Lille

Lille is part of the Lille Métropole Communauté urbaine (formerly also known as C.U.D.L.). Tattooing is also used as a form of cosmetic surgery, like permanent cosmetics, to hide or neutralize skin discolorations. Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa. An example is the symbol (Φ) tattooed in the ears of pet cats and dogs in Australia to indicate that they have been neutered. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city center. Tattoos may be located anywhere on the animal's body including its ear (common for small mammals) or inner lip (bears). The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens. Animals are marked with symbols or alphanumeric characters for identification.

The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. Tattooing is also used in managing wildlife and livestock. Lille has one of France's largest university student population with, depending on the information source, from 95,000 to 149,533 students in 2002-2003. Japanese people commonly soak the tattoo in hot water to clean it. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Escaut (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais). Some tattooists will recommend leaving the covering on for several hours or overnight, and then gently washing the area. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters. Immediately after completing the tattoo, most tattooists will cover the area to keep out dirt and keep the tattoo from oozing into clothes; sometimes the area is wrapped in clingfilm, paper towel, poultry packs (that come in chicken packs) or gauze.

Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. New tattoos are wounds which must be looked after properly. In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year. Most tattoo artists recommend and sell them. It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:. These products are safe, efficient, and dermatologically tested. Lille Lesquin (http://www.lille.aeroport.fr/) International Airport is 15 minutes from the city center. In the last few years, cosmetic and pharmaceutical aftercare products have been developed for the tattoo world.

A sixth one, the A24, should link Amiens to Lille. There is also the possibility of allergic reactions to these products, and application to a new tattoo can cause skin reactions leading to loss of ink and permanent damage to a tattoo. Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:. The majority of these products contain petroleum or lanolin which, when applied to a new tattoo, can clog skin pores and actually retard the body's healing process. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border. These products were intended to prevent cuts, burns, scrapes, and abrasions from becoming infected and not for the healing of new tattoos. Trains are only 26 m long (two linked cars) and are rubber-tired. Tattoo artists have had to recommend a variety of products available from local drug stores.

Line 2 is 32 km long with 43 stations, the first and longest automatic metro line in the world, opened May 16, 1983. However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. The VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) is a driverless metro. Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, may imply that the artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. It has two train stations, which stand next door to each other: the Lille-Europe station (Gare Lille-Europe) and the Lille-Flandres station (Gare Lille-Flandres). A reputable artist will:. Lille is an important crossroads in the European TGV network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the Thalys network to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne. The studio should have all of the following:.

A former major textile manufacturing center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million. See the sections under "Risks" above. Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004. They also cite a well documented case Tattoo-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging by Wagle and Smith. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened. However, research by Shellock and Crues MR Safety and the American College of Radiology White Paper reports adverse reactions to MRI and tattoos in a very small number of cases. The Euralille Center was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments. In any case, today the majority of professional tattoos do not contain metal particles and therefore raise no concern for MRI or x-ray.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodeling project, began in 1991. The television show MythBusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI. This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, then the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the center of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. Allegedly, the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. There has been concern expressed about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated subway, was opened. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions, and should accept requests for records and violation histories of tattoo parlors.

From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector. The following precautions can also reduce the risk of infection: shops should appear clean; sinks with hot water and soap should be available in the bathroom as well as in the studio; tattooists should wash their hands regularly and wear latex gloves; surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant and floors should appear clean; proper procedures for sterilizing equipment should be followed strictly. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. People who have a compromised immune system, including those who have no spleen, should consult a physician before getting a tattoo or body piercing. In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. Infections include surface infections of the skin, Staphylococcus aureus, infections that can cause cardiological damage, sexually transmitted diseases, and some forms of hepatitis. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normalcy had returned to Lille. Infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios is rare.

Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. This is not necessarily useful, however, because it may take years of exposure before an allergic reaction occurs. On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Some tattoo artists do small test patches of pigments to be used allowing a week or two for the client to develop a negative reaction before proceeding with the actual tattoo. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkerque) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. People with allergies should think carefully about getting a tattoo because of the risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction), which can be life threatening. Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government. Allergic reactions to latex should also be stated before being tattooed or pierced.

