Peugeot

Peugeot is a major French car brand which is today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. Peugeot's roots go back to bicycle manufacturing at the end of the 19th century. Its headquarters are located in Paris, avenue de la Grande Armée.

Company history

Peugeot 404 1999 Peugeot 206 A red Peugeot 307CC (coupé cabriolet), with a folding steel roof

Although the Peugeot factory had been in the manufacturing business for some time, their entry into the world of wheeled vehicles was by means of the bicycle. Armand Peugeot (educated at the Ecole Centrale Paris) introduced the Peugeot "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882 and a range of bicycles thereafter. Indeed, Peugeot bicycles have been built until very recently, although the car company and bike company parted ways in 1926.

Armand Peugeot became very interested in the automobile early on, and after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler and others was convinced of its viability. The first Peugeot automobile (a three-wheeled steam-powered car) was produced in 1889, in collaboration with Léon Serpollet. Steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy preparation before running, so it was soon abandoned in favor of the petrol-fueled internal combustion engine. 1890 saw the first such vehicle, powered by a Daimler engine and with four wheels.

Further cars followed, twenty-nine being built in 1892. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tires to a petrol-powered car that year (solid tires; pneumatic would follow in 1895). The vehicles were still very much horseless carriages in appearance and were steered by tiller.

1896 saw the first Peugeot engines; no longer were they reliant on Daimler. Further improvements followed; the engine was soon under a hood (bonnet) at the front of the car, instead of hidden underneath, the steering wheel was adopted, and they began to look more like the modern car.

Peugeot added a motorcycle to its range in 1903, and motorcycles have been built under the Peugeot name ever since.

1913 saw a Peugeot driven by Jules Goux winning the Indianapolis 500. This car was powered by a Straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry, which had been successful in Grand Prix racing. This design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time DOHC and 4 valves per cylinder providing for high engine speeds, a radical departure from previous racing engines which relied on sheer huge displacement for power. When one of the Peugeot racers remained in the United States during World War I and parts could not be acquired from France for the 1914 season, owner Bob Burma had it serviced in the shop of Harry Arminius Miller, by a young mechanic named Fred Offenhauser. Their familiarity with the Peugeot engine was the basis of the famed Miller racing engine, which later developed into the Offenhauser, or "Offy" racing engine.

By that year, Peugeot produced half of the cars built in France. 1916 and 1919 saw repeat wins at Indianapolis.

During the 1914-1918 years Peugeot turned largely to arms production, becoming a major manufacturer of arms and military vehicles, from bicycles to tanks and shells. Postwar, car production resumed in earnest; the car was becoming no longer just a plaything for the rich but accessible to many. 1926, however, saw the cycle (pedal and motor) business separate to form Cycles Peugeot -- the consistently profitable cycle division seeking to free itself from the rather more boom-and-bust auto business.

1929 saw the introduction of the Peugeot 201, the first car to be numbered in what became the Peugeot way -- three digits with a central zero, a registered Peugeot trademark. It was also the first mass-produced car with independent front suspension. Soon after, the Depression hit; Peugeot sales dived, but the company survived. In 1933, attempting a revival of fortune, the company unveiled a new, aerodynamically styled range; in the following year, a car with a folding, retractable hardtop was introduced, an idea revived by the Ford Skyliner in the 1950s and Mercedes recently.

Three interesting models of the thirties were the 202, 302 and 402. These cars had curvaceous bodies and their headlights stood behind the sloping grille bars. The 402 entered production in 1935 and was produced until the end of 1941, despite France's being occupied by the Nazis. The 302 ran from 1936-1938. The 202 was built in series from 1938-1942, and about 20 more examples were built from existing stocks of supplies in February 1945. Regular production began again in mid-1946, and lasted into 1949.

The Second World War saw Peugeot's factories taken over for the German war effort, producing trucks and vans. The factories were heavily bombed.

1948 saw the company restarting in the car business, with the Peugeot 203. More models followed, many elegantly styled by the Italian design firm of Pininfarina. The company began selling cars in the United States in 1958. Like many European manufacturers, collaboration with other firms increased; Peugeot worked with Renault from 1966 and Volvo Cars from 1972.

In 1974 Peugeot bought a 30% share of Citroën, and took it over completely in 1976 after the French government added large sum of money to the new company. Citroën enthusiasts complain that the company's legendary innovation and flair took a downturn with that acquisition. The joint parent company became the PSA (Peugeot Société Anonyme) group, keeping the separate identities of both brands but sharing engineering and technical resources.

