Nepal

In the terai belt and the cities houses are mostly built in RCC(rod cement and concrete) framework. It also has the legend Por la razón o la fuerza (By right or might or By reason or by force).
. Nowdays houses are built with cement, concrete and rods, with concrete roof or jasta pata(tins). The coat of arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (Vultur gryphus, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus, an endangered white tail deer). Most houses in the himalayan region are made of mud and rock with wooden framework to support and khar(a type of grass withlong leaves ) as a shade. The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile. In bel baha, preadolescent girls are "married" to the bel fruit tree, ensuring that the girl becomes and remains fertile. Master artists from Chile include: Carlos Catasse, Roberto Matta, Camilo Mori, Carlos Sotomayor.

Nepal has a rich tradition of ceremonies, such as nwaran (the christening of a child), and the Pasni, the day a child is first fed rice, and bratabandha (the penance ceremony) and gupha for prepubescent boys and girls, respectively. His three highly individualistic homes, located in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valparaiso are popular tourist destinations. Polygamy is banned by law; relatively isolated tribes in the north, such as the Dolpo, practise polyandry. Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda, who also won the Nobel Prize and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. Most marriages are arranged, and divorce is rare. Gabriela Mistral, was the first Chilean to win a Nobel Prize for literature. Main holidays include the National Day (birthday of the king) December 28, Prithvi Jayanti, (January 11), and Martyr's Day (February 18) and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist festivals such as Dashai in autumn, and Tihar late autumn. Chileans call their country País de Poetas which means land of poets.

Saturday is the official weekly holiday. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva Canción Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers. The Nepali year begins in mid-April and is divided into 12 months. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. Radio is listened to throughout the kingdom; as of 2000, there were 12 radio stations. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Lack of electrification makes this difficult. The national dance is the cueca.

There is one television service, although many networks, particularly those that originate in India, are available with the installation of increasingly popular satellite dishes. Other European influences, primarily English and French, began in the 19th century and have continued until today, as in other Western societies. The Martyrs Soccer League is the national soccer championship. Afterwards, their culture was dominated by the Spanish during the Colonial and early Republican period. Soccer is the most popular sport, followed by cricket and kabaddi. Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca empire. In recent times, Nepali rock or rock music, sung to Nepali lyrics, has become popular among youth. About 85% of Chile's population lives in urban areas, with 40% of the country's population living in Greater Santiago (6.5 million people).

The sarangi, a four-stringed, hand-carved instrument is usually played by wandering minstrels. Most retained their traditions, cultures and national affiliations by maintaining close-knit communities - although many also mixed into the majority - while at the same time co-existed peacefully with the host population. Women, even of the musician castes, are less likely than men to play music, except in specific situations such as traditional all-female wedding parties. Although the combined number of immigrants never comprised a large segment of the population, they nevertheless contributed greatly to Chilean society and the development of the nation. Musical genres from Tibet and India have had a strong influence on traditional Nepalese music. In the last decade there has been an influx of Koreans who settled in small sections of Santiago. Musical styles are a variety of pop, religious and folk music, among other styles. There are also people from Middle Eastern and North African backgrounds, including the second largest Palestinian colony outside of the Middle East.

Music is percussion-based, sometimes with flutes or shawm accompanying the intense, nasal vocal lines. Other historically significant immigrant groups include people of Italian ancestry (Valparaíso Region), Croatian (Antofagasta and Punta Arenas), French, and Polish backgrounds. The Newar people are well-known for masked dances that tell stories of the gods and heroes. A government-sponsored immigration from Germany began in 1848, and in time, changed the cultural makeup of the southern provinces of Valdivia, Llanquihue, and Osorno, which still show a strong German influence. Many Nepalese folktales are enacted in dance and music. They include an influential number of descendants of Irish immigrants which arrived in Chile during the Spanish colonial period and descendants of English immigrants, arrived during and after independence (mainly merchants and sailors). Traditional stories are rooted in the reality of day-to-day life—tales of love, affection, battles, and demons and ghosts; they reflect and explain local lifestyles, cultures and belief systems. Chileans descended from non-Spanish European immigrants are numerous.

Folklore is an integral part of Nepalese society. However, Argentina's eventual economic collapse in 2001 caused such an escalation in their migratory influx into Chile, that by 2005 Argentinians comprised the largest immigrant group, outnumbering Peruvians. Meat, eggs, and fish are also consumed, particularly in the mountainous regions, where the diet tends to be richer in protein. Peruvians have historically constituted the largest immigrant group of the country. Between these main meals, snacks such as chiura (beaten rice) and tea are consumed. Throughout much of Chile's modern history there has been a slow but steady work related trans-Andean migration to Chile - primarily from Peru and Bolivia - due mostly to the economic situation of its neighbours. This is consumed twice daily, once in the morning and again after sunset. There are also around 5,000 polynesian people who are indigenous to the Chilean territory of Easter Island (Rapanui) in the Pacific.

