IKEAIKEA is a Swedish home furnishings retailer. It has 229 stores in 33 countries, most of them in Europe, the rest in the United States, Canada, Asia and Australia. More than 20 opened during 2005. IKEA is one of the few store chains to have locations both in Israel and in other Middle Eastern nations. IKEA is generally pronounced (IPA /i'ke.a/) but in many English-speaking regions, it is pronounced (IPA /aɪ'ki:ə/) rhyming with the word "idea". The IKEA catalogue, containing about 12,000 products, is printed in 160 million copies (2006) worldwide, and distributed free of charge. [2] IKEA is famous for its affordable furniture which consumers are required to assemble for themselves. HistoryA map of the countries that have IKEA stores [1]IKEA was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad, then 17. The company name is a composite of the first letters in his name and the names of the property and the village in which he grew up: Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. This acronym is incidentally similar to the Greek word οικία [oikia] (home) and to the Finnish word oikea (correct). Originally, IKEA sold pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, watches, jewelry and nylon stockings or practically anything Kamprad found a need for that he could fill with a product at a reduced price. Furniture was first added to the IKEA product range in 1947 and, in 1955, IKEA began to design its own furniture. The company motto is: "Well designed affordable quality furniture to the many people". At first, Kamprad sold his goods out of his home and by mail order, but eventually a store was opened in the nearby town of Älmhult. It was also the location for the first IKEA "warehouse" store which came to serve as a model for IKEA establishments elsewhere and on March 23, 1963, the first store outside Sweden was opened in Asker, a Norwegian municipality outside Oslo. (The store was located in the same building which houses the Bellevue hotel, about two km from the present site at Billingstad/Slependen, which opened in 1975. The store in Asker is currently undergoing a major expansion and remodeling.) ProductsIKEA furniture is well known for its modern (often unusual) design. Also, because much of it is self-assembly furniture (also known as "flat-pack"), it is designed to be assembled by the consumer rather than being sold pre-assembled. IKEA claims this permits them to reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air—the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. IKEA in Kungens Kurva, just south of Stockholm, SwedenIKEA also claims to have pioneered the use of more sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture. Its founder calls it "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). Responding to the explosion of human population—and material expectations—in the 20th century, the company has mastered economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of particle board. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scaleable both to larger homes and smaller dwellings. IKEA has also expanded their product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. The product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. Now working in the Nordic countries and in UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. [3] Every IKEA product is identified by a name, either Swedish in origin or Swedish-sounding. Most names have an etymology regarding their function or appearance (de) [4]:
For example, AKTION is a name for a pepper mill, DINERA for tableware, KASSETT for media storage. The entire office furniture line is named EFFEKTIV. Company founder Ingvar Kamprad, who is dyslexic, found that naming the furniture with a name, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember. Community impactIKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in their merchandise may be trumped by the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community: Like all big-box stores, IKEA stores draw consumers from a very large area. Although they were in the U.S. before the United Kingdom and other European countries, IKEA had very few stores until recently. Because they have few stores, they often drew consumers from out-of-state. The handful of American cities which accepted IKEA stores were delighted by the subsequent surge in sales tax revenue, yet dismayed at the accompanying surge in traffic congestion. IKEA BarkarbyFor example, when an IKEA opened in April 2000 in Emeryville, California, the traffic was so severe that most local traffic lights were rendered useless. Emeryville police were forced to manually direct traffic daily for three months. When an IKEA opened in Tempe, Arizona in November 2004, the traffic jams on Interstate 10 were so severe that the Arizona Department of Public Safety had to close the nearest off-ramp to the store just to spread out the traffic among other nearby off-ramps. IKEA's most popular store in Brent Park, London frequently has traffic jams on the weekends. A new store opened in Edmonton, North London at midnight on 10 February 2005. It attracted over 6,000 visitors due to huge opening discounts in the first three opening hours and resulted in a number of casualties as people were crushed in the rush to get into the store. The store was closed after only 30 minutes (due to the large number of customers, there were inadequate security staff and police). The store was re-opened at 5pm on 11 February 2005 with no additional incident. In Saudi Arabia three people were crushed to death in September 2004 when IKEA offered a limited number of $150 vouchers for free. Minding the above problems, the store at Atlantic Station in Atlanta opened on 29 June 2005 with 20 off-duty police officers directing traffic. That store is its first in the Southeast U.S., its third-largest in North America, and the only one to serve grits. The first person in line had been there a week. The Stoughton, Massachusetts store opened on 9 November 2005. Nearby highways were at a standstill; approaching the store from less than 1 mile took upwards of an hour. IKEA employees indicated that on the first Saturday of operation, the Stoughton store would have sales of $1-1.2M. Over 300,000 visitors were expected on the first weekend of operation. IKEA was vetoed planning permission for a further store in England in 2004 (to be based in Stockport in Greater Manchester) by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. It applied for judicial review but lost in 2005. [5] [6] In January 2006 it announced plans to create 10 extra smaller outlets, to be based in city centres. The first of these will be in Coventry. [7] Store formatNewer IKEA stores are usually very large blue boxes with few windows. They are often designed around a mandatory "one-way" layout which forces consumers to traverse nearly all parts of the store before reaching the cashier or check-out stands. The sequence involves going through furniture showrooms (showroom) and housewares (market-hall) first, then the warehouse where one collects flatpacks for products seen in the showrooms, and then the cashier. This design is intended to make customers encounter products which they might not have thought to look for, but has the disadvantage of inconveniencing consumers who already know what they want to buy and just want to return to the warehouse area. Recently, in some stores, shortcuts have been introduced between various sections, making travel