When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. It should go away with time, but can be very uncomfortable, so one should still consult a doctor. Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Morrocan Infantry division. A reaction to the green soap will result in itchy redness that may swell. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him. People who are allergic to green soap should let their tattooist know before being tattooed, because the area is cleaned before and during the tattoo with green soap and it will ultimately get into the tattoo. From 1931 Lille felt the repurcussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin by becoming swollen and/or itchy, oozing of clear fluid called sebum is also common.

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first antituberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are uncommon except for certain brands of red and green. The general was made an honorary citizen of Lille on October 28th of that year. Most reputable tattoo shops use fresh disposable needles for each client and sterilize reusable instruments between clients using an autoclave as well as employing universal precautions, such as washing the hands, wearing latex, nitrile or vinyl gloves and the thorough cleaning of counters and other work surfaces, and elimination of cross contamination. Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th 1918, when General William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. In addition, it is important that cross contamination not occur, this is why many counties require that tattooists have bloodborne pathogen training as is provided through the Red Cross.

Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. [2]. From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possesed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry. However there is a program underway in Canada as of the summer of 2005 that opens legitimized tattoo parlors in prison, this is intended to reduce the risk of infections and may also provide the inmates with a marketable talent. By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. In most prisons there is a significant risk of illness due to tattooing being done without following universal precautions, including such blood-borne diseases as HIV and hepatitis.

In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. Risk reduction in the body arts requires single use items including gloves and needles. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. Permanent tattooing of any form carries small risks, including of infection, allergy, disease, and stress or phobic reactions. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Glycolic acid is also used for facial peels; when used for tattoo removal, a lower percentage mix is used. In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin. This method supposedly scars less than lasering.

The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. A newer method of removal is by tattooing glycolic acid in to the skin with a tattoo machine, the acid pushes the ink to the surface of the skin in the scab, the scab is later removed. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. The tattoo is retraced with the chemical. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. An old method of tattoo removal includes hydrogen peroxide loaded into a tattoo machine. The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. Black ink is most readily broken down by the laser, and unprofessional tattoos done at home are the easiest ones to remove, due to the low quality of ink used, as well as the inneffective manner in which they were applied.

The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place", is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. Overall, green-based ink is the most difficult to remove. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. It also may not be entirely effective in leaving unblemished skin, due to the fact that tattoos also scar the skin to varying degrees, depending on how the tattoo was applied, the way the skin healed, and the area that was tattooed. In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections. The procedure can be expensive, and very painful (some say more so than the original tattoo) and often requires many repeated visits to remove a small tattoo. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. After this, the patients body then absorbs the broken-down ink and the skin heals once more.

During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. The laser reacts with the ink in the tattoo, and breaks it down. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gain the confidence of his Flemish subjects. Tattoos can be wholly or partially removed by cosmetic surgical techniques, most commonly through the use of lasers. In 1667, King Louis XIV (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. This ink is reportedly quite safe for use, and claims to be FDA approved for use on wildlife that may enter the food supply. At the same time (1581), at the call of England's Queen Elisabeth I , the north of the Spanish Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. The technical name is BIOMETRIX System-1000, and is marketed under the name "Chameleon Tattoo Ink".

The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. Recently, a blacklight-reactive tattoo ink using PMMA microcapsules has surfaced. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. In a survey[1], many pigments were found to be used among professional tattooists:. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. Iron oxide pigments are used in greater extent in cosmetic tattooing. The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place. For the tattooing, a wide range of dyes and pigments can be used; from inorganic materials like titanium dioxide and iron oxides to carbon black, azo dyes, and acridine, quinoline, phthalocyanine and naphthol derivates.

The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. Both methods, silver nitrate and henna, can take up to two weeks to fade from the skin. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain. Other forms of temporary "tattoos" are henna tattoos, also known as Mehndi, and the marks made by the stains of silver nitrate on the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last a few days. In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles le Téméraire, Marie de Bourgogne married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. They are generally applied to the skin using water to transfer the design to the surface of the skin.