A typical Nepalese meal is dal-bhat, boiled lentils served with rice and usually vegetables. Aymara and Quechua-speaking populations live along the northern border with Peru and Bolivia. Similarities can be observed in the clothing, way of life, language and food. Of that 700,000, around 80% are Mapuche that reside mainly in the south-central area of the country. Culture to the south and Tibetan to the north. People that self-identify solely as members of any of the country's many indigenous groups number around 700,000 individuals, or 5% of the country's total population. A picture of dal-bhat-tarkari, Nepalese food for lunch and dinner. Those of unmixed European ancestry are estimated in ten percent of the population.

Kathmandu, with a population of 80,000, is the largest city in the country. People of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry are not uncommon. A majority of the population live in the central highlands despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the fertile Terrai belt in recent years. The combination of an economy based on temperate-zone agriculture, Amerindian resistance to Spanish occupation, and a continuous influx of Spaniards from the mid-sixteenth century to the end of the colonial period defined the main body of Chile's mestizo majority population to one where the average Spanish input is greater than in neighbouring Andean mestizo populations. The northern mountains are sparsely populated. Many of these ended up settling in Chile. Hinduism is the official religion of the country, making it the only officially Hindu nation. Spaniards arrived from all regions of Spain, including Andalucia, Extremadura, and the Basque country.

Hindu influence is less prominent among the Gurung, Limbu, Bhutia, and Thakali groups, who employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies. During the colonial period, Spain found it necessary to maintain a continual influx of soldiers to protect its distant American colonies. Among the Tibeto-Nepalese, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunwar, and Rai peoples. Around 95% of Chileans descend from early Spanish colonists, with the overwhelming part also possessing Native American ancestry in varying degrees - thus deeming the population majority as mestizo. Buddhism was relatively more common among the Newar and Tibeto-Nepalese groups. Unlike some of its South American neighbours, Chile is a relatively homogenous country. Buddhists are mostly concentrated in the eastern regions and the central Terrai. Chile has a population of 16,136,137 people (June 2005, Estimated).

Both share common temples and worship common deities and many of Nepal's Hindus could also be regarded as Buddhists. The two countries maintain consular relations. Differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been in general very subtle and academic in nature due to the intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to reacquire territory it lost to Chile in 1879-83 War of the Pacific. Other languages include Template:Ll 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5%. It settled its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s. Nepali is the national language with 47.8% of the population speaking it as their first language. The Chilean Government has diplomatic relations with most countries.

Buddhists make up 10.7%, Muslims 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other religions 0.9%. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile and has been an important actor on international economic issues and hemispheric free trade. According to the 2001 census, Hindus constitute 80.6% of the population. Chile hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005. Other groups are the Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8%. Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. The largest ethnic group is the Chhettri (15.5%). Chile is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities.

Total literacy rate is 45.2% (62.7% for males and 27.6% for females). Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Life expectancy is 59.8 years (60.9 for males and 59.5 for females). Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. There are 1,060 males for every 1,000 females. Although not a de-facto mandate in it's mission, the Policia de Investigaciones keeps an eye on the Carabineros in order to weed out corruption, Carabineros reciprocates the duty and both institutions have exposed corrupt officials within their counterpart. The median age is 20.07 (19.91 for males and 20.24 for females). In addition to investigating crimes, the Policia de Investigaciones also complements the functions Carabineros in times of civil unrest, and is in charge of all immigration procedures.

39% of the population is up to 14 years old, 57.3% are aged between 15 and 64, and 3.7% above 65. Mr Arturo Herrera heads the Policia de Investigaciones. Nepal has a total population of 27,676,547 as of July 2005, with a growth rate of 2.2%. It is a special arm of the Public Ministry whose main task is to investigate crimes and apprehend the suspects once firm evidence has been established. Divisions:. In addition to the Carabineros, who are part of the military, Chile also has the Policia de Investigaciones, a police force composed of civilians which is similar in purpose to the FBI. Each district is headed by a chief district officer responsible for maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field agencies of the various government ministries. Alberto Cienfuegos is the head of the national police force of 30,000 men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.

Nepal is divided into 14 zones and 75 districts grouped into five development zones. Gen. China mainly seeks cooperation with Nepal on the issues of Tibet. With the return of democratic government, the Carabineros were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. These three foreign countries have been vociferous opponents to the crackdown on civil liberties in Nepal. After the military coup in September 1973, the Chilean national police (Carabineros) were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India, the US, and the UK have worsened. F-16 aircraft in 2006, and a contract for 18 used F-16 more has been signed with Holland.