time through the store much shorter if necessary. However, though they may be indicated on store maps, these shortcuts are often not obvious so an inexperienced IKEA shopper is likely to overlook them and travel through the whole layout of the store. In addition, the shortcuts are heavily criticized for not being long enough for convenience. Whilst the original design involved the warehouse on the lower level and the showroom and markethall on the upper, some stores are single-level bungalow-style stores while many U.S. stores place the showroom upstairs and the marketplace and warehouse both downstairs. Some stores operate separate additional warehouses for the larger or less popular flatpacks to keep the size of the customer warehouse down (and therefore less daunting) and allow more stock to be kept on-site at any given time. Unfortunately, this occasionally results in customers being unable to find the goods they paid for at the cashier without direction from staff and the impression of queueing twice (once at the cashier, once at the external warehouse). However, there are few complaints about being able to collect goods quicker from the customer warehouses. Many stores include restaurants serving typically Swedish food, and beverages such as lingonberry juice. The restaurant area is usually the one place in the store where there are large windows. Outside of Sweden, these restaurants are sometimes complemented by mini-shops selling Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries. As would be expected with IKEA, you can buy IKEA's specialities, such as Swedish meatballs, in parts (i.e. the ingredients) at these stores and assemble it (that is, simple, straightforward food preparation) at home. Most IKEA stores also offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse just prior to the cashiers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products which are not in "as new" condition are displayed here, and sold with a discount. Corporate structureDespite IKEA's Swedish roots, the owner/franchiser of the IKEA concept is a Dutch company, Inter IKEA Systems BV. The operator/franchisee of the majority of the stores worldwide is a separate entity, the IKEA Group, a private group of companies owned by a Dutch charitable foundation. Of the 202 IKEA stores in 32 countries, 180 are run by the IKEA Group. The remaining 22 are run by franchisees outside of the IKEA Group.[8] INGKA Holding BV is the ultimate parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood. INGKA Holding BV is wholly owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation, which is a foundation registered in the Netherlands. This complicated structure is seen by some as an attempt to avoid Sweden's high taxation at the time. Another reason could be to make it difficult to acquire IKEA. CriticismsSome criticisms of IKEA:
DiversityIKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. Design reformAs pointed out by circuit lecturer Will Novosedlik, IKEA embodies the principles of design reform begun by William Morris and John Ruskin. "Socialistic" in nature, IKEA attempts to elevate public taste by providing quality goods at affordable prices. IKEA's debut in each country
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Some criticisms of IKEA:. Calligraphy, sushi, and bonsai are all millennia-old art that later spread to Japan and Korea. Another reason could be to make it difficult to acquire IKEA. See Chinese painting for more details. This complicated structure is seen by some as an attempt to avoid Sweden's high taxation at the time. The great variation and beauty in the Chinese landscape is often the inspiration for great works of Chinese art. INGKA Holding BV is wholly owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation, which is a foundation registered in the Netherlands. Because of its association with elite scholar-official bosses, it later on became commercialized, where works by famous artists became prized possessions. INGKA Holding BV is the ultimate parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood. Calligraphy is a major art-form in China, above that of painting and music. The remaining 22 are run by franchisees outside of the IKEA Group.[8]. Chinese characters have had many variants and styles throughout the Chinese history, and were "simplified" in the mid-20th century on mainland China. Of the 202 IKEA stores in 32 countries, 180 are run by the IKEA Group. The sheng is the basis for several Western free-reed instruments. The operator/franchisee of the majority of the stores worldwide is a separate entity, the IKEA Group, a private group of companies owned by a Dutch charitable foundation. The Chinese have created numerous musical instruments, such as the zheng, xiao, and erhu, that have spread throughout East and Southeast Asia, and especially areas under its influence. Despite IKEA's Swedish roots, the owner/franchiser of the IKEA concept is a Dutch company, Inter IKEA Systems BV. (See List of Chinese authors, and List of Chinese language poets). Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products which are not in "as new" condition are displayed here, and sold with a discount. Some classical scholars, however, were noted for their daring depictions of lives of the common people, often to the displeasure of authorities. Most IKEA stores also offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse just prior to the cashiers. Chinese philosophers, writers, and poets have been, for the most part, highly respected, and played a key role in preserving and promoting the culture of the empire. the ingredients) at these stores and assemble it (that is, simple, straightforward food preparation) at home. Those who passed the highest level of the exam became elite scholar-officials known as jinshi, a highly esteemed socio-economic position. As would be expected with IKEA, you can buy IKEA's specialities, such as Swedish meatballs, in parts (i.e. Imperial examinations required applicants to write essays and demonstrate mastery of the Confucian classics. Outside of Sweden, these restaurants are sometimes complemented by mini-shops selling Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries. Nevertheless it was a system distinct from the European system of blood nobility. The restaurant area is usually the one place in the store where there are large windows. This led to a meritocracy, though in practice this was possible only among those who were not female or too poor to afford test preparation, as doing well still required tutorship. Many stores include restaurants serving typically Swedish food, and beverages such as lingonberry juice. For centuries, opportunity for economic and social advancement in China could be provided by high performance on the imperial examinations. However, there are few complaints about being able to collect goods quicker from the customer warehouses. Tens of thousands of ancient written documents are still extant and more, from oracle bones to Qing edicts, are discovered each day. Unfortunately, this occasionally results in customers being unable to find the goods they paid for at the cashier without direction from staff and the impression of queueing twice (once at the cashier, once at the external warehouse). Members of royalty frequently participated in these discussions. Some stores operate separate additional warehouses for the larger or less popular flatpacks to keep the size of the customer warehouse down (and therefore less daunting) and allow more stock to be kept on-site at any given time. Academies of scholars sponsored by the empire were formed to comment on these works in both printed and written form. stores place the showroom upstairs and the marketplace and warehouse both downstairs. Before that, manuscripts of the Classics and religious texts (mainly Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist) were manually written by ink brush (previously scratching shells) and distributed. Whilst the original design involved the warehouse on the lower level and the showroom and markethall on the upper, some stores are single-level bungalow-style stores while many U.S. Chinese literature has a long and prolific continuous history, in part because of the development of printmaking during the Song Dynasty. In addition, the shortcuts are heavily criticized for not being long enough for convenience. They regularly protest against their suppression, both domestically and internationally. However, though they may be indicated on store maps, these shortcuts are often not obvious so an inexperienced IKEA shopper is likely to overlook them and travel through the whole layout of the store. The Falun Gong says that it has approximately 70-100 million followers, which is a bit higher than estimates by outside groups, though exact numbers are unknown. Recently, in some stores, shortcuts have been introduced between various sections, making travel time through the store much shorter if necessary. The Falun Gong itself denies that it is a cult or a religion. This design is intended to make customers encounter products which they might not have thought to look for, but has the disadvantage of inconveniencing consumers who already know what they want to buy and just want to return to the warehouse area. In recent years, Falun Gong, a spiritual practice drawing upon Buddhism and Taoism, has attracted great controversy after the government of the People's Republic of China labeled it an evil cult and began an attempt to eradicate it. The sequence involves going through furniture showrooms (showroom) and housewares (market-hall) first, then the warehouse where one collects flatpacks for products seen in the showrooms, and then the cashier. Historically, Taoism and Buddhism have been the dominant religions of Chinese society, and continue to be so in Chinese societies outside direct PRC control. They are often designed around a mandatory "one-way" layout which forces consumers to traverse nearly all parts of the store before reaching the cashier or check-out stands. While the People's Republic of China is officially atheist it does allow religion under strict supervision. Newer IKEA stores are usually very large blue boxes with few windows. The major religions of China are:. [7]. Other than Standard Mandarin, spoken variants are usually not written; the exception is Standard Cantonese, which is sometimes written as Written Cantonese in informal contexts. The first of these will be in Coventry. Classical Chinese is no longer the predominant form of written Chinese, though it continues to be a part of high school curricula and is hence intelligible to some degree to many Chinese people. [5] [6] In January 2006 it announced plans to create 10 extra smaller outlets, to be based in city centres. In addition, another, more ancient written standard, Classical Chinese, was used for writing Chinese by the literati for thousands of years before the 20th Century. It applied for judicial review but lost in 2005. The various spoken varieties of Chinese share a common written standard, "Vernacular Chinese" or "baihua", which has been used since the early 20th Century and is based on Standard Mandarin, the standard spoken language, in grammar and vocabulary. IKEA was vetoed planning permission for a further store in England in 2004 (to be based in Stockport in Greater Manchester) by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Han speak several mutually unintelligible tongues, classified by modern linguists as being separate languages, but regarded within the Chinese languages as "dialects" or "local languages" (topolects) within a single Chinese language (the word for "area languages" has an implication of dialect rather than a separate language, although on the basis of use, these topolects can be found to be separate and mutually unintelligible, and are so classified by many linguists). Over 300,000 visitors were expected on the first weekend of operation. As a response to the problems this is causing, the government of the PRC has enacted a birth control policy, commonly known as the One-child policy. IKEA employees indicated that on the first Saturday of operation, the Stoughton store would have sales of $1-1.2M. The lack of birth control and promotion of population growth during the rule of Mao Zedong resulted in a demographic explosion, culminating in over 1.3 billion people today. Nearby highways were at a standstill; approaching the store from less than 1 mile took upwards of an hour. With the global human population currently estimated at about 6.4 billion, China is home to approximately 20%, or one-fifth of the world's population. The Stoughton, Massachusetts store opened on 9 November 2005. China's overall population is 1.3 billion. The first person in line had been there a week. The government of the People's Republic of China now officially recognizes a total of 56 ethnic groups, of which the largest is the Han Chinese. That store is its first in the Southeast U.S., its third-largest in North America, and the only one to serve grits. The term Zhonghua Minzu is sometimes used to describe a notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions. Minding the above problems, the store at Atlantic Station in Atlanta opened on 29 June 2005 with 20 off-duty police officers directing traffic. Many times in the past millenia many foreign groups have, in turn, shaped Han language and culture, for example the queue is a pig tail hairstyle strictly enforced by the Manchurians on the Han populace. In Saudi Arabia three people were crushed to death in September 2004 when IKEA offered a limited number of $150 vouchers for free. Several previously distinct ethnic groups have been Sinicized into the Han, causing its population to increase dramatically; at the same time, many within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, though still identifying as Han. The store was re-opened at 5pm on 11 February 2005 with no additional incident. Throughout history, many ethnic groups have been assimilated into neighbouring ethnicities or disappeared without a trace. The store was closed after only 30 minutes (due to the large number of customers, there were inadequate security staff and police). In terms of numbers, however, the pre-eminent ethnic group in China is the Han, which is a group so diverse in its culture and language that some conceive of it as a larger overarching group bringing together many smaller, distinct ethnic groups sharing common traits in language and culture. It attracted over 6,000 visitors due to huge opening discounts in the first three opening hours and resulted in a number of casualties as people were crushed in the rush to get into the store. Over a hundred ethnic groups have existed in China. A new store opened in Edmonton, North London at midnight on 10 February 2005. In the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, there are basaltic plateaux. IKEA's most