There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. Temporary tattoos are a type of body sticker, like a decal. On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Banquet of the Pheasant's Vow". In addition, tattooing of the gingiva from implantation of amalgam particles during dental filling placement and removal is possible and not uncommon. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several different layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost unavoidable depending on the location. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma.

Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. This can also occur with substances like gunpowder. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Marguerite de Male, Countess of Flanders, and Philippe II le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would wind up with characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Marguerite of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy de Dampierre. See main article at permanent makeup.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 50 to 3,000 times a minute. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century. Ink is inserted into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital, which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel.

Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. Some cultures create tattooed marks by "tapping" the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones. In 1226 the King agreed to free Ferrand of Portugal. This may be an adjunct to scarification. He unmasked the imposter, who Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. Some tribal cultures still create tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). (Branding would not be considered a tattoo since no ink or dye is inserted).

He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. Such tattoos are performed by veterinarians and the animals are anaesthetized to prevent pain. In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared during battle in Andrinople. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification marks, and certain of their body parts (for example, noses) have also been tattooed to prevent sunburn. They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Count Ferrand of Portugal was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging as a punishment as at that time it was a crime to deface an image of Christ.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and King Philippe Auguste, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in part of the concentration camps during the Holocaust. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier saint Sauveur. People have also been forcibly tattooed for a variety of reasons. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. Some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. It is in this context that the city was created. Today, people choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, as well as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos).

After the destruction caused by Norman and Hungarian invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area princes. Human history shows that tattoos have served in many diverse cultures as rites of passage, marks of status and rank, symbols of religious and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, sexual lures and marks of fertility, pledges of love, punishment, amulets and talismans, protection, and as the marks of outcasts, slaves and convicts. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. This survey was conducted online between July 14 and 20, 2003 by Harris Interactive(R) among a nationwide sample of 2,215 adults. The original inhabitants of this region were the Celts, who were followed by the Menapiens, the Morins, the Atrébates, and the Verviens, Germanic tribes. Democrats are more likely to have tattoos (18%) than Republicans (14%) and Independents (12%) while approximately equal percentages of males (16%) and females (15%) have tattoos. The region of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the River Escaut, one of the most rich and properous regions of Europe. Regionally, people living in the West (20%) are more likely to have tattoos.

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Gand, Brugge, Anvers). The highest incidence of tattoos was found among the gay, lesbian and bisexual population (31%) and among Americans ages 25 to 29 years (36%) and 30 to 39 years (28%). This name was used for the Count of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. A recent Harris Poll finds that 16% of all adults in the United States have at least one tattoo. The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. Current estimates suggest one in seven or over 39 million people in North America have at least one tattoo. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BCE, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille. Tattoos are more popular now than at any time.

The legend of "Lyderic and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Tattoos can have additional negative associations for women; "tramp stamp" and other similarly derogatory slang phrases are sometimes used to describe a tattoo on a woman's lower back. It thus became a central part of the country's rail network. At the same time, members of the US military have an equally established and longstanding history of tattooing to indicate military units, battles, etc., and this association is also widespread among older Americans. In the 19th century Lille became the centre of French industry due to the large nearby coal deposits. This cultural use of tattoos predates the widespread popularity of tattoos in the general population, so older people may still associate tattoos with criminality.
. In the USA many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation.

. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a large tattoo in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style. The whole metropolitan area of Lille, both on French and Belgian territory (Kortrijk) was estimated in 2000 at around 1,730,000 inhabitants, ranking as one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe. At least according to popular belief, most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left bicep and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. Their combined population at the 1999 census was 212,597 inhabitants. Tattoos, particularly full traditional body suits, are still popularly associated with the yakuza (mafia) in Japan. The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000. For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos.