Some Indians consider Nepal to be part of a greater pan-Indian state, an attitude that has caused Nepalese antagonism towards India. The FACH will begin taking delivery of 10 U.S. India considers Nepal as part of its realm of influence, and views Chinese aid with concern. The Air Force also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica. Although Nepal and India typically have close ties, from time to time Nepal becomes caught up in the problematic Sino-Indian relationship. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. Osvaldo Sarabia heads a force of 12,500.

In accordance with a long standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others' countries without a passport or visa. Gen. Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. Pendant of delivery one new Scorpene class SSK and up to 4 ex-dutch Fokker F-27 MPA. Most of the equipment and arms are supplied by The Republic of India.^[2]. Currently, the Navy will replace almost all the surface ships with 4 ex-dutch ships(2 Karel Doorman multi-role and 2 Jacob Van Heemskerck air defence frigates) and 3 ex-british ships (Type 23 ASW frigates). The king is the commander-in-chief of the military, which is currently engaged in the civil war against the Maoist insurgents. The Navy also operates three submarines based in Talcahuano.

Nepal spends $99.2 million (2004) on its military—1.5% of its GDP. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years. Those ships are based in Valparaíso. Nepal's military consists of the Royal Nepalese Army which includes the Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, (the air force unit under it), and the Nepalese Police Force. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only six are operational major combatants (destroyers and frigates) due to be replaced with 8 2nd hand frigates in the 2006-2008 period. According to a statement by Nepalese government in September 2005, parliamentary elections are to be held within the next two years. Rodolfo Codina Díaz directs the 25,000-person Navy, including 5,000 Marines.

In August 2005 Deuba was jailed after a Royal Commission found him guilty of corruption. Adm. In 2005, Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and other ministers were placed under house arrest, and King Gyanendra dissolved the parliament and declared a "state of emergency" which lasted till April. It also operates Leopard I and AMX-30 main battle tanks. Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch. The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. Other major parties are the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN-UML), the pro-royalist National Democratic Party (NDP) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) (CPN-ML), a faction of the CPN-UML. Juan Emilio Cheyre.

The Nepali Congress Party (NCP), established in the 1940s, is the oldest party in Nepal. Gen. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council. The commander in chief of the Chilean Army is Maj. The judiciary is made of the Sarbochha Adalat—the Supreme Court, appellate courts and various district courts. However, reforms made in 2005 to the Constitution now give the President the right to remove the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces. The Cabinet is appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Under the 1980 Constitution, the services enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the President could not remove service commanders on his own authority.

The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election is appointed as the Prime Minister. Chile's Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the President through the Minister of Defense. The executive comprises the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The combined public and private foreign debt was roughly over 50% of GDP at the end of 2004—low by Latin American standards. All males and females 18 years and older may vote. The government is paying off its foreign debt. The legislature has a five-year term, but can be dissolved by the king before its term ends. Nearly all of the funds raised go to finance investment.

The National Council has 60 members, 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. markets through American Depository Receipts (ADR's). The House of Representatives consists of 205 members directly elected by the people. There are three main ways Chilean firms raise funds abroad: bank loans, bond issue, and the selling of stock on U.S. Nepal's legislature is bicameral constituting of a House of Representatives and a National Council. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings (Standard & Poor's A+) of countries in Latin America. In 1990, King Birendra agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $54 billion in late 2004, has provided an important source of investment capital for the capital market.

Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy under the executive control of the king. The introduction of these new products has been accompanied by increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and credit cards. Nepal's import partners include India (43%), the United Arab Emirates (10%), China (10%), Saudi Arabia (4.4%), and Singapore (4%). Chileans have enjoyed the recent introduction of new financial tools such as home equity loans, currency futures and options, factoring, leasing, and debit cards. India (48.8%), the US (22.3%), and Germany (8.5%) are its main export partners. The Chilean government implemented a further liberalization of capital markets in 2001. Imports commodities of mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and fertiliser total US$1.419 bn. Chile's financial sector has grown faster than other areas of the economy over the last few years; a banking reform law approved in 1997 broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks.

Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain total $568 million. Currently it is negotiating with African nations. Per capita income is around US$1,402, ranked 163rd. Chile also has signed trade agreements with China, as well as a four-party agreement with Singapore, New Zealand and Brunei (P4). Nepal's GDP for the year 2005 is estimated to be just over US$37bn (adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity), making it the 83rd largest economy in the world. Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Poverty is acute and many of Nepal's women are sold to Indian brothels, a figure as high as 7,000 each year.^[1] Nepal receives US$50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery. The U.S.-Chile FTA entered into force January 1, 2004 following approval by the U.S and Chilean congresses.