popular store in Brent Park, London frequently has traffic jams on the weekends. Groups of volcanic cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. When an IKEA opened in Tempe, Arizona in November 2004, the traffic jams on Interstate 10 were so severe that the Arizona Department of Public Safety had to close the nearest off-ramp to the store just to spread out the traffic among other nearby off-ramps. The Palaeozoic formations of China, excepting only the upper part of the Carboniferous system, are marine, while the Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits are estuarine and freshwater or else of terrestrial origin. Emeryville police were forced to manually direct traffic daily for three months. The southern zone (within which lies Guangzhou and other southern provinces) has a generally subtropical climate. For example, when an IKEA opened in April 2000 in Emeryville, California, the traffic was so severe that most local traffic lights were rendered useless. The central zone (within which Shanghai is situated) has a generally temperate climate. The handful of American cities which accepted IKEA stores were delighted by the subsequent surge in sales tax revenue, yet dismayed at the accompanying surge in traffic congestion. The northern zone (within which lies Beijing) has a climate with winters of Arctic severity. Because they have few stores, they often drew consumers from out-of-state. The climate of China varies greatly. before the United Kingdom and other European countries, IKEA had very few stores until recently. During many dynasties, the southwestern border of China has been the high mountains and deep valleys of Yunnan, which separate modern China from Burma, Laos and Vietnam. Although they were in the U.S. Dust blows all the way to southern China, Taiwan, and has even been measured on the West Coast of the United States. Like all big-box stores, IKEA stores draw consumers from a very large area. Due to a prolonged drought and perhaps poor agricultural practices, dust storms have become usual in the spring in China. IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in their merchandise may be trumped by the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community:. The northwest also has high plateaus among more arid desert landscapes such as the Takla-Makan and the Gobi Desert, which has been expanding. Company founder Ingvar Kamprad, who is dyslexic, found that naming the furniture with a name, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember. To the west, the north has a great alluvial plain, and the south has a vast calcareous tableland traversed by hill ranges of moderate elevation, with the Himalayas, containing the highest point Mount Everest. The entire office furniture line is named EFFEKTIV. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are found extensive and densely populated alluvial plains; the shore of the South China Sea is more mountainous and southern China is dominated by hill country and lower mountain ranges. For example, AKTION is a name for a pepper mill, DINERA for tableware, KASSETT for media storage. Most of China's arable lands lie along the two major rivers, the Yangtze and the Huang He, and each are the centers around which are founded China's major ancient civilizations. Most names have an etymology regarding their function or appearance (de) [4]:. As a result, principal rivers flow from west to east, including the Yangtze (central), the Huang He (central-east), and the Amur (northeast), and sometimes toward the south (including the Pearl River, Mekong River, and Brahmaputra), with most Chinese rivers emptying into the Pacific. Every IKEA product is identified by a name, either Swedish in origin or Swedish-sounding. China is composed of a vast variety of highly different landscapes, with mostly plateaus and mountains in the west, and lower lands on the east. [3]. China is also traditionally thought of as comprising North China (北方) and South China (南方), the geographic boundary between which north and south is largely generalized as Huai River (淮河) and Qinling Mountains (秦嶺). Now working in the Nordic countries and in UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. China proper is generally thought to be bounded by the Great Wall and the edge of the Tibetan Plateau; Manchuria and Inner Mongolia are found to the north of the Great Wall of China, and the boundary between them can either be taken as the present border between Inner Mongolia and the northeast Chinese provinces, or the more historic border of the World War II-era puppet state of Manchukuo; Xinjiang's borders correspond to today's administrative Xinjiang; and historic Tibet is conceived as occupying all of the Tibetan Plateau. The product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. These territories are separated by borders that are vague at best, and do not correspond well to contemporary political divisions. IKEA has also expanded their product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. The Manchu-established Qing Dynasty and its successors, the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China cemented the incorporation of these territories into China. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scaleable both to larger homes and smaller dwellings. Various dynasties also exhibited expansionism by engaging in incursions into peripheral territories like Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, Xinjiang, and Tibet. Responding to the explosion of human population—and material expectations—in the 20th century, the company has mastered economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of particle board. Historically, most Chinese dynasties were based in the historical heartlands of China, known as China proper. Its founder calls it "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). Recent divisions also include prefecture-level cities, county-level cities, towns and townships (see below for examples). IKEA also claims to have pioneered the use of more sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture. Below that, there have been prefectures, subprefectures, departments, commanderies, districts, and counties. IKEA claims this permits them to reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air—the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. Top levels included circuits and provinces. Also, because much of it is self-assembly furniture (also known as "flat-pack"), it is designed to be assembled by the consumer rather than being sold pre-assembled. Historically, top-level political divisions of China have altered as the administration changed. IKEA furniture is well known for its modern (often unusual) design. Since then, the de jure sovereignty of Taiwan has been under dispute between the PRC, and the now democratic ROC and Taiwan independence supporters. The store in Asker is currently undergoing a major expansion and remodeling.). At the end of the second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Japan relinquished the sovereignty of the island in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and the Republic of China took over. (The store was located in the same building which houses the Bellevue hotel, about two km from the present site at Billingstad/Slependen, which opened in 1975. Taiwan was subsequently ceded to Japan after the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895. It was also the location for the first IKEA "warehouse" store which came to serve as a model for IKEA establishments elsewhere and on March 23, 1963, the first store outside Sweden was opened in Asker, a Norwegian municipality outside Oslo. In 1683 after the surrender of the Kingdom of Tungning established by Koxinga, Taiwan including the Pescadores became a part of the Qing Empire, originally as one prefecture, then two, and later a province. At first, Kamprad sold his goods out of his home and by mail order, but eventually a store was opened in the nearby town of Älmhult. The Qing Empire reduced the territorial value of the Great Wall of China as a barrier of China proper after they merged their homeland (Manchuria) north of the wall with China proper south of it. The company motto is: "Well designed affordable quality furniture to the many people". Since the end of the 19th century, China has tried to reinterpret this relationship as suzerainty or suzerainty-dependency, but this no longer has any real conception in modern international political theories. Furniture was first added to the IKEA product range in 1947 and, in 1955, IKEA began to design its own furniture. The Chinese thought that the barbarians attached themselves to the virtue of the Emperor, while the foreign governments sometimes disagreed. Originally, IKEA sold pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, watches, jewelry and nylon stockings or practically anything Kamprad found a need for that he could fill with a product at a reduced price. Along with provincial administrators, some foreign monarchs sent envoys to offer gifts to the Emperor of China and the Emperor returned compliments to them. This acronym is incidentally similar to the Greek word οικία [oikia] (home) and to the Finnish word oikea (correct). The Qing Dynasty included parts of modern Russian Far East and Central Asia (west of Xinjiang). The company name is a composite of the first letters in his name and the names of the property and the village in which he grew up: Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. Since then, the territory has expanded outward in all directions, and was largest during the Tang, Yuan, and Qing dynasties. IKEA was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad, then 17. The Zhou Dynasty, which preceded the unification of China by Shi Huangdi, was originally the region around the Yellow River. . One of the oldest and most prominent of them, the China Support Network (CSN), was founded in 1989 by a group of concerned Americans and Chinese activists in response to Tiananmen Square. [2]. Today, however, there is much more freedom in intellectual thought in non-political areas and propaganda, while still continuing, has lessened. The IKEA catalogue, containing about 12,000 products, is printed in 160 million copies (2006) worldwide, and distributed free of charge. The attempted eradication of the Falun Gong movement is also held by its supporters to be motivated by fear of Falun Gong's growing influence. IKEA is generally pronounced (IPA /i'ke.a/) but in many English-speaking regions, it is pronounced (IPA /aɪ'ki:ə/) rhyming with the word "idea". In 1989, a popular demonstration held in Beijing at Tiananmen Square was violently put to an end by the CPC. IKEA is one of the few store chains to have locations both in Israel and in other Middle Eastern nations. Examples of this include the jailing of political opponents and journalists, general control of the press, regulation of religions and other non-party organizations, censorship of the press, literature and film, and suppression of independence/secessionist movements. More than 20 opened during 2005. Nonetheless, the Communist Party still has absolute control over political aspects of society, and it continuously seeks to eradicate threats to its rule. It has 229 stores in 33 countries, most of them in Europe, the rest in the United States, Canada, Asia and Australia. However, post-1978 reforms have led to the relaxation, in varying degrees, of party control over many areas of society. IKEA is a Swedish home furnishings retailer. From the beginning, the PRC has been a dictatorial one-party state under the Communist Party. 2006 Ireland — Dublin. Meanwhile, Mao Zedong, the leader of the communists, proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 in Beijing, saying China had stood up. 2006 Japan — Funabashi. more environmentally friendly) and Blues are generally regarded as more conservative. 2005 Turkey — Istanbul. However, Greens are generally more liberal (i.e. 2004 Portugal — Lisbon. formal independence issue. 2001 Greece — Thessaloniki. But rather than the usual conservative-liberal policy distinctions that are the hallmarks of most democracies around the world, the main cleavage in ROC politics is the unification with China in the long-run vs. 2001 Israel — Netanya. Today, the political scene in the ROC is vibrant, with active participation by all sectors of society. 2000 Russia — Moscow (Chimki). Beginning in the late 1970s, Taiwan began the implementation of full, multi-party, representative democracy in the territories still under ROC control (i.e., Taiwan Province, Taipei, Kaohsiung and some offshore islands of Fujian province). 1998 China — Shanghai. By early 1950, the CPC had defeated the Kuomintang on the mainland, and the ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan. 1996 Malaysia — Kuala Lumpur (Mutiara Damansara). In 1947, constitutional rule was established, but because of the ongoing Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (CPC), many provisions of the 1947 ROC constitution were never put into actual practice on the mainland. 1996 Finland — Espoo. Ironically, both the Kuomintang and the CCP have heavy Leninist influences. 1994 Taiwan — Taipei. Effectively, political tutelage meant one-party rule by the Kuomintang with heavy Leninist influences. 1992 Slovakia — Bratislava. In the late 1920s, the Kuomintang, under Chiang Kai-shek, was able to reunify the country under its own control, moving the nation's capital to Nanjing and implementing "political tutelage", an intermediate stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-sen's program for transforming China into a modern, democratic state. 1991 United Arab Emirates — Dubai. Warlords in various regions exercised actual control over their respective territories. 1991 Czech Republic — Prague (Zličín). After Yuan's downfall, China was politically fragmented, with an internationally-recognized, but virtually powerless, national government seated in Beijing (thus failing to fit the definition of a state). 1991 Poland — Platan. Before long, Yuan attempted to have himself proclaimed emperor of a new dynasty; however, he died soon of natural causes before fully taking power over all of the Chinese empire. 1990 Hungary — Budapest. However, Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who had defected to the revolutionary cause, soon forced Sun to step aside and took the presidency for himself (formally it was a negotiation where Sun agreed to step aside for what was then perceived as a strong reformer, Yuan). 1989 Italy — Milan (Cinisello Balsamo). Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party), was proclaimed provisional president of the republic. 1987 United Kingdom — Manchester (Warrington). On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China (ROC) was established, signaling the end of the Manchu-dominated Qing Empire. 