It lies near the border with Belgium and its Dutch name is Rijsel. In some cultures, tattoos still have negative associations, despite their increasing popularity and are generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. It is also the préfecture (capital) of the Nord département. Tattoos can therefore impair a wearer's career prospects, particularly when inked on places not typically covered by clothing, such as hands or neck. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais région. Some employers, especially in professional fields, still look down on tattoos or regard them as contributing to an unprofessional appearance. Lille is a city in northern France on the Deûle River. The first twin coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by another Englishman, Alfred Charles South of London, in 1899.

¹ Including the annexed communes of Hellemmes and Lomme
² Only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory
³ Including the part of the metropolitan area on Belgian territory (Mouscron, Kortrijk, etc.). The first coil machine was patented by Thomas Riley in London, 1891 using a single coil. Martine Aubry (1950~), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille. Modern tattoo machines use electromagnetic coils. Pierre Mauroy (1928~), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille. O'Reilly's machine was based on the rotary technology of the electric engraving device invented by Thomas Edison. Madeleine Damerment (1917-1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance. The modern electric tattoo machine is far removed from the machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891.

Augustin Laurent (1896-1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille. Nevertheless, in most western countries tattooing is rather seen by the general public as a minority choice, hence usually on less visible parts of the body (even in the case of some adepts who transform a large part of their skin into a 'tattoo gallery'; the contrary can thus by a non-conformist statement), except for certain circles (such as sailors or oil rig drillers, certain military units and clubs), impulsive kick choices (unwisely done while intoxicated or as a dare) or fashionable rages. Roger Salengro (1890-1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille. Carrying on the family tradition, Winston Churchill was himself tattooed. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France. Winston Churchill's mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, not only had a tattoo of a snake around her wrist, which she covered when the need arose with a specially crafted diamond bracelet, but had her nipples pierced as well. Achille Liénart (1884-1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ». Aside from her consort Prince Albert, there are persistent rumours that Queen Victoria had a small tattoo in an undisclosed 'intimate' location; Denmark's king Frederick was filmed showing his tattoos taken as a young sailor.

Louis Faidherbe (1818-1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator. There, it was not uncommon for members of the social elite to gather in the drawing rooms and libraries of the great country estate homes after dinner and partially disrobe in order to show off their tattoos. Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlus attacks. The tattooing craze spread to upper classes all over Europe in the nineteenth century, but particularly in England where it was estimated in Harmsworth Magazine in 1898 that as many as one in five members of the gentry were tattooed. Jeanne de Flandre, (1188/1200? -1244), Countess. King Alfonso of modern Spain also has a tattoo. Lydéric, (620-?) legendary founder of the city. Taking their sartorial lead from the British Court, where King Edward VII followed King George V's lead in getting tattooed; King Frederik IX of Denmark, the King of Romania, Kaiser Wilhelm II, King Alexandar of Yugoslavia and even Czar Nicholas of Russia, all sported tattoos, many of them elaborate and ornate renditions of the Royal Coat of Arms or the Royal Family Crest.

Gilles Béhat (1949~), actor and director. George's sons, The Duke of Clarence and The Duke of York were also tattooed in Japan while serving in the British Admiralty, solidifying what would become a family tradition. Philippe Noiret (1930~), actor. On a trip to Japan he also received a dragon on the forearm, from the needles of an acclaimed Japanese tattoo master. Yvonne Furneaux (1928~), actress. The English Royal Court must have been fascinated with the Tahitian chief's tattoos because King George V himself got inked with the 'Cross of Jerusalem' when he traveled to the Middle East in 1862. Alain Decaux (1925~), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie Française. Cook went on to write, "This method of Tattowing I shall now describe...As this is a painful operation, especially the Tattowing of their Buttocks, it is performed but once in their Lifetimes.".

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928-1977), singer. This is done by inlaying the Colour of Black under their skins, in such a manner as to be indelible.". Léopold Simons (1901-1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor. In the Ship's Log Cook recorded this entry : "Both sexes paint their Bodys, Tattow, as it is called in their Language. Robert Arnoux (1899-1964), actor. It was in Tahiti aboard the Endeavour, in July of 1769, that Cook first noted his observations about the indigenous body modification and is the first recorded use of the word tattoo. Renée Adorée (1898-1933), actress. In the process sailors and seamen re-introduced the practice of tattooing in Europe and it spread rapidly to seaports around the globe.

Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), director. Many of Cook's men, ordinary seamen and sailors, came back with tattoos, a tradition that would soon become associated with men of the sea in the public's mind and the press of the day. Line Dariel (1886-1956), comedian. In turn, Cook brought back with him a tattooed Tahitian chief, whom he presented to King George and the English Court. Émile Bernard (1868-1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin. Banks was a highly regarded member of the English aristocracy and had acquired his position with Cook by putting up what was at the time the princely sum of some ten thousand pounds in the expedition. Albert Samain (1858-1900), poet. Cook's Science Officer and Expedition Botanist, Sir Joseph Banks, returned to England with a tattoo.

Pierre Degeyter (1848-1932), worker and composer of the music of the Internationale. Crew members of those voyages returned with more than just fabulous tales of what they had seen, many of the sailors returned with tattoos. Carolus-Duran (1837-1917), painter. When Cook and his men returned home to Europe from their voyages to Polynesia, the salons of Paris and London were soon abuzz with tales of the 'tattooed savages' that Cook and his men had seen on their travels and discovered in previously unknown lands. Antoine Renard (1825-1872), composer (Temps des cerises). Between 1766 and 1779, Captain James Cook made three voyages to the South Pacific, the last trip ending with Cook's death in Hawaii in February, 1779. Édouard Lalo (1823-1892), composer. See irezumi.

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), songwriter. The Water Margin had a major influence on tattooing in Japan. Jean Perrin (1870, 1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research). In addition, Chinese legend has it that the mother of Yue Fei, the most famous general of the Song Dynasty, tattooed the words 精忠報國 (pinyin: jin zhong bao guo) on his back with her sewing needle before he left to join the army, reminding him to "repay his country with pure loyalty". Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine. Tattooing has also been featured prominently in one of the Four Classic Novels in Chinese literature, Water Margin, in which at least two of the 108 characters, Shi Jun and Yan Qing, are described as having tattoos covering nearly the whole of their bodies. Alfred Mongy (1840-1914), modernizer of the city. One reading of Leviticus is to apply it only narrowly to this specific practice contemporary with the book's writing.

Auguste Scalbert (1815, 1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank. In essence, people were literally carrying with them a reminder of the recently deceased in the form of tattoos created by ash being rubbed into shallow wounds cut or slashed into the body, usually the forearms. Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789-1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy. It was a sign of respect for the dead and a symbol of reverence and a sense of the profound loss for the newly departed; and it is surmised that the ash that was rubbed into the self-inflicted wounds came from the actual funeral pyres that were used to cremate bodies. Charles Joseph Panckoucke, (1736-1788), founder of the Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promoter of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. An ancient practice in the Middle East involved people cutting themselves and rubbing in ash during a period of mourning after an individual had died. almost 873,000 passengers in 2003. Some Christians, Jews and Muslims believe Leviticus 19:28 prohibits believers from getting tattoos: Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. A more literal translation of Leviticus is: Do not cut your bodies for the dead nor put marks upon you. The practice proscribed by Leviticus may or may not be tattooing directly (though it is certainly some form of bodily modification).

around 970,000 passengers in 2001. According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths, tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which probably contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus 19:28 in the Old Testament. Autoroute A22 : Lille - Anvers - Netherlands. The Man of Pazyryk was also tattooed with dots that lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle. Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkerque - Calais - England. Their tattooing involved animal designs carried out in a curvilinear style. Autoroute A1  : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of Altaï in the second half of the 20th century (the Man of Payzyrk, during the 1940s; one female mummy and one male in Ukok plateau, during the 1990s).

Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes. Three tattooed mummies (c. Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - England. Mair, The Tarim Mummies, London, 2000), some of them could date from the end of the 2nd millennium before our era. Mallory and V H. Still relatively unknown (the only current publications in Western languages are those of J P.

Tarim Basin (West China, Xinjiang) revealed several tattooed mummies of a European physical type. "Ötzi the Iceman", dated circa 3300 BC, exhibits therapeutic tattoos (small parallel dashes along lumbar and on the legs). Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice since Neolithic times. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Japan, and China.