The group took over the European division of Chrysler (which were formerly Rootes and Simca), in 1978 as the American auto manufacturer struggled to survive. The factories acquired were worn-out and the models outdated, and the resulting investments caused financial problems for the PSA group. From then on, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the Talbot badge until production of passenger cars was shelved in 1986. The Peugeot takeover of Chrysler Europe had seen the Chrysler Sunbeam, Horizon, Avenger and Alpine ranges rebadged as Talbots. There were also new Talbots in the early 1980's - the Solara (a saloon version of the Alpine hatchback), the Samba (a small hatchback to replace the Sunbeam) and the Tagora (a large saloon based on Peugeot 505 mechanicals).

1983 saw the launch of the popular and successful Peugeot 205, which is largely credited for turning things around. A large number of successful vehicles have followed.

In 1986, the company killed off the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-based Horizon/Alpine/Solara models. What was to be called the Talbot Arizona became the 309, with the former Rootes and Simca assembly plants in Ryton and Poissy respectively being turned over for Peugeot assembly. The former was significant, as it signalled the very first time Peugeots would be built in Britain. The Talbot name survived for a little longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely.

US sales faltered, falling to just 4,261 405 and 505 models in 1990. The company's 2,240 sales through July, 1991 caused the company to pull the plug after 33 years.

Motorsports

The company has had much success in international rallying, notably with the durable Peugeot 504, highly developed four-wheel-drive turbo-charged versions of the Peugeot 205, and more recently the Peugeot 206. The 206 rally car had a dramatic impact on the world rally championship, vastly outstripping the Subaru Impreza, Ford Focus and Mitsubishi Lancer, cars which had always traditionally dominated the sport. The 206 was retired practically unbeaten after several stormingly successful years, and replaced with the comparatively disappointing Peugeot 307cc.

Throughout the mid-1990s, the Peugeot 406 saloon (called a sedan in some countries) contested touring car championships across the world, enjoying dominant success in France, Germany and Australia, yet failing to win a single race in the highly-regarded British touring car championship despite a number of excellent podium finishes under the command of touring car legend Tim Harvey.

The British cars were prepared by Prodrive in 1996 where the cars sported red livery, and MSD in 1997-1998 where they wore a distinctive green and gold flame design. Initially the 406's lack of success was blamed on suspension problems, but it is now clear that the team was underfunded and the engine lacked power on tracks which required straight-line acceleration.

In 2001, Peugeot entered three 406 coupes into the British touring car championship to compete with the dominant Vauxhall Astra coupes. Unfortunately the 406 coupe was at the end of its product life-cycle and did not prove competitive, despite some flashes of form towards the end of the year, notably when Peugeot's Steve Soper led a race only to suffer engine failure in the last few laps. The 406 coupes were retired at the end of the year and replaced with the Peugeot 307 - again, uncompetitively - in 2002.

Until its withdrawal at the end of 2005, Peugeot campaigned the Peugeot 307cc in the World Rally Championship. Peugeot won the grueling Paris Dakar Rally each year from 1987 to 1990.

In the 1990s the company raced at the Le Mans 24 Hours race, winning in 1992 and 1993. It will come back in 2007, with a car powered by a Diesel engine. Currently Peugeot have some involvement with the Courage C60 Le Mans racing team, where they are enjoying some success.

The company has also been involved in providing engines to Formula One teams, notably Prost for the 1998, 1999 and 2000 seasons.

Peugeot model numbers

Peugeot names the models of their cars in the x0y format; x describes the size of the car (and hence its class), whereas y describes the model number (the higher the number, the newer the model). Therefore, a Peugeot 406 is bigger and newer than a Peugeot 305. This general rule has its exceptions, for instance the Peugeot 309 was produced before the Peugeot 306 - the out of step number signified the 309's Simca underpinnings rather than it coming from a Peugeot lineage. Another exception is certain variants, such as the 206 SW, which is around the size of a 40y car.

This tradition began in 1929 with the launch of the 201. All numbers from 101 to 909 have been deposited as trademarks. Although in 1963 Porsche was forced to change the name of its new 901 coupé to 911, certain Ferraris and Bristols have been allowed to keep their Peugeot-style model numbers. An unsubstantiated explanation for the central '0' is that on early models the number appeared on a plate on the front of the car, with the hole for the starting handle coinciding with the zero. But the real first models (like the 301, 401 and 601) were not using this "trick". Only later models, like 302 and 402, have this feature. More recently, on the 307 CC and the 607 the button to open the trunk is located in the '0' of the label.

Peugeot is planning to use a four digit system in the future, with a double zero in the middle. It was tested with the 4002 concept car. The 1007 was using this system when it was launched in 2005.

Peugeot has produced three winners of the European Car of the Year award.

Other Peugeot models have come either second or third in the contest.

Other products

Peugeot also makes power tools, pepper and salt grinders.

