wise investment in their people’s education, health, and potential." [45]. Porsche 901 (911 prototype). President Bush's new policy would increase assistance by 50 percent for countries that take responsibility for their own development "by ruling justly, investing wisely in their people, and encouraging economic freedom." Development assistance must also be aligned with U.S. Porsche 695 (911 prototype). The principal aims are established in President Bush's National Security Strategy: diplomacy, development and defense. Porsche 356/1. State Department and Agency for International Development (USAID) published a strategic plan for the 2004-2009 period. Porsche 114. The U.S. Porsche 911 (Racing versions). The steel tariff was later rescinded under pressure from the World Trade Organization, although the lumber dispute is ongoing. Porsche RS Spyder. Bush's imposition of a tariff on imported steel and on Canadian softwood lumber was controversial in light of his advocacy of free market policies in other areas, and attracted criticism both from his fellow conservatives and from nations affected. Porsche 911 GT1. This budget represents more money contributed to fight AIDS globally than all other donor countries combined. TWR-Porsche of Joest Racing. An additional $1 billion will go to support the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Porsche 966. already has bilateral programs established. Porsche Indy March (89P and 90P). Another $5 billion will go to continuing support of AIDS relief in 100 countries where the U.S. Porsche 961. $9 billion is allocated for new programs in AIDS relief for 15 countries most affected by HIV/AIDS. Porsche 959 (Rally). Tobias, the Global AIDS Coordinator at the Department of State. Porsche 944 (Racing versions). Ambassador Randall L. Porsche 956/962C. The emergency relief effort is led by U.S. Porsche 954. Bush requested $15 billion for this effort, and Congress supported the president's proposal. Porsche 924 (Racing versions). In the State of the Union message in January, 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief. Porsche 936. [44]. Porsche 935. He does agree with "increasing the number of annual green cards that can lead to citizenship" but does not support giving amnesty to those who are already in the country illegally, ceding that it would only serve as incentive for increased illegal immigration. Porsche 934. Bush has also publicly stated he would like to tighten security at the U.S.-Mexico border, which includes speeding up the deportation process, building more jail cells to hold illegal immigrants, and installing more equipment and immigration officers at the border. Porsche 917. Kennedy. Porsche 910. The bill is opposed by some Democratic Senators, including Barbara Boxer and Edward M. Porsche 909 (Bergspyder). His proposal would match employers with foreign workers for a period up to six years; however, workers would not be eligible for permanent residency ("green cards") or citizenship. Porsche 908. Bush proposed an immigration bill that would have greatly expanded the use of guest worker visas. Porsche 907. [43]. Porsche 906 (Carrera 6). [42] Osama Bin Laden also openly announced that al-Qaeda will attack any country which supports the war in Iraq. Porsche 904. Three days later, a new Spanish government was elected which soon thereafter withdrew all Spanish forces from Iraq. Porsche W-RS (Spyder). It is speculated that it is the organization which launched a coordinated string of attacks in Madrid, Spain. Porsche 804 F1. However, after the invasion, al-Qaeda has used the war to great effect in its campaign. Porsche 718 F2. [41]. Porsche 718 RSK. [40] In addition, the 9/11 commission found that despite contacts between Iraq and al-Qaeda in 1996, "no collaborative relationship" emerged in regards to the attacks on 9/11. Porsche 550. sanctions were lifted. Porsche 360 (Cisitalia). Iraq Survey Group Final Report concluded, "ISG has not found evidence that Saddam Husayn (sic) possessed WMD stocks in 2003, but the available evidence from its investigation — including detainee interviews and document exploitation — leaves open the possibility that some weapons existed in Iraq although not of a militarily significant capability." [39] The 9/11 Commission report found no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein possessed WMD, although the report did conclude that Hussein's government was actively attempting to acquire technology that would allow Iraq to produce WMD as soon as U.N. Porsche 64. On September 30, 2004, the U.S. Porsche Panamera. Porsche Cayman. 2005-12-14 Bush stated that, It is true that much of the intelligence turned out to be wrong, [38] when he discussed the issue of WMD's. Porsche Carrera GT. deployment and casualties (both military and civilian) have continued through early 2006 despite the capture of Hussein, because of ongoing Iraqi insurgencies. Porsche 959 (911 based Group B supercar). U.S. Porsche Cayenne. Bush declared, "Major combat operations in Iraq have ended" [36], under a "Mission Accomplished" banner [37] on 2003-05-01. Porsche Boxster (986 and 987). Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and other world leaders questioned the war's legality. Porsche 968. Bush, breach of a 1991 ceasefire, and violation of numerous Security Council resolutions. Porsche 951 (944 Turbo). W. Porsche 944
Porsche 928. Military hostilities commenced on March 20, 2003 to preempt Iraqi WMD deployment and remove Hussein from power. Porsche 931 (924 Turbo). [35]. Porsche 924
Porsche 914 and 914-6. 2003-03-17-inspectors-iraq_x.htm. Porsche 912 (1.6-liter 911). advisement given four days prior to full-scale hostilities. Porsche 997 (From 2005). UN inspection teams departed Iraq upon U.S. Porsche 996 (1998 - 2005). Lapses in Iraqi cooperation triggered intense debate over the efficacy of inspections. Porsche 993 (1994 - 1998). On November 13, 2002, under UN Security Council Resolution 1441, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. Porsche 965 (964 Turbo). Asserting that Saddam Hussein could provide terrorists with WMD, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. Porsche 964 (1989-1994)
Porsche 911
Porsche R22. [32] Bush also said that Hussein was a threat to U.S. Porsche 108F. The theory Saddam had destroyed his WMD capability was asserted by former weapons inspector Scott Ritter [31] and the UN's former chief weapons inspector Hans Blix. Porsche 312. Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the Bush administration promoted urgent action in Iraq, stating that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein once again had weapons of mass destruction (WMD), even though Hussein claimed to have destroyed all the chemical and biological weapons he had before 1991 (he had used WMD in the Halabja poison gas attack against the Kurds in northern Iraq in 1988, when his chemical and biological weapons program was being covertly funded and supported, in part, by America and Britain [30]). Porsche Master (50 hp). Terrorism was Bush´s main topic at the 2002 NATO Summit in Prague too, calling for restructuring the organization from a Cold War focus and prepare it for new threats. Porsche Super (38 hp). [29]. Porsche Standard (25 hp). While there is past precedent for a President to cancel a treaty, most past cases have involved Congressional authorization. Porsche Junior (14 hp). The official notification of withdrawal from the treaty was announced on December 13, 2001, citing the need to protect against terrorism. Porsche AP Series. [28] Bush argued this was justified as the treaty's Cold War benefits were no longer relevant. Porsche Type 110. [27] The American Physical Society criticized this policy change, citing doubts about the system's effectiveness. 2 Paris-Dakar Rallye (1984, 1986). plans for a missile defense system."[26] To accomplish this deployment, Bush announced on May 1, 2001 his desire to withdraw from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and deploy a missile defense system with the ability to shield against a limited attack by a rogue state. 4 Rallye Monte Carlo (1968, 1969, 1970, 1978). Days after taking office, Bush stated "I am going to go forward with.. 11 Targa Florio (1956, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973). [25]. 17 Sebring 12 Hour (1960, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988). Even though international observers called the elections "fairly democratic" at the "overall majority" of polling centers, 15 of the 18 presidential candidates nevertheless threatened to withdraw, alleging flawed registration and validation. 16 Le Mans 24 Hour (1970, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998). Democratic elections were held on October 9, 2004. 15 IMSA Supercar-Race (USA). Subsequent nation-building efforts with the United Nations and Afghan president Hamid Karzai have had mixed results. 20 Daytona 24 Hour (1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1995, 2003). The regime was quickly defeated. 26 Formula 1 victories (1962, 1 win; 1984, 12 wins; 1985, 6 wins; 1986, 4 wins; 1987, 3 wins). In response to the al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, on October 7, 2001, the United States, with international support, launched a war against the Afghan Taliban regime, charged with harboring bin Laden. 2 Formula 1 Constructor World Championship (1984, 1985). The September 11, 2001 attacks were carried out by a terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda, which is led by Osama bin Laden, who had issued a Fatwah against the United States in 1997. 3 Formula 1 Driver World Championship (1984, 1985, 1986). However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the State Department focused primarily on the Middle East. 20 European Hill Climbing Championship. interests. 6 German Racing Championship (1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985). Bush's foreign policy campaign platform supported a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and reduced involvement in "nation-building" and other minor military engagements indirectly related to U.S. 3 IMSA Supercar-Series (1991, 1992, 1993). It's a body based in Hague where unaccountable judges and prosecution can pull our troops or diplomats for trial.". 8 Long Distance World Championship. Bush made the following comment: "I wouldn't join the International Criminal Court. 14 Makes and Team World Championship (1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994). International leaders also criticized Bush for withdrawing support for the International Criminal Court soon after he assumed the presidency. [24] In November 2004, Russia ratified the treaty, meeting the quota of nations required to enforce it without ratification by the United States. In 2002, Bush rejected the treaty as harmful to economic growth in the United States, stating: "My approach recognizes that economic growth is the solution, not the problem." [23] The administration also disputed the scientific basis of the treaty. During his first presidential visit to Europe in June 2001, European leaders criticized Bush for his rejection of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce global warming. A list of Bush's cabinet appointees is included on the main administration page. The administration has supported this trend, saying it helps the president get a different perspective from Beltway thinking and that he is still working (The administration noted that Bush's longest visit to Crawford, in August 2005, included only one week of actual respite in the five-week visit.). As of 2005-08-02, Bush had visited the ranch 49 times during his time as President, accruing 319 days away from the White House and nearly reaching Reagan's eight-year record of 335 days in 5.5 years. Bush also has performed many of his presidential duties from his ranch in Crawford, Texas, dubbed "The Western White House". Bolton to the United Nations. Many commentators have claimed that deference to executive privilege was one of the principal considerations Bush's administration considered when he proposed his three nominations for the Supreme Court, and appointed John R. Bush's presidency has been characterized by a vigorous defense of executive privilege. Critics allege that Bush is willing to overlook mistakes and that Bush has surrounded himself with "yes men". Bush places a high value on personal loyalty and, as a result, his administration has high message discipline. Bush's supporters respond that broad powers in the War on Terrorism are necessary to prevent major attacks against the United States[21] and that the president has not abused these powers.[22]. The administration has classified previously public information about the executive and written executive orders to block Freedom of Information Act requests and to keep old documents classified beyond their normal expiration date.[18] Bush's critics argue that unreviewable executive power risks abuse for political purposes, undermines civil liberties,[19] and that they are anti-democratic, immoral, and likely to cause resentment, as in the world's response to prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib [20]. Rumsfeld, he wrote that Common Article III of the Geneva Conventions did not apply to people detained in the War on Terrorism, thus authorizing secret military tribunals for suspected terrorists if Bush chose to use them. Roberts, considers the executive's power to be quite broad as well; in his decision in Hamdan v. [17] Bush's Chief Justice of the United States appointee, John G. The Bush administration threatened to veto two defense bills that included amendments by Senator John McCain that would limit the ability of the executive to authorize cruel inhuman and degrading treatment; Bush and his supporters argued that harsh treatment of detainees believed to be terrorists can be necessary to obtain information that would prevent terrorist attacks.[16] Administration lawyers like John Yoo have argued that the president has inherent authority to wage war as he sees fit, regardless of laws and treaties that may restrict that power. For example, Bush repeatedly argued that the limits imposed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act over-restrict its ability to monitor terrorists electronically, and has pushed for statutory exemptions to those restrictions, including certain parts of the USA PATRIOT Act. According to Bush and his supporters, the War on Terrorism requires a very strong executive with the ability to take various kinds of otherwise illegal covert actions against terrorists. An important element of Bush's presidency is its emphasis on the importance of executive powers and privileges. [15]. In his 2005 inaugural address he outlined his vision of foreign policy and plan for democracy promotion. Democrats and liberals have claimed that the prefixing of the word "conservative" with the adjective "compassionate" was less a new ideology and more a way of making conservatism seem palatable to independent and swing voters. Some conservatives have questioned Bush's commitment to traditional conservative ideals because of his willingness to incur large budget deficits by permitting substantial spending increases. During the 2000 election campaign Bush started to use the phrase compassionate conservatism to describe his beliefs. Less than three months later, however, the administration released budget projections that showed the projected budget surplus decreasing to nothing over the next years. Republicans lost control of the Senate in June, when Vermont's James Jeffords quit the Republican party to become an independent, but not before five Senate Democrats crossed party lines to approve Bush's $1.35 billion tax cut. Days later, he announced his commitment to channeling more federal aid to faith-based service organizations that critics feared would dissolve the traditional separation of church and state. On his first day in office, Bush moved to block federal aid to foreign groups that offered counseling or any other assistance to women in obtaining abortions. Democrats vigorously opposed Ashcroft for his strong, socially conservative positions on issues like abortion and capital punishment, though they eventually confirmed him. His most controversial appointment was John Ashcroft as Attorney General. Bush's first 100 days were considered less bipartisan than he pledged during the campaign. Karl Rove has had perhaps the greatest influence on Bush's professional life. His most trusted advisers have included many women, including Condoleezza Rice, Karen Hughes, and Harriet Miers. His wife Laura and his mother Barbara Bush are also considered important to his life. President, his younger brother, Jeb Bush is the current Governor of Florida, and his grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a United States Senator. Bush, served as U.S. W. His father, George H. Bush's family and advisers are considered important to him in his life and career. Official records do show that there was no waiting list for the Texas Air National Guard when Bush joined. Bush opponents contend that many of the official records can no longer be found, and that the matter is at best ambiguous. Bush supporters claim that the surviving documentary evidence regarding Bush's service in the Texas Air National Guard, including pay records and the official honorable discharge papers, indicate that Bush served honorably. These specific issues came to light during the 2004 presidential campaign as a result of endeavors by the group Texans for Truth. Though no official copies of his records have been found, his critics have alleged that he skipped over a waiting list to receive a National Guard slot, was absent from duty from 1972 to 1973, and was suspended from flying after missing a required physical examination and drug screening. Bush's military service record has been a point of controversy, especially during the 2004 presidential election. Bush's inaugural address centered mainly on a theme of spreading freedom and democracy around the world. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Bush was inaugurated for his second term on 2005-01-20. An Official challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 1-74 by the Senate and 31-267 in the House. Congress debated potential election irregularities, including allegations of voting irregularities in Ohio and electronic voting machine fraud. Notable third-party candidates included Independent Ralph Nader (463,653 votes / 0.4%), and Libertarian Michael Badnarik (397,265 votes/0.3%). No other candidate won College votes. A faithless elector, pledged to Kerry, voted for Democratic Vice Presidential running mate, John Edwards, giving him one Electoral College vote. Senator John Kerry carried 19 states and the District of Columbia, earning him 251 Electoral College votes (59,028,111 votes/48.3%). Also, Bush's win was, percentage-wise, the closest popular margin ever for a sitting president. Truman in 1948. However, Bush's victory margin, in terms of absolute number of popular votes, was the smallest of any sitting president since Harry S. This was the first time since 1988 that a President received a popular majority. The highest voter turnout since 1968 gave him more popular votes than any previous presidential candidate (62,040,610 votes/50.7%). Bush carried 31 of 50 states for 286 Electoral College votes. Despite the fact that Kerry was a thrice-decorated hero in the Vietnam War, polls showed that Bush had convinced the people he and his administration would be better able to protect the nation from another terrorist attack. In the 2004 election, Bush was able to win re-election against John Kerry, the Democratic candidate and senator from Massachusetts. An aide clarified this as being 1974, and the correction was first broadcasted on CNN. Bush has stated he did not use illegal drugs at any time since 1979. He attributed the change partly to a 1985 meeting with the Reverend Billy Graham, though by his own admission, he did still drink as recently as July 1986 [14]. He says he changed to a sober lifestyle shortly after waking up with a hangover after his 40th birthday celebration. Bush has described his days before his religious conversion in his 40s as his "nomadic" period of "irresponsible youth" and admitted to drinking "too much" in those years. News of the arrest was published five days before the 2000 presidential election. He pleaded guilty, was fined $150, and had his driver's license suspended for 30 days within Maine [12] [13]. On 1976-09-04, near his family's summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, police arrested Bush for driving under the influence of alcohol. It was the first since the 1876 election in which the Supreme Court affected the decision. Not since the 1888 election had a winner failed to receive a plurality of the popular vote. Bush was inaugurated 2001-01-20. In the final official count, Bush had won Florida by only 537 votes (2,912,790 for Bush to 2,912,253 for Gore) [11], earning the needed 25 electoral votes and the presidency. Since the Supreme Court did not allow the recount to continue, no one knows what standard might have been prescribed by it, or by a lower court at its direction, had the recount been reinstated. However, other reasonable counting methods would have given the victory to Bush in four cases and Gore in four others [9][10]. The researchers conducting the study concluded that, under the standard for assessing ballots in use during the actual count, Bush still would have won. Several months later, a group of newspapers commissioned a study of what would have happened had the hand recount continued. The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote, giving him 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266; Bush carried 30 of the 50 states. Gore Supreme Court case, the Court stopped the statewide hand recount and upheld the machine recount due to time constraints. On December 9, in the Bush v. On December 8, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that every county with a large number of undervotes would perform a hand recount. A legal battle ensued between the Bush and Gore campaigns over these recounts. Eventually four counties in Florida which had large numbers of Presidential undervotes began a manual hand recount of ballots. Although it narrowed the gap, the recount still left Bush in the lead. Because of Florida state law, a statewide machine recount was triggered and completed. Allegations included confusing ballots, defective voting machines, faulty absentee ballots from the military, and the illegal barring of some voters. The Florida vote count, which favored Bush in preliminary tallies, was contested over allegations of irregularities in the voting and tabulation processes. Though Bush had 47.9% of the popular vote and Gore had 48.4%, the electoral votes were less clear. Gore conceded the election and then rescinded that concession less than one hour later. On 2000-11-07, television networks called the close race first for his opponent, Vice President Al Gore, then for Bush, and finally declared that it was too close to call. Representative and Secretary of Defense for Bush's father, as his running mate. Bush then chose Dick Cheney, a former U.S. Bush lost the New Hampshire primary to Senator John McCain of Arizona, but rebounded to capture 9 of 13 Super Tuesday states, effectively clinching the nomination. Bush declared himself a "compassionate conservative", a term coined by University of Texas professor Marvin Olasky, and his political campaign promised to "restore honor and dignity to the White House." Bush proposed lowering taxes in response to a projected surplus, supported participation of religious charities in federally funded programs, and promoted education vouchers, oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a balanced budget, and structural changes to the United States armed forces. Before Bush had even committed to the race, he was the clear favorite in the polls, and contributions abounded from political donors. He had more than enough money, and the Republicans lacked any single strong candidate. Bush that 2000 would be the right time to run for president. Advisors convinced George W. During his Presidency, Bush has also hosted celebrations at the White House for non-Christian holidays such as Ramadan[8]. In the televised Republican presidential debate held in Des Moines, Iowa on 1999-12-13, all of the participating candidates were asked: “What political philosopher or thinker do you most identify with and why?” Unlike the other candidates, who cited former presidents and other political figures, Bush responded "Christ, because he changed my heart." His decision to name a religious figure generated some criticism - even among religious conservatives such as Alan Keyes [7] and Bill Kristol. [6]. Every president since Madison has attended services there. This is apparently a matter of convenience for chief executives, as the church is situated immediately across from the White House, off Lafayette square. John's Church (Episcopal) on a semi-regular basis. Bush attends services at St. [5] During this period, he left the Bush family's Episcopalian faith to join his wife's United Methodist Church, a denomination that in part represents a more socially conservative worldview (see United Methodist Church "Diversity Within Methodist Beliefs"). A 1985 meeting with evangelist Billy Graham ultimately led Bush to give up alcohol and devote himself to a more serious practice of Christianity. [4] During Bush's governorship, he undertook significant legislative changes in criminal justice, tort law, and school financing. That same year, he and his partners sold the Texas Rangers with the governor realizing a profit of nearly $15 million [3] In 1998 Bush went on to win re-election in a landslide victory with nearly 69% of the vote, becoming the first Texas governor to be elected for two consecutive four-year terms (before 1975, the gubernatorial term of office was two years). On 1994-11-08, Bush defeated popular incumbent Ann Richards to become Governor of Texas. After working on his father's successful 1988 presidential campaign, Bush purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise, in April 1989, where he became managing general partner. House of Representatives. In 1978, Bush ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. He then served as political director for an Alabama senate campaign. Bush started his political career assisting his father's 1964 and 1970 campaigns for the U.S Senate, neither of which were successful. Early in his professional life, Bush ran, or was a partner in, a number of oil companies, including Arbusto Energy, Spectrum 7, and the Harken Energy Corporation. President to be the father of twins. Bush is the only U.S. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were born in 1981. Two years later, he married Laura Welch, a school librarian originally from Midland, Texas. After graduation, Bush returned to Texas to enter the oil business. President to hold an MBA. In 1974, he obtained permission to end his six-year service obligation six months early in order to attend Harvard Business School, from which he earned his Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in 1975; he is the first U.S. He served as an F-102 pilot until 1972. Killian. Jerry B. Col. Bush was promoted to First Lieutenant in November 1970 on the recommendation of his commander Lt. He trained in the guard for two years, where he learned to fly. In May 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, he entered the Texas Air National Guard. As a senior, Bush was a member of the secretive Skull and Bones society, as was his father. Bush then enrolled at Yale University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History in 1968. Following family tradition, he attended prep school in New England, at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, the same school his father attended. [2]. Another younger sister, Robin, died in 1953 at age three from leukemia. He was raised in Midland, and Houston, Texas with his siblings Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy. He moved to Texas with his family at the age of two and he identifies himself as a native Texan. Bush and his wife Barbara Bush (née Pierce), George Walker Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut. W. The eldest son of former President George H. . Among his family, he acquired the nickname "W" (for his middle initial; later Dubya, a literal spelling of a colloquial pronunciation of the letter), which has become a common public nickname, used both affectionately and pejoratively. President for four years and as Vice President for eight, his brother Jeb Bush is the current Governor of Florida, and his grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a Republican United States Senator from Connecticut. Bush, served as U.S. W. Bush is a member of a prominent political family: his father, George H. This term will expire January 20, 2009. In 2004, Bush was elected to a second term, defeating Democratic Senator John Kerry. From there, he moved on to win the nomination of the Republican Party for the 2000 presidential race and ultimately defeated Democratic Vice President Al Gore in a particularly close and controversial [1] general election. Bush, a Republican, was elected 46th Governor of Texas in 1994 and was re-elected in 1998. Prior to his political career, he was a businessman in the oil industry and served as the managing general partner of the Texas Rangers baseball team. George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States. Nominated 2005-10-31; confirmed by the Senate on 2006-01-31. Alito — Associate Justice. Samuel A. Nominated 2005-10-03; nomination withdrawn in accordance with Miers' request on 2005-10-27. Miers — Associate Justice. Harriet E. Nominated 2005-09-05; confirmed by the Senate on 2005-09-29. Chief Justice. Nominated 2005-07-19; nomination withdrawn in order to nominate him to Chief Justice on 2005-09-05. Associate Justice. Roberts, Jr.
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