The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore facial tattoos. Tattooing has been a nearly ubiquitous human practice. Within traditional indigenous cultures, tattooing most often takes place within the context of a rite of passage between adolescence and adulthood. A decline in traditional tribal tattooing practices usually came after first contact with Europeans and the resultant efforts to convert aboriginal and indigenous people to Western religous and cultural practices, which usually held tattooing to be a "pagan" or "heathen" activity.

In many traditional cultures tattooing has enjoyed a resurgence, as native people are once again proud of their cultural heritage. A majority of the respondents—54 percent—said tattoos were a form of art, while 40 percent said they were not. residents to give their opinions of tattoos as an art form. An August, 2005 telephone poll conducted by Zogby International asked 1,042 U.S.

Movie stars, models, popular musicians and sports figures are just some of the people in the public eye who are commonly tattooed, which in turn has fueled the acceptance of tattoos within mainstream popular culture. The growth in tattoo culture has seen the influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine art training, and that coupled with advancements in tattoo pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattooing has led to a marked improvement in the quality of tattoos being produced. Tattoos have become increasingly popular in recent decades in many parts of the world, particularly in North America, Japan, and Europe. Tattoo designs that are mass produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios and displayed in shop are known as flash.

This usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos. Most tattoo enthusiasts refer to tattoos as tats, ink, art or work, and to tattooists as artists. . In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi ("insertion of ink"), while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs.

The word is traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, meaning to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). Tattoos are a type of body modification. In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. A tattoo is a design or marking made by the insertion of a pigment into punctures or cuts in the skin.

American Journal of Roentgenology: Article. and Smith, M. Tattoo-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging Wagle, W.A. American Journal of Roentgenology White Paper.

and Crues, J.V. MR Safety and the American College of Radiology Shellock, F.G. Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3882439203. Tattoo Art Magazine.

Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0446670014. The Tattoo Encyclopedia: A Guide to Choosing Your Tattoo Terisa Green, ISBN 0743223292. Ink: The Not-Just-Skin-Deep Guide to Getting a Tattoo Terisa Green, ISBN 0451215141. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract).

PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract). Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. provide clear aftercare instructions and products.

always use fresh ink for each session, placing small amounts in disposable containers which are used for one client only. always use properly sterilized non-disposable and disposable supplies. always open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments. Artists will change gloves one or more times during sessions.

wash his or her hands with water and soap or an approved sanitizing agent, and wear latex gloves. be willing and able to answer questions. ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it. refuse to tattoo minors, intoxicated people, people with contraindicated skin conditions, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity.

be knowledgeable, courteous and helpful. accessible facilities for washing the hands with hot water and soap. It is also a good idea to ask for recent spore test results. an autoclave - usually required by law, and necessary for sterilizing tools.

sharps containers for old needles. biohazard containers for blood-stained objects. Allowed in all cosmetics: Pigment White 6 (titanium dioxide), Pigment Blue 15, Pigment Black 7 (carbon black), Pigment Brown 6 (iron oxide), Pigment Red 101 (iron(III) oxide), Jernoxid (iron(II) oxide), Pigment Yellow 42 (iron oxide-hydroxide), Sudan Red, Food Yellow 13 (Quinoline Yellow WS), Mangan Violet (manganese ammonium pyrophosphate), Food Red 17 (Allura Red AC), Food Blue 2 (Brilliant Blue FCF), Acid Red 87 (Eosin Y). Allowed in all cosmetics except those used around the eyes: Pigment Green 7.

Allowed in all cosmetics that do not come in contact with mucous membranes: Pigment Yellow 1, Pigment Orange 43. Allowed for cosmetics with only temporary contact with skin: Pigment Violet 23, Pigment Red 122. Substances not approved for cosmetic use: Pigment Orange 36, Pigment Yellow 74, Pigment Red 170, Pigment Yellow 97, Pigment Red 146, Pigment Brown 25, Pigment Red 266.