Peugeot also produced bicycles starting in 1882 in Beaulieu, France (with ten Tour de France wins between 1903 and 1983) followed by motorcycles and cars in 1889. Perhaps because of being designed to a more robust standard than other French cycles, they were universally regarded as the premium French bicycle, with a price to match. In the late 1980s Peugeot sold the North American rights to the Peugeot bicycle name to ProCycle in Canada (also known as CCM) and the European rights to Cycleurope S.A.

Peugeot remains a major producer of mopeds on the French market.

Pronunciation

The common French pronunciation of "Peugeot" is 'pø:ʒo (using the IPA). In the South of England, it is usually pronounced "PERzho" (IPA 'pɜːʒəʊ), while Americans often used "pooZHO" (IPA puː'ʒoʊ) instead. In some countries, "PYOOzho" ('pjuːʒoʊ) is encountered. In Greece it is pronounced "Pezzo."

Vehicle models

Numbers

  • 104, 106, 107
  • 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
  • 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309
  • 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407
  • 504, 505
  • 601, 604, 605, 607
  • 806, 807
  • 905, 907
  • 1007
  • 4002, 4007

Others

  • Boxer
  • Expert
  • Partner
  • Quark
  • P4
  • VLV



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. Be sure to familiarize yourself with the terms used by other players beforehand. In Greece it is pronounced "Pezzo.". Every paintball field has its own lingo for various obstacles, bunkers, and landmarks that are unique to the site. In some countries, "PYOOzho" ('pjuːʒoʊ) is encountered. "Mercy" - This is yelled by the shooter if s/he holds an upper hand on an opponent within a close range; this is done to give the enemy a chance to surrender without being shot. In the South of England, it is usually pronounced "PERzho" (IPA 'pɜːʒəʊ), while Americans often used "pooZHO" (IPA puː'ʒoʊ) instead. "tricked out" - A term used to describe a gun that has numerous upgrades and enhancements, oftentimes providing dubious or non-existent performance benefits.

The common French pronunciation of "Peugeot" is 'pø:ʒo (using the IPA). The snake is a unique setup because it allows a player to advance a considerable distance while still being protected from being hit from most locations on the field. Peugeot remains a major producer of mopeds on the French market. "Snake" (n)- In hyperball, speedball, and airball a snake is a long, low structure (less then 1 meter/3 feet high) usually located either in the middle or to one or both sides of a field. In the late 1980s Peugeot sold the North American rights to the Peugeot bicycle name to ProCycle in Canada (also known as CCM) and the European rights to Cycleurope S.A. This allows referees with sound-activated timers to monitor rate of fire during games. Perhaps because of being designed to a more robust standard than other French cycles, they were universally regarded as the premium French bicycle, with a price to match. In response to the popularity of ramping (and the difficulty of catching violators), some organizations have abandoned a strict semi-auto-only policy and adopted a 15 ball-per-second cap in its place.

Peugeot also produced bicycles starting in 1882 in Beaulieu, France (with ten Tour de France wins between 1903 and 1983) followed by motorcycles and cars in 1889. Many "ramp boards" also incorporate elaborate schemes to conceal this feature from tournament referees, including a simple "panic button" trigger press sequence to turn ramping off before a marker can be confiscated and tested, and randomized rate of fire to mask the fact that the trigger activity doesn't match the actual firing of paintballs. Peugeot also makes power tools, pepper and salt grinders. "Ramping" (v)- A feature enabled in many aftermarket electronic marker 'mod boards' that functions as de-facto full-auto; while in ramping mode, pulling the trigger faster than a preset lower limit (typically 5 or more times a second) causes the marker to "ramp" to its maximum preset rate of fire, which can exceed 20 balls per second, or to fire as quickly as the hopper can supply balls to the breech. Other Peugeot models have come either second or third in the contest. "Maxed" (n)(v)- In tournament play, a team successfully eliminating all opposing players, losing none of their own players and successfully hanging the opponent's flag within the allotted game time is said to have "maxed" the other team (that is, they have achieved the maximum points possible in the game). Peugeot has produced three winners of the European Car of the Year award. It can also be used to describe a situation in which an individual or team excercised a great advantage to defeat the other player or team.

The 1007 was using this system when it was launched in 2005. It is often used to describe someone who has been marked several times. It was tested with the 4002 concept car. "Lit up" - An expression connotating overwhelming victory. Peugeot is planning to use a four digit system in the future, with a double zero in the middle. These electronic laser systems help prevent chopping in markers and help markers reach higher rates of fire consistently. More recently, on the 307 CC and the 607 the button to open the trunk is located in the '0' of the label. If a ball enters the breech, the laser will be reflected back into the eye, indicating that a ball is ready to be fired.

Only later models, like 302 and 402, have this feature. Reflective sends a laser across the breech from one eye. But the real first models (like the 301, 401 and 601) were not using this "trick". When a ball enters the breech of the marker, it breaks the laser, telling the marker that a ball is ready to be fired. An unsubstantiated explanation for the central '0' is that on early models the number appeared on a plate on the front of the car, with the hole for the starting handle coinciding with the zero. Breakbeam incorporates two eyes which send a laser across the breech to one another. Although in 1963 Porsche was forced to change the name of its new 901 coupé to 911, certain Ferraris and Bristols have been allowed to keep their Peugeot-style model numbers. There are two types; breakbeam and reflective.

All numbers from 101 to 909 have been deposited as trademarks. "eye/eyes/ACE" (n) - A laser detection system installed on electronic markers. This tradition began in 1929 with the launch of the 201. "chop a snake" - A process in which one player will fire over the head of an opponent located behind a snake, pinning him down, while another will advance along the lengh of the snake eliminating the opponent. Another exception is certain variants, such as the 206 SW, which is around the size of a 40y car. Many markers have special technology to prevent them from firing before a paintball has fed completely or to reduce the speed of the bolt so that it can't break a partially fed paintball. This general rule has its exceptions, for instance the Peugeot 309 was produced before the Peugeot 306 - the out of step number signified the 309's Simca underpinnings rather than it coming from a Peugeot lineage. Chops are usually caused by a marker shooting too fast for the speed at which the loader can feed it, or sometimes by misshapen paint that does not feed properly or low pressure or mechanical failure that causes the bolt to actuate more than once in quick succession.

Therefore, a Peugeot 406 is bigger and newer than a Peugeot 305. The force of the bolt of the marker moving forward will then cut the paintball in half inside the marker's chamber, creating a rather unpleasant mess that will prevent the marker from shooting accurately until cleaned. Peugeot names the models of their cars in the x0y format; x describes the size of the car (and hence its class), whereas y describes the model number (the higher the number, the newer the model). "chop" - Sometimes a marker may fire when a paintball has only fed partially into the breech. The company has also been involved in providing engines to Formula One teams, notably Prost for the 1998, 1999 and 2000 seasons. Necessary because hits on hard equipment may not be noticed by the player, and hits that do not leave a mark do not count, so a player may need another person to check to see if a hit broke when it is on an area of the body the player cannot readily see. Currently Peugeot have some involvement with the Courage C60 Le Mans racing team, where they are enjoying some success. "paint check" (v) - When an official or another player inspects a player for hits.

It will come back in 2007, with a car powered by a Diesel engine. If the teammates are looking the wrong way, or there are no teammates left, an opposing player can often run straight up to the player's bunker without the player seeing him and "bunker" the player by shooting directly over or around the side of the cover. In the 1990s the company raced at the Le Mans 24 Hours race, winning in 1992 and 1993. "bunker" (v) - When a player is behind a bunker, the bunker blocks that player's view of the field in front of him, forcing the player to occasionally look out from behind the bunker (and risk being hit) or rely on teammates to prevent opposing players from advancing through that area. Peugeot won the grueling Paris Dakar Rally each year from 1987 to 1990. In speedball, vrtually all objects placed on an otherwise empty grass field are "bunkers", and in most modern speedball tournaments, bunkers are inflatable vinyl obstacles (like river rafts with more basic and varied shapes). Until its withdrawal at the end of 2005, Peugeot campaigned the Peugeot 307cc in the World Rally Championship. In wooded play, a bunker may be a large fallen log, a collection of wood, a constucted obstacle of wood, barrels, or other material, or even a dug-out depression in the ground.

The 406 coupes were retired at the end of the year and replaced with the Peugeot 307 - again, uncompetitively - in 2002. "bunker" (n) - A non-natural obstacle on the field of play suitable for use as cover. Unfortunately the 406 coupe was at the end of its product life-cycle and did not prove competitive, despite some flashes of form towards the end of the year, notably when Peugeot's Steve Soper led a race only to suffer engine failure in the last few laps. Sometimes refered to as "Extra Love". In 2001, Peugeot entered three 406 coupes into the British touring car championship to compete with the dominant Vauxhall Astra coupes. A player may receive bonus balls due to the increasingly fast rate of fire of markers in tournament play, walking through a spot another player is shooting, or occasionally by being intentionally shot by an opponent. Initially the 406's lack of success was blamed on suspension problems, but it is now clear that the team was underfunded and the engine lacked power on tracks which required straight-line acceleration. "bonus ball" (v)- Hits a player receives after being eliminated, usually while leaving the field of play.

The British cars were prepared by Prodrive in 1996 where the cars sported red livery, and MSD in 1997-1998 where they wore a distinctive green and gold flame design. Paintball is ranked ahead of snowboarding by a large margin. Throughout the mid-1990s, the Peugeot 406 saloon (called a sedan in some countries) contested touring car championships across the world, enjoying dominant success in France, Germany and Australia, yet failing to win a single race in the highly-regarded British touring car championship despite a number of excellent podium finishes under the command of touring car legend Tim Harvey. According to the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association International's (SGMA) 2005 stats, paintball is the third most popular 'extreme sport' in the world, following skateboarding and inline skating. The 206 was retired practically unbeaten after several stormingly successful years, and replaced with the comparatively disappointing Peugeot 307cc. Growing Popularity. The 206 rally car had a dramatic impact on the world rally championship, vastly outstripping the Subaru Impreza, Ford Focus and Mitsubishi Lancer, cars which had always traditionally dominated the sport. Good equipment does lend a competitive edge, but it is possible to get good results with relatively inexpensive equipment, and skill trumps gear quality.

The company has had much success in international rallying, notably with the durable Peugeot 504, highly developed four-wheel-drive turbo-charged versions of the Peugeot 205, and more recently the Peugeot 206. Many players believe that more expensive and higher quality equipment determines how well a person plays. The company's 2,240 sales through July, 1991 caused the company to pull the plug after 33 years. Quality of Equipment. US sales faltered, falling to just 4,261 405 and 505 models in 1990. Many fields forbid the use of full-auto markers, which are illegal in many countries (for example the UK). The Talbot name survived for a little longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely. Paintball fields require anyone near the field to wear a face mask, and that markers shoot at a velocity of less than 300 feet per second.

The former was significant, as it signalled the very first time Peugeots would be built in Britain. As long as the players follow the rules, paintball is an entirely safe sport. What was to be called the Talbot Arizona became the 309, with the former Rootes and Simca assembly plants in Ryton and Poissy respectively being turned over for Peugeot assembly. Recent statistics from various insurance companies have proven that paintball is actually safer than traditional sports, such as football. In 1986, the company killed off the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-based Horizon/Alpine/Solara models. Another common misconception of paintball is that it is dangerous. A large number of successful vehicles have followed. Injury and Danger.

1983 saw the launch of the popular and successful Peugeot 205, which is largely credited for turning things around. Tournaments include aspects of traditional sports: players wear bright colors as fans watch the action behind safety netting and film crews record nearly all top competitive events for DVD or TV. There were also new Talbots in the early 1980's - the Solara (a saloon version of the Alpine hatchback), the Samba (a small hatchback to replace the Sunbeam) and the Tagora (a large saloon based on Peugeot 505 mechanicals). And "scenario" paintball games seek to re-enact historic wars and battles, not to encourage violence. The Peugeot takeover of Chrysler Europe had seen the Chrysler Sunbeam, Horizon, Avenger and Alpine ranges rebadged as Talbots. Today's markers are generally not designed to mimic firearms. From then on, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the Talbot badge until production of passenger cars was shelved in 1986. Paintball fields do not tolerate physical violence (contact with an opponent is usually forbidden) nor even verbal abuse.

The factories acquired were worn-out and the models outdated, and the resulting investments caused financial problems for the PSA group. The paintball community generally works to dispel this image, increasing the public's exposure to paintball is seen as crucial to breaking down stereotypes. The group took over the European division of Chrysler (which were formerly Rootes and Simca), in 1978 as the American auto manufacturer struggled to survive. Additionally, paintball has been used for close combat training by both law enforcement agencies and terrorist groups. The joint parent company became the PSA (Peugeot Société Anonyme) group, keeping the separate identities of both brands but sharing engineering and technical resources. One common misconception is that paintball simulates war and encourages violence, thanks largely to vandalism, and the small, but noticeable resemblance of markers to firearms and the donning of camouflage for woodsball. Citroën enthusiasts complain that the company's legendary innovation and flair took a downturn with that acquisition. War and Violence.

In 1974 Peugeot bought a 30% share of Citroën, and took it over completely in 1976 after the French government added large sum of money to the new company. Various misconceptions are held by players as well as people who have never seen a paintball marker. Like many European manufacturers, collaboration with other firms increased; Peugeot worked with Renault from 1966 and Volvo Cars from 1972. Paintball has proved to be an extremely safe sport and its good record comes from the uncompromising emphasis on safety. The company began selling cars in the United States in 1958. Chronographs or "Chronos" can be found from $60-250 and can greatly help the safety of everyone playing. More models followed, many elegantly styled by the Italian design firm of Pininfarina. It is recommended that everyone playing outlaw games, get their guns "chronoed" or speed check before playing.

1948 saw the company restarting in the car business, with the Peugeot 203. Many players involved in outlaw games will tend to have their guns firing "hot" or above this speed. The factories were heavily bombed. The allowed speeds usually range from around 250 Feet Per Second to the highest allowed speed of 300 FPS. The Second World War saw Peugeot's factories taken over for the German war effort, producing trucks and vans. This reduces the possibility of mask failure, and will leave less of an injury when you are hit. Regular production began again in mid-1946, and lasted into 1949. Besides mandatory use of masks, fields require that markers don't fire above certain speeds.