A lack of employment prospects has encouraged many Nepalese to move to India in search of work. The agreement will lead to completely duty free bilateral trade within 12 years. The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. After two years of negotiations, the United States and Chile signed an agreement in June 2003. The spectacular landscape and deep, exotic culture of Nepal represents considerable potential for tourism, but growth in this export industry has been stifled by recent political events. Continuing its export-oriented development strategy, Chile completed landmark free trade agreements in 2002 with the European Union and South Korea. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce, including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Chile, a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization, is seeking to boost commercial ties to Asian markets.

Agricultural produce—mostly grown in the Terrai region bordering India—includes rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and water buffalo meat. An association agreement with Mercosur--Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay--went into effect in October 1996. By sector, agriculture employs 81% of the workforce, services 16% and manufacturing/craft-based industry 3%. Chile also concluded preferential trade agreements with Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Nepal's workforce of about 10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labour. During the 1990s, Chile signed FTAs with Canada, Mexico, and Central America. The distribution of wealth among the people is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households receive nearly 30% of the national income, and the lowest 10% a little more than a tenth of that. Successive Chilean governments have actively pursued liberalizing trade agreements.

A long-standing economic agreement between Nepal and India underpins a close relationship between the two economies. Chile will have to phase out the price bands within 12 years under the terms of the U.S.-Chile FTA. Since the loosening of exchange rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for foreign exchange has all but disappeared. The price bands were ruled inconsistent with Chile's WTO obligations in 2002 and the government has introduced legislation to modify them. The Nepalese Rupee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. Higher effective tariffs are charged only on imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar as a result of a system of import price bands. The inflation rate has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher inflation during the 1990s. Chile unilaterally lowered its across-the-board import tariff for all countries with which it does not have a trade agreement to 6% in 2003.

The government's budget is about US$665 million, with expenditures of $1.1bn. As a bloc, the European Union (EU) in 2004 supplied 16.3% of Chile's imports, while Argentina contributed 16%. The country receives foreign aid from India, China, the United States, Japan and the European Union. The United States represented 14.6% of Chilean imports in 2004. A lack of natural resources, its landlocked location, technological backwardness and the long-running civil war have also prevented Nepal from fully developing its economy. Capital goods made up about 66% of total imports. There are around 100,000 Internet connections, but after the imposition of the "state of emergency", intermittent losses of service have been reported. Chilean imports increased 30% in 2004, to $23 billion, reflecting a positive change in consumer demand and economic recovery.

There is fewer than one telephone for each 46 people; landline services are poor, although mobile telephony in a reasonable state in some parts of the country. Asia has been the fastest-growing export market in recent years. Aviation is in a better state, with 46 airports, nine of them with paved runways. The U.S., the largest national market, takes in 17.3% of Chile's exports. There are just over 4,000 km of paved roads, and one 59 km railway line in the south of the country. Chile's export markets are fairly balanced among Europe (25.1%), Asia (33.1%), Latin America (15.7%), and North America (19%). Terrain that ranges from hilly to mountainous in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. Total exports in 2004 were $32 billion, a 52.1% increase from $20.4 billion in 2003.

Agriculture provides a livelihood for some 80% of the population and accounts for about 40% of the GDP, With services comprising 40% and industrial output the remainder. The trade balance for 2004 showed a historic surplus $9 billion, considerably higher than 2003. Nepal is one of the poorest and least developed nations in the world; up to half of its people live below the poverty line. The most important non-mineral exports are forestry and wood products, fresh fruit and processed food, fishmeal and seafood, and wine. The Himalaya blocks the cold winds from Central Asia in winter, and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns. In 1975, non-mineral exports made up just over 30% of total exports, whereas now they account for about 60%. Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. Nontraditional exports have grown faster than those of copper and other minerals.

The tropical and subtropical zones lie below 1,200 m, the temperate zone between 1,200 and 2,400 m; the cold zone between 2,400 m and 3,600 m; the subarctic climatic zone between 3,600 and 4,400 m, and the arctic zone above 4,400 m. Chile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports; the state-owned firm Codelco is the world's largest copper-producing company. Nepal has five climatic zones, broadly corresponding to altitude. In 2004, exports accounted for about 34% of GDP. Deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems. Chile's economy is highly dependent on international trade. Kanchenjunga, the world's third highest peak is also located on its eastern border with Sikkim. The U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement offers a number of other investor protections.

Eight of the top ten highest mountains in the world are located in Nepal. Registration is simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital. The world's highest mountain, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) 8,850 m is located on the border with China. Chile's welcoming attitude toward foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law, which gives foreign investors the same treatment as Chileans. The Mountain Region is contiguous with the Hill Region and contains the highest region in the world. The government also has encouraged the use of Chile as an "investment platform" for multinational corporations planning to invest in the region. Unlike the heavily populated valleys, elevations above 2,500 m are sparsely populated. The Chilean Government committed, in early 2002, to undertake a series of microeconomic reforms designed to create new incentives for private investment.

Despite its geographical isolation and limited economic potential, the region always has been the political and cultural centre of Nepal. Both foreign and domestic investment in Chile had declined during the country’s period of slower economic growth from 1999-2003, but appear to be recovering strongly. The hilly belt includes the Kathmandu Valley, the country's most fertile and urbanised area. Total foreign direct investment rose to $7.1 billion in 2004, up from $2.5 billion in 2003. Two low mountain ranges, the Mahabharat Lekh and Shiwalik Range (also known as the Churia Range) dominate the region. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds. The Hill Region (Pahar in Nepali) abuts the mountains and varies between 1,000 and 4,000 m in altitude. Most wage settlements and spending decisions are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility.

This region has a hot, humid climate. Chile registered inflation of 2.4% in 2004 and is expected to see a 3% increase in 2005 and 2006, due gas-price factor. The Terai Plains, bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic plains, were formed and are fed by three major rivers: the Koshi, the Narayani (India's Gandak River), and the Karnali. Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. These ecological belts run east–west and are bisected by Nepal's major river systems. Chile's independent Central Bank pursues a policy of maintaining inflation between 2% and 4%. Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas—the Mountain, Hill, and Terai Regions. The share of Chileans with incomes below the poverty line--defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs--fell from 46% of the population in 1987 to 18.8% in 2003.

Efforts are underway to try and make this area a free-trade zone. Wages have risen faster than inflation as a result of higher productivity, boosting national living standards. Although Nepal shares no boundary with Bangladesh, the two countries are separated by a narrow strip of land about 24 km wide, known as the Chicken's Neck. Unemployment remained at 8.8% at the end of 2004 in spite of strong economic growth. Nepal is of roughly rectangular shape, 850 km wide and 200 km broad, with an area of 147,181 km². Unemployment has hovered in the 8%-10% range in recent years, well above the 5%-6% average for the 1990s. With the final day coming near there has been rise in demonstration against the King's Government and a week long all Nepal bandh is called by the Maoists starting from february 5. The privatized national pension system has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP in 2003.

A few weeks later, the government stated that parliamentary elections would be held by 2007..The municipality election is slated for february 8, 2006. High domestic savings and investment rates also helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. In September 2005, the Maoists declared a three-month unilateral ceasefire. Chile has signed Free Trade agreements (FTAs) with several important economies, including an FTA with the United States, which was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. On 2005-02-01, Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers to quash the Maoist movement. Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of foreign investment. In the face of unstable governments and a Maoist siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the monarchy began to wane. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant Codelco and a few other enterprises.

Following the carnage, the throne was inherited by Birendra's brother Gyanendra. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued privatization at a slower pace. On June 1, 2001, the Heir Apparent Crown Prince Dipendra went on a killing spree in the royal palace, a violent response to his parents' refusal to accept his choice of wife. Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. This has led to the Nepal Civil War with more than 12,000 deaths. The high degree of governability, the absence of corruption for Latin Standards, the high level of consumer and business confidence on the Chilean stability and the broad network of free trade agreements with most of the First World are the great bases for the Chile's the macroeconomic situation. In 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) started a bid to replace the parliamentary system with a socialist republic. The Chile's real GDP per capita has risen in two years from $4,568 in 2003 to $7,300 US dollars in 2005 -the highest in Latin America- although a sharp income inequality persists -among the world's top-10 countries- extreme poverty rates less than 18%.

After years of power wrangling between the king and the government, the democratic experiment was dissolved in 1959, that a "partyless" panchayat system was made to govern Nepal until 1989, when the "Jan Andolan" (People's) Movement forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament in May 1991. The Chilean economy finished 2004 and 2005 with growth of 6.1% and a similar economic growth ( 6.3%)is forecasted for 2006. Forced to act, India sponsored both King Tribhuvan as Nepal's new ruler in 1951, and a new government, mostly comprising the Nepali Congress Party. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 3.3% real GDP growth. Meanwhile, with the annexation of Tibet by the Chinese in 1950, India faced the prospect of an expansive military and was thus keen to avoid instability in Nepal. After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile experienced a moderate downturn in 1999 brought on by the global economic slowdown. In the late 1940s, newly emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy. Also controlled but uninhabited are the small islands of Sala y Gomez, San Ambrosio and San Felix, these islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.

In 1923 the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, in which Nepal's independence was recognised by the UK. Chile controls Easter and Sala-y-Gómez Islands, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than 600 km from the mainland, in the Juan Fernández archipelago. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British, and assisted the British during the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and later in both World Wars. Chile is the longest (N-S) country in the world (over 4,200km), and also claims a large section of Antarctica as part of its territory. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Bahadur emerged victorious and founded the Rana lineage. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.

Armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around the country. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. In 1846, a discovered plot to overthrow Jang Bahadur, a fast-rising military leader by the reigning queen, led to the Kot Massacre. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Factionalism among the royal family and rival political parties led to a period of instability after the war. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. The Treaty of Sugauli was signed ceding parts of the Terrai and Sikkim to the Company in exchange for Nepalese autonomy. The northern Atacama desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates.

Rivalry between Nepal and the British East India Company over the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal eventually led to the Anglo-Nepalese War (1815–16), in which Nepal suffered a complete rout. Chile stretches over 4,630 km (2,880 miles) north to south, but only 430 km (265 mi) at its widest point east to west. A dispute and subsequently war with Tibet over the control of mountain passes forced the Nepalese to retreat and pay heavy repatriations. A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains. This event marked the birth of the modern nation of Nepal. There is speculation that the numeral system will be dropped in favor of their formal names. After several bloody battles and sieges, he managed to unify Nepal three years later in 1768. Being designated by numerals 14 and 15, both break the geographical numerical order from north to south.

After seeking arms and aid from India, and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms, he embarked on his mission in 1765. In 2005, the Chilean congress passed a reform to create two new regions, one in the north, around the city of Arica, and one in the South centered around Valdivia (aka Region of the Rivers). After centuries of petty rivalry between the three kingdoms, in the mid-18th century Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha ruler set out to unify the kingdoms. The only exception is the region where Santiago is situated, which is designated RM, that stands for Región Metropolitana, Metropolitan Region. This unity was short-lived: in 1482 the kingdom was carved into three: Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhadgaon. In general, the Roman numeral is used, rather than the name. By the late 14th century much of the country began to come under a unified rule. Each region has traditionally been designated by a name and a Roman numeral, assigned from North to South.

Initially their reign was marked by upheaval before the kings consolidated their power over the next 200 years. This has being a main problem due to the big size of capital city (over 5.5 millions people) that retains most of those taxes. By the early 12th century, leaders were emerging whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ("wrestler"). However all tax incomes from regions goes to central government in Santiago where the final destination of the money not necesseraly returns to the regions. Under the Chalukayas, Nepal's religious establishment changed as the kings patronised Hinduism instead of the prevailing Buddhism. Finally each province is divided into various Comunas each with its own mayor, elected by their inhabitants. By the late 11th century, southern Nepal came under the influence of the Chalukaya Empire of southern India. Every region is further divided into provinces with a Gobernador Provincial, also appointed by Santiago.

The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late eighth century and was followed by a Newari era, from 879, although the extent of their control over the entire country is uncertain. Chile was divided into 13 regions in 1975, each of which is headed by an intendente appointed by the President. From the late fifth century CE, rulers called the Licchavis governed the area. The reform replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States. By 250 BCE, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan empire of northern India, and later became a puppet state under the Gupta Dynasty in the fourth century CE. Chile completed in mid-2005 a multi-year overhaul of its criminal justice system. One of the princes of the Sakya confederation was Siddharta Gautama (563–483 BCE), who renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha ("the enlightened one"). Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a network of courts of appeals, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court of Chile.

Around 1000 BCE, small kingdoms and confederations of clans arose in the region. Michelle Bachelet, a Socialist moderate, was elected President on January 15, 2006, beating her closest rival Sebastián Piñera. Indo-Iranian / Aryan tribes entered the valley around 1500 BCE. (See Chilean presidential election, 2005.). It appears that people who were probably of Tibeto-Burman ethnicity lived in Nepal 2,500 years ago. In 2005, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their allies Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people have been living in the Himalayan region for at least 9,000 years. The Communist Party again failed to gain any seats in the 2001 elections.

. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative Independent Democratic Union surpassed the Christian Democrats for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. On the pretext of quashing the insurgents, who now control about seventy percent of the country, the king unilaterally declared a "state of emergency" early in 2005, closing down the parliament and assuming all executive powers. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. The Maoists have sought to overthrow the monarchy and establish their own form of republic; this has led to a civil war in which more than 12,000 people have died (see Nepalese civil war). Typically, the two largest coalitions split the seats in a district. This arrangement has been marked by increasing instability, both in the parliament and, since 1996, throughout large swathes of the country that have been fought over by Maoist insurgents. Each coalition can run two candidates for the two Senate and two lower chamber seats apportioned to each chamber's electoral districts.