1985 United States — Philadelphia (Conshohocken). Chinese was the official language, though periods of Mongol and Manchu conquest saw the arrival of Mongol and Manchu as alternate official languages. 1984 Kuwait — Kuwait City. Luoyang, Chang'an (today's Xi'an), Nanjing, and Beijing are the four cities most commonly designated as capitals of China over the course of history. 1984 Belgium — Brussels (Zaventem and Ternat). (see section "Geography, Political" below for examples),. 1983 Saudi Arabia — Jeddah. Political relations with dependencies (tributary kingdoms) were maintained by international marriages, military aids, treaties, and gifts. 1981 France — Paris (Bobigny). This happened especially since the emperor often was many layers of power removed from the outside world, making him susceptible to manipulation because his sources for information could manipulate that information causing him to make incorrect decisions, especially when their age at becoming emperor often had no bottom limit, with rule passing heriditarily but also given "in trust" to another relative. 1981 Iceland — Reykjavík. Political power sometimes fell into the hands of powerful officials, eunuchs, or imperial relatives, often at the expense of a child heriditary emperor. 1980 Spain — Gran Canaria (Las Palmas). The emperor also consulted civil and martial ministers, especially the prime minister. 1978 Singapore — Queenstown. However the emperor had ultimate, supreme, and unquestionable authority as the political and religious leader of China. 1978 Netherlands — Rotterdam (Sliedrecht). The territory varied with several expansions and contractions depending on the strength of each emperor and dynasty. 1977 Austria — Vienna (Vösendorf). After the Qin, China experienced about 13 more dynasties, many of which continued the extensive system of kingdoms, dukedoms, earldoms, and marquisates. 1976 Canada — Vancouver (Richmond). This ended with the Qin Dynasty unification, during which the office of the emperor was set up, and a system of bureaucratic administration established. 1975 Hong Kong — Kowloon (Tsim Sha Tsui). This is also the time of the beginnings of Confucian philosophy and that of many other philosophies that greatly influenced Chinese philosophy-political thought. 1975 Australia — Sydney (Artarmon). Although there was a central king who held nominal power, and powerful hegemons sometimes held considerable influence, each state was ruled as an independent political entity. 1974 Germany — Munich (Eching). The Chinese civilization consisted of a patchwork of several states, each ruled by a king (王), duke (公), marquess (侯), or earl (伯). 1973 Switzerland — Zürich (Spreitenbach). Before unification by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, "China" did not exist as a coherent entity. 1969 Denmark — Copenhagen (Ballerup). Another is a partial skeleton from Minatogawa being only 18,000 years old. 1963 Norway — Asker (Nesbru). The earliest evidence examples of fully modern humans in China come from Liujiang, China where a cranium dates 67,000 years BCE. 1958 Sweden — Älmhult. This model is known as Mitochondrial Eve Hypothesis. The smell your armpits advert, in which a boss tells members of his staff to smell each other's armpits. However it is now more widely accepted that all modern humans genetically share a direct ancestor, a female nicknamed "Mitochondrial Eve" from Eastern Africa 150,000 years BCE. (complaints were dismissed) [12]. sapiens having archaic features. Make a fresh start," got complaints that it was trivializing marriage breakups and showing a homosexual relationship. erectus to H. And for all your new things, you know where to come. erectus populations (known as "multiregional") as some evidence in ancient bones show a transitional change from H. A campaign under the slogan, "Just pack up, ship out, find a place of your own. It remains a controversial subject to whether fully modern humans evolved from separate H. (complaints were dismisssed but IKEA voluntarily withdrew the advert) [11]. By less than 100,000 years ago all proto-human populations disappeared as modern humans took over or drove other human species into extinction. An advertisement where a management consultant suggests how much more furniture a company could buy, if it fired an office worker. By 100,000 to 50,000 years ago modern human beings settled in all parts of the Old world (including the New World, Americas 25,000 to 11,000 BCE). [10]. Homo sapiens idaltu). (complaints were dismissed). Fully modern humans (Homo sapiens) are believed to originally have evolved roughly 200,000 and 168,000 years ago in Ethiopia or Southern Africa (ei. “Stop being so English”: In which a “Swedish psychologist” claims the British are uptight due to their taste in “English” furniture. erectus settled into various areas in the Old World. In the 1990s, there were several complaints arising from IKEA's British television advertising campaigns:
IKEA supposedly makes use of sweatshops, where the workers and staff are poorly cared for, badly paid, and/or use underaged workers. Evidence of primitive stone tool technology and animal bones in association to H. Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, also Swedish placenames. One particular cave in Zhoukoudian (now known as Peking) has fossilised evidence dating to 300,000 and 550,000 years old. Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions. Archeological evidence suggests that the earliest occupants in China date as long as 2.24 million to 250,000 years ago by an ancient human relative (hominin) known as Homo erectus. Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms. Significant disputes persist as to the nature and extent of China, possible Chinese reunification and the political status of Taiwan. Children’s items: mammals, birds, adjectives. The PRC has historically resisted the ROC's identification of itself as Taiwan, especially in light of the movement supported by residents of Taiwan and others who advocate Taiwan's identity as an independent political entity. Bedlinen, bedcovers, pillows/cushions: flowers, plants, precious stones. On the other hand, the ROC—while never formally renouncing its earlier claims or changing official maps that show its territory as including both the modern-day PRC, Mongolia and Tibet—has moved away from this former identity representing its rule over all of China, and increasingly identifies itself as Taiwan. Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, sailors’ language. The PRC does not recognize the ROC, as it claims to have succeeded the ROC as the legitimate governing authority of all of China including Taiwan. Carpets: Danish placenames. The United Kingdom and Portugal transferred their colonies of Hong Kong and Macau on the southern Chinese coast to the PRC in 1997 and 1999, respectively. Garden furniture: Swedish islands. Meanwhile, the disorganized and potentially corrupt ROC government of the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan, where it continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of all China by the Western bloc and the United Nations until the 1970s, when most nations and the UN switched recognition to the PRC. Materials, curtains: women’s names. The CPC established a communist state—the People's Republic of China—that laid claim to be the successor state of the Republic of China. Chairs, desks: men’s names. The latter ended in 1949 with the Communist Party of China in control of mainland China. Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names. The following three decades were a period of disunion — the Warlord Era, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Chinese Civil War. Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays. In 1912, after a prolonged period of decline, the institution of the Emperor of China disappeared and the Republic of China was established. Bookcase ranges: Occupations. Image:China2C Mao .jpg. Dining tables and chairs: Finnish placenames. Although secretly supporting the rebels, the Empress, Ci Xi, made public efforts to aid foreign forces in suppressing the uprising. Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian placenames. This second conflict was the Boxer Rebellion which aimed to repel Westerners. Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish placenames. Later, a second major rebellion took place, although this latter uprising was considerably smaller than the cataclysmic Taiping Civil War. Prior to this conflict a number of Islamic Rebellions, especially in Central Asia, had occurred. Although the imperial forces were eventually victorious, the civil war was one of the bloodiest in human history - costing at least twenty million lives (more than the total number of fatalities in the First World War). The civil war was started by an extremist believer in a school of thought partly influenced by Christianity who believed himself to be the son of God and the younger brother of Jesus. Most prominent of these was the Taiping Civil War which lasted from 1851 to 1862. However the primary cause of the decline of the Chinese empire was not European and American interference, but rather the consequence of a series of internal upheavals. See Imperialism in Asia. This set the stage for the 19th century, in which China adopted a defensive posture against European imperialism while itself engaging in imperialistic expansion into Central Asia. In the 18th century, China achieved a decisive technological advantage over the peoples of Central Asia, with which it had been at war for several centuries, while simultaneously falling behind Europe in that respect. However, these restrictions proved ineffective against the assimilation of Manchus into the Chinese identity and culture. For example, after the foreign Qing (Manchus) conquered China, because they were ever suspicious of the Han Chinese, the Qing rulers put into effect measures aimed at preventing the absorption of the Manchus into the dominant Han Chinese population. Oftentimes regime change was violent and strongly opposed and the ruler class needed to take special measures to ensure their rule and the loyalty of the overthrown dynasty. After the Ming dynasty, came the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, which lasted until the overthrow of Puyi in 1911. A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Mongols in 1368 and founded the Ming Dynasty, which lasted until 1644. The Mongols, under Kublai Khan, established the Yuan Dynasty. The Song Dynasty fell to the invading Mongols in 1279. For a long period of time, especially between the 7th and 14th centuries, China was one of the most advanced civilizations in the world in technology, literature, and art. Under the succeeding Tang and Song dynasties, China reached its golden age. In 580, China was reunited under the Sui. A period of disunion followed again. After the fall of authoritarian Qin Dynasty in 206 BC came the Han Dynasty which lasted until 220 AD. This state, however, did not last for long, as its legalist approach to control soon led to widespread rebellion. They were all unified under one emperor in 221 BC by Qin Shi Huang, ushering in the Qin Dynasty, the first unified centralized Chinese state. The Shang were in turn invaded by the Zhou (12th to 5th centuries BC), whose centralized authority was slowly eroded by the ceding of state-like authority to warlords ruling small states; eventually, in the Spring and Autumn period, many strong independent states, in continuous war, paid but nominal deference to the Zhou state as the Imperial centre. However, the first confirmed dynasty is the Shang, who settled along the Huang He river, dating from the 18th to the 12th centuries BC. But since then, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the possible existence of the Xia dynasty at the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. Until scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Erlitou in Henan Province, it was difficult to separate myth from reality in regard to the existence of the Xia Dynasty. The first dynasty according to Chinese historical sources was the Xia Dynasty. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent writing independently, the others being ancient Mesopotamia (Sumerians), India (Indus Valley Civilization), and, some hold, Ancient Egypt—though it may have been learned from the Sumerians. China was one of the earliest centers of human civilization. In many contexts it may be more appropriate to speak of "mainland China" (中國大陸,zhōngguó dàlù in Mandarin), especially when contrasting it with other, politically different regions like Hong Kong, Macau, and territories administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan). Sinologists usually use "Chinese" in a more restricted sense, more akin to the classical usage of Zhongguo, or to the meaning of the "Han ethnic group", who make up the bulk of Mainland China. Informally, in economic or business contexts, "the Greater China region" (大中華地區) refers to Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. In many contexts, "China" is commonly used to refer to the People's Republic of China or mainland China, while "Taiwan" is used to refer to the Republic of China. The term "China" can narrowly mean China proper, or, often, China proper and Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang, a combination essentially coterminous with the 20th and 21st century political entity China; the boundaries between these regions do not necessarily follow provincial boundaries. The Western "China", transliterated to Shina (支那) was also used by Japanese from the nineteenth century, but is now obsolete and is regarded as an offensive term by the Chinese. In any circumstance, the word China passed through many languages along the Silk Road before it finally reached Europe and England. Alternate theories on the origin of the word "China" exist. Despite the fact that the Qin dynasty was short-lived and was often regarded as overly tyrannical, it unified the written language in China and gave the supreme ruler of China the title of "Emperor", hence, the subsequent Silk Road traders would identify themselves by that name. English and many other languages use forms of the name China (and the prefix Sino-), which is believed to have derived from the name of the Qin dynasty that first unified the country, even though it is not completely resolved and the origins are still controversial to an extent [1]. Their disparate histories are collectively the history of Zhongguo. Thus it is asserted that all 56 officially recognized ethnic groups are Zhongguo ren (中國人), or Zhongguo people. The Republic of China, as it controlled mainland China, and later, the People's Republic of China, have used Zhongguo as an entity existing theoretically to mean all the territories and peoples within their political control as well as those outside of it (people in the Republic of China on Taiwan now usually use Zhongguo to refer to the PRC and use Taiwan to refer to itself). The term Zhongguo came to be related to geographic, cultural and political identity and less to ethnic origin. It was used in this manner from the tenth century onwards by the competing dynasties of Liao, Jin and Song. In this way Zhongguo came to represent political legitimacy. The southern dynasties, for their part, recently exiled from the north, called the Northern Wei Lu (虜), meaning "criminal" or "prisoner". For example, the Xianbei called their Northern Wei regime Zhongguo, contrasting it with the Southern Dynasties, which they called the Yi (夷), meaning "barbarian". This was doubly so after the loss of the Yellow River valley, the cradle of Chinese civilization, to these peoples. During the period of division after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the term Zhongguo was subjected to transformation as a result of the surge of nomadic peoples from the northern frontier. During the Han Dynasty and before, Zhongguo had three distinctive meanings:. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet, and the island of Taiwan, over time, came to be dominated (to a greater or lesser extent) by, or officially ruled by, imperial China, and are often included as a part of Zhongguo, though acceptance or denial of such claims remains politically controversial, especially where Zhongguo means PRC. Thus Zhongguo quickly came to include areas farther south, as the cultural and political unit (not yet a "nation" or "country" in the modern sense) spread in a southerly direction, including the Yangtze River and Pearl River systems, and by the Tang Dynasty it even included "barbarian" regimes such as the Xianbei and Xiongnu. The "Chinese" thus defined their nation as culturally and politically distinct from - and as the axis mundi of surrounding nations; a concept that continued well into the Qing Dynasty, although being continually redefined while the central political influence expanded territorially, and its culture assimilated alien influences. During the Spring and Autumn Period, it was used only to describe the states politically descended from the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley, to the exclusion of states such as Chu and Qin. The term has not been used consistently throughout Chinese history, however, and carries certain cultural and political connotations both positive and negative, some ideological, and early states considered part of Chinese history are not called "Zhongguo". Zhong (中) means "middle" or "center" while guo (国 or 國) means "country," "kingdom," "state," or "land", referring to the claim that China stood at the centre of that society's "known world", surrounded by lesser tributary states. China is called Zhongguo in Mandarin Chinese (Simplified: 中国, Traditional: 中國; also romanized as Jhongguo or Chung-kuo), which is usually translated as "Middle Kingdom", but could also be translated as "Central State" or "Central Country". . Since then, the ROC has maintained administrative control over Taiwan, the Pescadores, several islands off the coast of Fujian province, and some islands in the South China Sea. After its victory in the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, forcing the Nationalists to retreat and relocate the ROC government to the island of Taiwan, which it had governed since the end of World War II. The imperial system in China ended with the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) under Sun Yat-sen in 1912; however, the next four decades of ROC rule were marred by warlord control, the Second Sino-Japanese War during which the Empire of Japan occupied large parts of China, and the Chinese Civil War which pitted Chinese Nationalists against the Communist forces. By the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, China's political, economic, and military influence declined relative to the growing regional power of Japan and the influence of Western powers. For centuries, Imperial China was also one of the world's most technologically advanced civilizations, and East Asia's dominant cultural influence, with an impact lasting to the present day throughout the region. The country's territorial extent expanded outwards from a core area in the North China Plain, and varied according to its changing fortunes to include multiple regions of East, Northeast, and Central Asia. With one of the world's longest periods of mostly uninterrupted civilization and the world's longest continuously used written language system, China's history has been largely characterized by repeated divisions and reunifications amid alternating periods of peace and war, and violent imperial dynastic change. With over one-fifth of the world's population, the majority of China exists today as a state known as the People's Republic of China, but it also refers to a long-standing civilization comprising successive states and cultures dating back nearly 5,000 years. China (listen (help·info); Traditional Chinese: 中國; Simplified Chinese: 中国; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is a geographical region in East Asia. Military innovations include the crossbow and the grid sight, crossbow stirrup, repeating crossbows, poison gas (smoke from burning dried mustard), tear gas made from powdered lime, relief maps for battle planning, manned kites, fire lance, rockets, gunpowder incendiaries, gunpowder grenades, proto-handguns, various gun-related ammunition types and the cannon. Chinese astrology and constellations were often used for divination. Alchemy was Taoist chemistry, very different from modern chemistry. Nevertheless, there were several doctors who have increased the understanding of internal anatomy by violating this autopsy taboo. However, this autopsy was unacceptable, because of the common belief that a corpse should not be violated. An example is acupuncture, although it is somewhat controversial in some quarters. They continue to play a growing role in the international medical community, and have achieved recognition over the last few decades in the West as alternative and complementary therapies. Traditional medicine and surgery were highly advanced at various points in history, and in some fields are still seen as innovative. Studies in biology have been extensive, and historic records are consulted even today, such as pharmacopoeias of medicinal plants. "Pascal's" Triangle was discovered by mathematician Liu Ju-Hsieh, long before Pascal was born. The decimal system was used in China as early as the 14th Century BC. Pi (π) was calculated by 5th century mathematician Zu Chongzhi to the seventh digit. The main applications of mathematics in traditional China were architecture and geography. Claimed numbers of followers of the Falun Dafa are also regarded as unreliable.). Falun Gong - exact numbers unknown (claimed not to be a "religion", though from a scholarly perspective is a spiritual practice. Islam - 1% to 2%. Christianity - 2 to 4% (from Western sources; the Chinese official number is much smaller than 1%). Buddhism - exact numbers unknown [about 8%]. Taoism - exact numbers unknown. Confucianism - exact numbers unknown. The Sanguo Zhi records the following monologue: "If we can lead the host of Wu and Yue (the area of southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang) to oppose Zhongguo, then we should break off relations with them soon." In this sense, the term is synonymous with Hua (華) and Xia (夏). The area now called the North China Plain. