Lille

Lille is part of the Lille Métropole Communauté urbaine (formerly also known as C.U.D.L.). Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services. Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa. Three companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney, they are Energy Australia, AGL and Integral Energy. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city center. ^[16] Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell.^[17] Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewerage produced by the city. The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme.

The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Lille has one of France's largest university student population with, depending on the information source, from 95,000 to 149,533 students in 2002-2003. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Escaut (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais). There are light aviation airfields at Hoxton Park and Camden. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters. The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation.

Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. Kingsford Smith International Airport, located in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney's main airport, and the oldest continuously operating commercial airport in the world. In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year. Sydney Ferries, another State government-owned organisation, runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:. In the outer suburbs, service is divided between many private bus companies. Lille Lesquin (http://www.lille.aeroport.fr/) International Airport is 15 minutes from the city center. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly.

A sixth one, the A24, should link Amiens to Lille. Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1963 tram routes. Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:. Sydney was formerly served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border. There is also a monorail which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Trains are only 26 m long (two linked cars) and are rubber-tired. Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, the Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line.

Line 2 is 32 km long with 43 stations, the first and longest automatic metro line in the world, opened May 16, 1983. Public anger resulted in the introduction of a new timetable, the employment of more drivers and a large infrastructure project which is scheduled to be completed by 2010.^[13][14][15]. The VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) is a driverless metro. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly. It has two train stations, which stand next door to each other: the Lille-Europe station (Gare Lille-Europe) and the Lille-Flandres station (Gare Lille-Flandres). Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the CBD. Lille is an important crossroads in the European TGV network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the Thalys network to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne. Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a corporation of the New South Wales State Government.

A former major textile manufacturing center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million. Sydney is also served by extensive train, bus and ferry networks. Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004. The most important trunk routes in the urban area form the Metroad system. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened. Most transport in Sydney is by automobiles, and there is an extensive network of freeways and tollways (known as motorways) and roads across Sydney. The Euralille Center was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodeling project, began in 1991. Sydney South West Health, Sydney West Area, Northern Sydney and Central Coast and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area each manage a number of hospitals and specialist health facilities. This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, then the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the center of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. The Government of New South Wales operates numerous public hospitals, management of these hospitals is coordinated by 4 health services. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. Famous Sydney beaches include Bondi Beach, Manly Beach and Palm Beach. In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated subway, was opened. Sydney's beaches are popular recreation and sporting locations with both tourists and locals.

From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector. The river is used for dinghy sailing and rowing as well as recreational boating, racing small yachts, recreational fishing, and occasional Dragon Boat racing. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. Sydney Harbour is famous for its racing yachts, the Boxing Day start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race and 18 foot (5.5 m) skiffs. In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. The Sydney Swans play most of their home games on the Sydney Cricket Ground. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normalcy had returned to Lille. Sydney Football Stadium (also known as Aussie Stadium) is home to such clubs as Sydney Roosters, Sydney FC and the NSW Waratahs, and the neighbouring Sydney Cricket Ground has been home to numerous sports for over a century.

Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Sydney's most famous sports grounds include Sydney Olympic Park which includes Telstra Stadium, home to such events as the NRL grand final, the rugby league State of Origin series and most recently the football (soccer) World Cup qualifier between Australia and Uruguay. On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Sydney hosted the 1938 British Empire Games and the 2000 Summer Olympics. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkerque) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. The New South Wales teams New South Wales Blues - First-class cricket and the New South Wales Waratahs - Super 14 Rugby union team are also based in Sydney. Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government. In addition to the NRL Sydney has teams in most national competitions including the Sydney Swans - AFL, Sydney FC - A-League, Sydney Kings and the West Sydney Razorbacks - National Basketball League, Sydney Blues - Australian Major League Baseball and the Sydney Swifts in Australian Netball's Commonwealth Bank Trophy.

When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. George-Illawarra Dragons and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Morrocan Infantry division. It is the headquarters of Australian Rugby League and home to 9 of the 15 National Rugby League (NRL) teams, including the Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Canterbury Bulldogs, St. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him. Sydney is arguably the major rugby league centre of the world. From 1931 Lille felt the repurcussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. For a full list see here.

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first antituberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. The general was made an honorary citizen of Lille on October 28th of that year. Triple J, 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th 1918, when General William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. Popular music stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. Vega is a new talk radio station on the FM band.

Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possesed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL). The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry. Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. Limited digital TV transmissions serve Sydney, including a program guide (Channel 4), ABC news, sport, and weather items (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45), Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (audio only).

In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. Seven have their studios in suburban Epping as well as a new purpose built studio in the CBD, Nine have their headquarters located in Willoughby, Ten have their studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, the ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in Ultimo and SBS have their studios at Artarmon. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine and Ten), as well as the government networks (ABC and SBS) each have a presence in Sydney. In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph respectively.

The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a populist News Corporation-owned tabloid. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. The Sydney Morning Herald is a centrist broadsheet, and is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. Sydney has two main daily newspapers.

The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place", is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. Oceanworld, Sydney Aquarium, and Taronga Zoo are popular, as are the Harbour Bridge, Luna Park, the Sydney Mint and Sydney Tower. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. Other attractions include the historic Rocks district and Hyde Park Barracks. In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections. There is a significant gay community which hosts the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. Sydney is home to several large ethnic communities throughout the greater metropolitan area, with Chinatown as a good example.

During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. The biggest are the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gain the confidence of his Flemish subjects. Sydney has five large and many smaller museums. In 1667, King Louis XIV (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. Sydney also has been home to many visual artists, from the lush pastoralism of Lloyd Rees's depictions of Sydney Harbour to Jeffrey Smart's portraits of bleak urban alienation. At the same time (1581), at the call of England's Queen Elisabeth I , the north of the Spanish Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. Kilda to Kings Cross" and "Sydney From A 727", to John Kennedy's Love Gone Wrong and songs like "King Street" and "Miracle in Marrickville" to The Mexican Spitfires "Sydney Town" and "Town Hall Steps" among many others.

The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. Sydney has also been the inspiration for a large number of Australian indie rock and mainstream pop songs, from The Executives' classic 1968 "Summer Hill Road" to Paul Kelly's many songs about Sydney including "From St. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. Many internationally known Australian rock bands have had their conception in Sydney, which include most notably The Easybeats, AC/DC, Midnight Oil and INXS. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. Other major arts venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State Theatre and the Wharf Theatre. The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place. Performances are often held in the iconic Sydney Opera House, which contains 5 theatres capable of hosting a wide range of performance styles.

The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. Sydney boasts a full roster of musical, theatrical and artistic activity through the year, from the formal - including the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Sydney Theatre Company, the Sydney Dance Company, and the Archibald Prize - to festivals, including the Sydney Festival, a celebration of free performances throughout January. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain. Selective schools are high schools which admit students on the basis of certain criteria, usually academic testing. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. There are four state administered education areas in Sydney, which coordinate 919 schools. In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles le Téméraire, Marie de Bourgogne married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training.

There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. Sydney has numerous public, denominational, and independent schools. On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Banquet of the Pheasant's Vow". There are four multi-campus government funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney which provide vocational training at a tertiary level: the Sydney Institute of Technology, North Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame Australia and the University of Wollongong. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. There are five other public universities operating primarily in Sydney: the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney, the University of Western Sydney, and the Australian Catholic University (two of whose five campuses are in Sydney).

Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. Sydney is the site of Australia's first University: the University of Sydney was established in Sydney in 1850 and remains one of Australia's most prestigious universities. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Marguerite de Male, Countess of Flanders, and Philippe II le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. Approximately 67% of Sydney residents describe themselves as Christian, the most common denominations being Catholic and Anglican; about 9% of the population practice a non-Christian religion, the most common being Buddhism and Islam and about 12% are not religious.^[6]. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, 12% of the population is over 65 years.^[4] 12.3% of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree, which is lower than the national average of 19%. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Marguerite of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy de Dampierre. Most Sydneysiders are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Chinese languages, Arabic (including Lebanese), Greek.^[6].

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The three major sources of immigrants are the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand, significant numbers of immigrants also came from Vietnam, Lebanon, Italy and the Philippines. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century. As of 2003 there were 4,270,986 people living in Sydney, and a population density of 345.7 persons per square kilometer for the metropolitan area.^[11] Inner Sydney is the most densely populated place in Australia with 4023 persons per square kilometer.^[12] In the 2001 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English and Irish.^[6] The Census also recorded that 1% of Sydney's population identified as being of indigenous origin and 31.2% were born overseas. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital, which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. 20th Century Fox has large Sydney studios. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. The economy of Sydney is large and diverse, the sectors with the largest percentage of employed persons include property and business services, retail, manufacturing and health and community services.^[9] Since the 1980s there has been a de-industrialisation of the Sydney economy, with jobs moving from manufacturing to the services and information sectors, Sydney is now established as the corporate and financial capital of Australia and is also an important financial centre in the Asia-Pacific.^[10] Sydney is home to the Australian Stock Exchange and the Reserve Bank of Australia, all major Australian banks, and many major Australian corporations, it also serves as the regional headquarters for numerous multinational corporations.

Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. As of September 2003, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 5.3%.^[6] As of December 2005, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $520 000.^[7] According to The Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world to live in.^[8]. In 1226 the King agreed to free Ferrand of Portugal. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time. He unmasked the imposter, who Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and Federal Parliaments. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). Because a large proportion of New South Wales' population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government.

He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared during battle in Andrinople. Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. The LGAs in Sydney are:. Count Ferrand of Portugal was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. These areas all have elected councils and are responsible for a range of functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and King Philippe Auguste, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Local affairs for the rest of the metropolitan area are run by bodies known as local government areas. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier saint Sauveur. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. It is in this context that the city was created. The City of Sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas (LGAs), such as South Sydney.

After the destruction caused by Norman and Hungarian invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area princes. Today there is no overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. Historically, Sydney was governed by Cumberland County (c.1940-1960). The original inhabitants of this region were the Celts, who were followed by the Menapiens, the Morins, the Atrébates, and the Verviens, Germanic tribes.
. The region of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the River Escaut, one of the most rich and properous regions of Europe. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60% at the end of World War II to less than 30% in 2004.^{[citation needed]} The five most significant outer business districts are Parramatta in the central-west, Blacktown in the west, Liverpool in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville in the south.

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Gand, Brugge, Anvers). Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. This name was used for the Count of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north-south thoroughfare. The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. Central Station marks the southern end of the CBD. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BCE, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille. The west side is bounded by Darling Harbour, a popular tourist precinct.

The legend of "Lyderic and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. The CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland that extends from Hyde Park through the Domain and Royal Botanic Gardens to Farm Cove on the harbour. It thus became a central part of the country's rail network. Densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings including historic sandstone buildings such as the Sydney Town Hall and Queen Victoria Building are interspersed by several parks such as Wynyard and Hyde Park. In the 19th century Lille became the centre of French industry due to the large nearby coal deposits. Sydney's central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 2 kilometres (1.25 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of the first European settlement.
. The regions are Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Inner West, Lower North Shore, Northern Beaches, North Shore, Southern Sydney, South-eastern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney.

. However it should be noted that there are many suburbs which are not conveniently covered by any of the following informal regional categories. The whole metropolitan area of Lille, both on French and Belgian territory (Kortrijk) was estimated in 2000 at around 1,730,000 inhabitants, ranking as one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe. In addition, there are a number of regional descriptions which are used informally to conveniently describe large sections of the urban area. Their combined population at the 1999 census was 212,597 inhabitants. The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and neighbouring inner-city suburbs. The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000. The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into more than 300 suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and formally administered by about 38 separate local government areas (in addition to the extensive responsibilities of the Government of New South Wales and its agencies).

It lies near the border with Belgium and its Dutch name is Rijsel. The city is subject to infrequent severe hail storms and wind storms. It is also the préfecture (capital) of the Nord département. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2002 – these tend to occur during the spring and summer. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais région. Although the city does not suffer from cyclones or significant earthquakes, the El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Lille is a city in northern France on the Deûle River. The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1217.0 mm, falling on an average 138.0 days a year.^[4][5].

¹ Including the annexed communes of Hellemmes and Lomme
² Only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory
³ Including the part of the metropolitan area on Belgian territory (Mouscron, Kortrijk, etc.). Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slight higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. Martine Aubry (1950~), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille. The lowest recorded minimum is 2.1 °C. Pierre Mauroy (1928~), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille. The coldest month is June, with an average range of 8.0 °C - 16.2 °C. Madeleine Damerment (1917-1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance. The winter is mild, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 °C in coastal areas.