After a long and rich history, during which the region has splintered and coalesced under a variety of absolute rulers, Nepal became a constitutional monarchy in 1990. Chile's congressional elections are governed by a unique binomial system that rewards coalition slates. The exact origin of the name Nepal is uncertain, but the most popular understanding is that it is derived from Ne (holy) and pal (cave). The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about 140 kilometers (84 mi.) west of the capital, Santiago. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. Currently 4 Deputies have their voting rights suspended on legal grounds. Nepal boasts eight of the world's ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest on the border with China. The current lower house—the Chamber of Deputies—contains 60 members of the governing center-left coalition and 56 from the center-right opposition.

For a relatively small country, the Nepali landscape is uncommonly diverse, ranging from the humid Terai in the south to the lofty Himalayas in the north. (Chile's Constitution provided that former presidents who have served at least 6 years shall be entitled to a lifetime senate seat.) The last congressional elections were held in December 2001. Nepal has the distinction of being the world's only Hindu state, with over eighty percent of the people following this faith. Nine institutional senators were appointed in 1999, and two "senators for life," former President Pinochet (who resigned in 2002) and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. The Kingdom of Nepal (IPA: /[nəˈpɑːl]/ listen (help·info)) is a landlocked Himalayan country in South Asia, bordering the People's Republic of China to the north and India to the south, east and west. The current Senate is evenly split 24-24 between pro-government and opposition Senators. Eastern: Sagarmatha (13), Kosi (7), Mechi (10). Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms.

Central: Bagmati (1), Janakpur (5), Narayani (11). Deputies are elected every 4 years. Western: Dhawalagiri (3), Gandaki (4), Lumbini (8). Chile's bicameral Congress has a 48-seat Senate—38 elected, 9 appointed, 1 for life—and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Mid Western: Karnali (6) Bheri (2), Rapti (12). The President is currently elected by the people to a 4-year term, the term was reduced from 6 years in 2005 which was in turn reduced from 8 years in the original 1980 constitution. Far Western: Mahakali (9), Sethi (14). In 2005, after 3 democratic elections for presidential periods, over 50 reforms were approved, which eliminated the remaining undemocratic areas of the text, such as the existence of non-elected Senators (institutional senators, or senators for life) and the inability of the President to remove the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.

However the following years, the new Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. New elections were held in 1989 as was programmed, initiating a normal Democratic process. Pinochet's was defeated in the 1988 plebiscite, but he kept the Army force commanding. If the plesbicite was not approved, free elections will be called the next year (1989) with new candidates for president as well a Congress.

Also the 1980 voting programmed another plebiscite for 1988 for approving a new 8 years period with Pinochet plus a Congress (replacing the Junta). The new constitution established an 8 years government lead by President Augusto Pinochet without a Congress, supported by an Army/Navy/Air/Police Forces Junta instead, that was confirmed along with the approval of the new constitution. It entered into force in March 1981, replacing the old one from 1925. Chile's Constitution was approved in a tightly controlled national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet.

(see below). Ms Bachelet will be sworn in for a 4-year term (one of the Constitution's reforms since old format was a 6 years period). The other candidates were previous Alliance for Chile right-wing candidate Joaquin Lavin and Tomas Hirsch, the far left candidate. She won the 2006 runoff election against central-right-wing candidate Sebastián Piñera after none of the 4 main candidates obtained the necesary 50% of the votes in the first round of voting.

She is the first and so far the only woman president in the country's history. Ms Bachelet continues the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy government in their fourth term. Chile's current president-elect is the former health and later defense minister Michelle Bachelet, daughter of Alberto Bachelet, an air force general who was captured and tortured in the military coup of 1973 and died shortly after. The last period of president Frei due to the economy disaster led to a lower popularity for the Concertacion block.

He was sworn in March 11, 2000, for a 6-year term. Ricardo Lagos Escobar of the Socialist Party led the Concertación coalition to a narrow victory, with 51.31% of the votes. A presidential election was held on December 12, 1999, but none of the six candidates obtained a majority, which led to an unprecedented runoff election on January 16, 2000 between Ricardo Lagos and Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile. During his government Chile's economy had their best years, although bad managing during last year plus the fact of the Asian crisis in 1998 got the country involved in a very bad situation affecting mainly to the middle class and to the small-Mid-Sized Companies.

President Frei's administration was inaugurated in March 1994. In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes. President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, that was considered a transition period. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 16 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes.

Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. In a plebiscite on October 5, 1988, General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president. During its nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from economic statism toward a largely free market economy that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership. The right-wing military government pursued decidedly laissez-faire economic policies.

In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. A new Constitution was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic plebiscite characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became President of the Republic for an 8-year term. Some 30,000 were forced to flee the country. At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the Valech Report.