The 202 was built in series from 1938-1942, and about 20 more examples were built from existing stocks of supplies in February 1945. Do not be surprised if you are pushed down or otherwise covered by players and/or refs. The 302 ran from 1936-1938. Players or refs will come running to help. The 402 entered production in 1935 and was produced until the end of 1941, despite France's being occupied by the Nazis. If your mask falls off during a game, drop to your knees and cover your eyes with your arm or hands while yelling for assistance and/or a ceasefire repeatedly. These cars had curvaceous bodies and their headlights stood behind the sloping grille bars. A ref or another player will lead you to a safe area.

Three interesting models of the thirties were the 202, 302 and 402. If you find your mask is covered with paint, sweat, or dirt, and you cannot see well enough to safely get off the field, stand with both hands in the air and yell (usually "Fogged!") for assistance. In 1933, attempting a revival of fortune, the company unveiled a new, aerodynamically styled range; in the following year, a car with a folding, retractable hardtop was introduced, an idea revived by the Ford Skyliner in the 1950s and Mercedes recently. Under no circumstances should eye protection ever be removed on a live field. Soon after, the Depression hit; Peugeot sales dived, but the company survived. This means players must wear only paintball-specific goggles and facemasks at all times while playing, even if they are out. It was also the first mass-produced car with independent front suspension. Safety is paramount while playing paintball and is strictly enforced.

1929 saw the introduction of the Peugeot 201, the first car to be numbered in what became the Peugeot way -- three digits with a central zero, a registered Peugeot trademark. If you think you may have been hit the ref of the current game will run over and complete a "paint check" to evaluate whether you have been marked or not. 1926, however, saw the cycle (pedal and motor) business separate to form Cycles Peugeot -- the consistently profitable cycle division seeking to free itself from the rather more boom-and-bust auto business. The idea is to get as close to the opponent as possible, as fast as you can, so that you can catch the other player off guard, giving them little to no time to react, and giving you little to no chance to miss due to the close range. Postwar, car production resumed in earnest; the car was becoming no longer just a plaything for the rich but accessible to many. This refers to running/charging up to the bunker or barricade that an opposing player is behind and tagging them at very close range. During the 1914-1918 years Peugeot turned largely to arms production, becoming a major manufacturer of arms and military vehicles, from bicycles to tanks and shells. Another popular move is "bunkering".

1916 and 1919 saw repeat wins at Indianapolis. Moves such as a 'run through', where a player sprints down the field shooting as many of the opposing team as he can, have developed over time and are now very important plays. By that year, Peugeot produced half of the cars built in France. If you catch an opponent off guard, you are free to fire at him. Their familiarity with the Peugeot engine was the basis of the famed Miller racing engine, which later developed into the Offenhauser, or "Offy" racing engine. In almost all tournament play, there is no surrender rule. When one of the Peugeot racers remained in the United States during World War I and parts could not be acquired from France for the 1914 season, owner Bob Burma had it serviced in the shop of Harry Arminius Miller, by a young mechanic named Fred Offenhauser. Keep in mind that while waiting for a response you can still be hit by other opponents.

This design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time DOHC and 4 valves per cylinder providing for high engine speeds, a radical departure from previous racing engines which relied on sheer huge displacement for power. However, if they refuse and attempt any hostile action (such as turning to fire at you), you may fire upon them. This car was powered by a Straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry, which had been successful in Grand Prix racing. If your opponent complies (verbally, see above or by raising their hand or marker), they are considered marked and are out of the match. 1913 saw a Peugeot driven by Jules Goux winning the Indianapolis 500. Some fields require that if you are within a certain distance of an unaware opponent, you must demand their surrender (by yelling "Surrender!") before you may open fire. Peugeot added a motorcycle to its range in 1903, and motorcycles have been built under the Peugeot name ever since. This is you and one other teammate are eliminated from the current round for cheating.

Further improvements followed; the engine was soon under a hood (bonnet) at the front of the car, instead of hidden underneath, the steering wheel was adopted, and they began to look more like the modern car. In most instances a penalty of 1 for 1 will be called. 1896 saw the first Peugeot engines; no longer were they reliant on Daimler. This is cheating in its lowest form and could get you banned from the field. The vehicles were still very much horseless carriages in appearance and were steered by tiller. Some people, when hit, will wipe off the paint and continue playing. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tires to a petrol-powered car that year (solid tires; pneumatic would follow in 1895). If you believe that you have tagged another player, but they are not calling themeselves out, you can always shout for a paint check on that person.

Further cars followed, twenty-nine being built in 1892. If you are lucky, a paintball will simply bounce off of you, and will not count as a hit. 1890 saw the first such vehicle, powered by a Daimler engine and with four wheels. You should always check to see if a paintball that has hit you has indeed broken. Steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy preparation before running, so it was soon abandoned in favor of the petrol-fueled internal combustion engine. Remember that even if you are not marked, exclaiming "I'm hit" will eliminate you from the game. The first Peugeot automobile (a three-wheeled steam-powered car) was produced in 1889, in collaboration with Léon Serpollet. In some cases, depending on the field's rules, being checked by a referee does not make you invulnerable.

Armand Peugeot became very interested in the automobile early on, and after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler and others was convinced of its viability. Usually, if there is any spot that isn't clearly a hit or larger than a quarter, it will not be considered a hit. Indeed, Peugeot bicycles have been built until very recently, although the car company and bike company parted ways in 1926. A referee will come over and make a judgment call. Armand Peugeot (educated at the Ecole Centrale Paris) introduced the Peugeot "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882 and a range of bicycles thereafter. If you believe the paintball broke before impact, or if you cannot see the area to confirm a hit, then you should call for a paint check (by yelling "paint check"). Although the Peugeot factory had been in the manufacturing business for some time, their entry into the world of wheeled vehicles was by means of the bicycle. Generally if you are marked (hit) anywhere on your body, or on anything you are carrying (marker, hopper, pods) and the paintball broke upon impact, you have been marked.

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. Its headquarters are located in Paris, avenue de la Grande Armée. For information on tactics, see paintball strategy. Peugeot's roots go back to bicycle manufacturing at the end of the 19th century. These are the most common regulations, and do not include tips for playing. Peugeot is a major French car brand which is today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. Variations of the following rules are in effect at most fields.

VLV. When playing at a field for the first time, be sure to check up on the field rules. P4. Major scenario and tournament events may sometimes occur at other locations like fairgrounds, military bases, or stadiums, essentially creating a temporary paintball park, including the trained staff and insurance found at permanent commercial paintball parks. Quark. Private landowners may also be liable for injuries sustained on their property, especially if there are any fees for play. Partner. While less expensive, and often less structured than play at a commerical facility, due to the lack of standards, instruction, and oversight, the vast majority of injuries incured by paintball players occur in a "renegade" setting.

Expert. Some players play on private land, often refered to as "renegade" play. Boxer. Commercial fields adhere to specific safety and insurance standards and have employed staff (often called referees) whose job is to make sure players are instructed in proper play and play in a manner that insures all participants' safety. 4002, 4007. Additionally, some commercial fields offer fast-paced indoor game play, often with multiple rooms. 1007. A paintball park may be an area of woods, a complex of speedball fields, or a combination.

905, 907. Most players play, and most scenario games and tournaments occur, at commercial, insured paintball parks. 806, 807. While these two groups differ in style of play and appearance, the most devoted members of both groups may spend thousands of dollars per year not only on paintball equipment, but also on travel to paintball events. 601, 604, 605, 607. These frequent participants can generally be divided into two groups: Scenario players and tournament players. 504, 505. According to the Sporting Goods Manufacturer's Association, of the approximately 10 million people who participate in paintball annually, only about 15% (1.5 million) of them play 15 or more times per year.

401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407. Recreational players may play at commercial, insured paintball parks, or on private land (often referred to as "renegade"). 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309. The recreational class of player encompasses a range of levels of involvement in the sport, from occasional players like members of church groups or people attending birthday or bachelor parties, through more regular players who may own their own entry-level equipment, but do not play in tournaments. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207. Players usually fall into three categories: recreational, scenario or big game, and tournament. 104, 106, 107. The leagues consist of a whole circuit of paintball tournaments, but smaller regional and locally-sponsored tournaments are very common.

The major leagues are National Professional Paintball League (NPPL), Paintball Sports Promotions™ (PSP), and Millennium Series. Due to the competitive nature, most tournament players use high-end markers capable of higher rates of fire. There is a set number of people on each team (commonly three, five or seven), and modern tournament play is primarily speedball. Tournament paintball is played by the same rules as normal paintball, but in a more competitive environment.

The Millennium Series, the Nordic Series, the former European X-Ball League, the Centurio Circuit, the XSPL, the Paintball Association in the UK and many more leagues exist and draw large numbers of teams and fans. These aren't the only leagues, however, as most regions both inside and outside the USA have leagues. Current professional and semi-professional leagues, such as the NXL (National X-Ball League), NPPL (National Professional Paintball League), NCPA (National Collegiate Paintball Association), CFOA (Carolina Field Owners Association) the NEPL (New England Paintball League),the WPL (World Paintball League) and the SPPL (Scenario Paintball Players League), regularly hold high-class, well-organized events. Some paintball parks have added dedicated reball fields.

A reball is more expensive than a paintball, but since they can be reused, they are cheaper over the long term. While they do not break open to leave a paint mark on players, the lack of filling makes them useful for indoor locations where accumulation of paint from broken paintballs would be a problem. Reballs are approximately the same size and weight of a paintball, but do not contain a paint filling. A "reball" is a solid, dense-foam substitute for a paintball.

The first team to reach a set point total (commonly 5 or 7 points), or the team with the highest point total after game time has elapsed, wins the match. The X-Ball Light variant has one period, typically 15 minutes long. X-Ball has taken root at the national level, although variations are found in regional and local competition. Players who receive penalties are not permanently removed from the game, but placed in a hockey-like penalty box for several minutes.

Unlike most tournament formats that forbid players to communicate with people on the sidelines, X-Ball allows a coach to advise players on the field. Teams of up to 18 players field five players at a time. The winner is the team with the most victories after two 16- to 20-minute halves. A newer tournament format, X-Ball pits two teams against each other in multiple rounds of Center Flag played one after another until time runs out.

Popular non-Xball center-flag formats include:. Teams play several other teams, accumulating points in each game for acts such as being the first to get the flag, bringing the flag to the goal, eliminating opposing players, and having uneliminated players left at the end of the game. The most common tournament formats pit two teams of three, five, or seven players against each other. Woodsball tournaments, the original and once the most popular format, have largely given way to speedball fields, whose inflatable bunkers can be moved between matches or tournament stages.

Modern tournament paintball has developed in earnest since roughly 1990. The largest is probably "Oklahoma D-Day" which drew more than 3,500 in 2005, plays across 700 acres of land and includes some 15 "paintball tanks" and pontoon-built landing craft. Skirmish Paintball in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania holds several every year, including The Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Normandy, which drew more than 3,000 attendees in 2005. Scenario games can last hours or even days, and bigger games often have player re-insertions at set intervals.

Scenario paintball games are often larger-scale re-enactments of historical battles involving hundreds of people, such as the Battle of Normandy, or modern scenarios such as storming a building and rescuing hostages. Most national and local tournaments and leagues are built around speedball. The close quarters foster a lot of movement and "bunkering", or running up to an opposing player's bunker and eliminating them from close range. Artificial barriers (bunkers), often inflatable, are placed throughout the field for players to move between and hide behind.

Speedball is a faster, closer-quarters game than woodsball and is played on a field about the size of a basketball court or two. Woodsball games generally take more time than speedball games. Woodsball, paintball's original format, is generally played in a wooded area large enough to hold dozens of players. The team that eliminates all of the players on the other team wins.

The winner is the team that brings the flag to the opponent's end of the field. Similar to Capture the Flag, the game starts with a single flag at the center of the field instead of one at each end. Victory is achieved by being the first team to hang the opponents' flag on the designated location at or near their own starting location. Teams start on opposing sides and attempt to acquire the opponents' flag while protecting their own.

The classic schoolyard game, with a paintball twist. . The first tournament with a cash prize was held in 1983. The first paintball game was played in New Hampshire in 1981 by Bob Gurnsey, Hayes Noel, Charles Gaines, and nine others, who used markers built to tag cattle or trees.

Once marked by a paintball, a player is eliminated from the game. Paintball is a sport whose participants use markers to shoot paintballs (roughly marble-sized, .68 caliber, gelatin capsules filled with colored polyethylene glycol) at other players. 90% of paintball players are 12-24 years old. 85% of paintball players are male.

Baseball — 9.7 million participants (just 1.01% more than paintball). Tackle Football — 5.4 million participants. Paintball had approximately 9.6 million participants in 2004

    . V ammo Cheap Alternative.

    Nerf is a hobby/sport similar to paintball in that many of the game types are the same, however instead of using marker it uses modified Nerf toys. Lasertag. Airsoft. In the 2002 movie 8 Mile starring Eminem, a scene was shot which depicted a drive by with a paintball gun.

    The game, Greg Hastings Tournament Paintball, was released in 2004, and a sequel of the game, Greg Hastings Tournament Paintball MAX'D, was released in 2005. A simulation of the sport of paintball, using NPPL-like tournament play, and featuring actual professional paintball players and licensed-equipment from actual paintball manufacturers, was created by game developer The Whole Experience. In 2005, rapper B-Real (of Cypress Hill), wrote the song Play it for Real about the sport of paintball. 10-man: Defunct format discontinued on the PSP in 2004.

    attention in 2000 and is played on the NPPL Super 7 and Millenium Series. 7-man: Popular in Europe, it gained much U.S. 5-man: Played on the PSP and CFOA circuits. Point scoring system.

    First to eliminate the opposing team and hang the flag in the middle on the other sides break point. 3-man: 3 Man paintball games.