Augustin Laurent (1896-1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille. The highest recorded temperature is 45.3 °C on 1939-01-14 at the end of a 4 day nationwide heatwave. Roger Salengro (1890-1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille. The warmest month is January, with an average temperature range on the coast of 18.6 °C - 25.8 °C and an average of 14.6 days a year over 30 °C. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France. The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. Achille Liénart (1884-1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ». Sydney's climate is temperate, with rainfall spread throughout the year and a warm summer.

Louis Faidherbe (1818-1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator. The oldest parts of the city are located in the flat areas; the Hornsby Plateau, known as the North Shore, was slower to develop because of its hilly topography, and was mostly a quiet backwater until the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932, linking it to the rest of the city. Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlus attacks. Sydney occupies two geographical regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat or rolling region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a plateau north of the harbour, up to 200 metres (656 ft) in elevation, dissected by forested valleys. Jeanne de Flandre, (1188/1200? -1244), Countess. The metropolitan area (Sydney Statistical Division) is 12,145 km² (4,689 mi²); a significant portion of this area is national park and other unsettled land. Lydéric, (620-?) legendary founder of the city. Sydney's urban area of 1,687 km² (651 mi²) is similar to that of Greater London, although it has less than half of that city's population.

Gilles Béhat (1949~), actor and director. The city features the largest natural harbour in the world, Port Jackson, and more than 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Philippe Noiret (1930~), actor. Sydney is located in a coastal basin between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Blue Mountains to the west. Yvonne Furneaux (1928~), actress.
. Alain Decaux (1925~), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie Française. Indeed, Sydney has the second highest immigrant population of any major world city, with 45% of the population being either migrants or children of migrants.^{[citation needed]}.

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928-1977), singer. Throughout the 20th century Sydney continued to expand with various new waves of European and (later) Asian immigration, resulting in its highly cosmopolitan atmosphere. Léopold Simons (1901-1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. Robert Arnoux (1899-1964), actor. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. Renée Adorée (1898-1933), actress. The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world.

Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), director. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from Britain and Ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. Line Dariel (1886-1956), comedian. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. Émile Bernard (1868-1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin. Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Albert Samain (1858-1900), poet. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie had begun initiatives to 'civilise, christianise and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.^[3].

Pierre Degeyter (1848-1932), worker and composer of the music of the Internationale. In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox decimated the Indigenous population of Sydney; a conservative estimate says that 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people died in the area between Broken and Botany Bay affecting Kuringgai and Darug.^[2] There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the Hawkesbury River. Carolus-Duran (1837-1917), painter. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony. Antoine Renard (1825-1872), composer (Temps des cerises). Phillip founded the colony at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson. Édouard Lalo (1823-1892), composer. Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement was founded by Arthur Phillip in 1788.

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), songwriter. European interest in Australia arose with the sighting of Botany Bay by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Jean Perrin (1870, 1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research). Although urbanisation has destroyed most evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens), there are still rock carvings in several locations. Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine. Each clan had a territory, the location of that territory determined the resources available. Alfred Mongy (1840-1914), modernizer of the city. The principle languages were Darug; the Cadigal, the original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug; Dharawal and Guringai.

Auguste Scalbert (1815, 1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank. The Sydney region has been occupied by Indigenous Australians for at least 30 000 years, and at the time of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, 4000 - 8000 Aboriginal people lived in the region.^[1] There were three different language groups in the Sydney region, these were further refined into dialects spoken by smaller clans. Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789-1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy. . Charles Joseph Panckoucke, (1736-1788), founder of the Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promoter of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. The city's name is pronounced /ˈsɪd.niː/. almost 873,000 passengers in 2003. Sydney significantly raised its global profile in recent years as the host city of the 2000 Olympics.

around 970,000 passengers in 2001. Sydney is the financial capital of Australia and is also a significant domestic and international tourist destination and is regularly declared to be one of the most beautiful and liveable cities in the world. Autoroute A22 : Lille - Anvers - Netherlands. Built around Sydney Harbour, Sydney is known in Australia as the "Harbour City", and structures on the Harbour such as the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are globally recognised icons of the city. Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkerque - Calais - England. Sydney is located on the east coast of Australia and was established in 1788 when Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet landed in Sydney Cove and claimed Australia for the British. Autoroute A1  : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon. Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and with a population of over four million people is the most populous city in Australia.

Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes. Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - England.