On October 1973, at least 70 persons were murdered by the Caravan of Death. The first years of the regime were marked by serious human rights violations. A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of the country. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly committed suicide.

A military coup overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. By early 1973, inflation was out of control. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Simultaneously, the CIA funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. The Nixon administration brought international financial pressure to bear in order to restrict economic credit to Chile. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the United States.

The nationalization of U.S. The Indian Peoples Development Corporation and the Mapuche Vocational Institute were founded to address the needs of Chile's indigenous population. Other reforms undertaken during the early Allende period included redistribution of millions of hectares of land to landless agricultural workers as part of the agrarian reform program, giving the armed forces an overdue pay increase, and providing free milk to children. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.

Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Much of the banking sector was nationalized. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward.

Production fell and unemployment rose. An economic depression that began in 1967 peaked in 1970, exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits by those opposed to Allende's socialist program. The Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of foreign (U.S.) ownership of Chile's major copper mines. Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thoroughgoing implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress.

Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs. Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the Chilean Congress, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. In 1970, Senator Salvador Allende Gossens, a Marxist physician and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action, won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.

By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.

In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez, now reincarnated as a sort of Chilean Perón, to office for another 6 years. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932-52), the state increased its role in the economy. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged.

By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General Carlos Ibáñez, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin America, and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of Augusto Pinochet decades later. A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose.

Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of Mussolini's Italian Corporate State. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors.

The Chilean Civil War in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879-83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. In 1881, the government signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the Mapuche Indians, finally completing the conquest begun more than three centuries earlier.

The system of presidential absolutism eventually predominated, but wealthy landowners continued to control Chile. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic under O'Higgins' leadership. Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and José de San Martín, hero of Argentine independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists.

Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. The junta proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on September 18, 1810.

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph, in 1808. The abolition of slavery in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and Mapuches. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655.

A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The first permanent European settlement, Santiago, was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants.

These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Indians from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold but were turned back by the local population. In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Straits of Magellan.

The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's remoteness and the fierce opposition of the native population prevented extensive settlement. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-1536 called themselves the "men of Chilli.". Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley Casma in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends" or "the deepest point of the Earth," or from the Aymara tchili meaning "snow"; another meaning attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call.

There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to one theory the Incas of Peru, who had failed to conquer the Araucanians, called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the name of a tribal chief ("cacique") called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest. . It borders with Argentina to the east, Bolivia to the northeast and Peru to the north. The Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile (help·info), IPA [re'puβlika de tʄile]) is a country in South America occupying a long coastal strip between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

The (CIA) World Factbook: Chile. Library of Congress country profile. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, United States Department of State, April 2005. Reporters without borders: Worldwide press freedom index 2005, ranked 50 out of 167 countries (fifth in Latin America after El Salvador, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Uruguay).

Yale University/Columbia University: 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index, ranked 42 out of 146 countries (ninth in Latin America after Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Colombia and Panama). World Economic Forum: Global Information Technology Report 2004-2005 - Networked Readiness Index, ranked 35 out of 104 countries (first in Latin America). Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine: Globalization Index 2005, ranked 34 out of 62 countries (second in Latin America after Panama). A.T.

Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 21 out of 159 countries (tied with Japan) (first in Latin America). Save the Children: State of the World's Mothers 2005, ranked 17 out of 110 countries (tied with Argentina) (third in Latin America after Costa Rica and Cuba). Brown University: Fifth Annual Global E-Government Study (2005), ranked 13 out of 198 countries (first in Latin America). Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2005, average score: 1 (Free) (Costa Rica and Uruguay are the only two other Latin American countries with the highest score).

World Bank: Where is the Wealth of Nations? (2005) - Total wealth per capita, ranked 32 out of 118 countries (fourth in Latin America after Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil). World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index, ranked 23 out of 117 countries (first in Latin America). Fraser Institute: Economic Freedom of the World: 2005 Annual Report, ranked 20 out of 127 countries (tied with Belgium, Costa Rica and Hungary) (first in Latin America). IMD International: World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005, ranked 19 out of 60 economies (countries and regions) (first in Latin America).

Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal: 2006 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 14 (free) out of 157 countries (first in Latin America). UNDP: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 37 out of 177 countries (second in Latin America after Argentina). The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 31 out of 111 countries (first in Latin America). Chilean wine.

Chilean Spanish. Chilean pharmaceutical policy. intervention in Chile. U.S.

Transportation in Chile. List of Chilean television channels. List of Chileans. List of Chilean companies.

Holidays in Chile. Foreign relations of Chile. Elections in Chile. Communications in Chile.

Chile Antarctic Geopolitics.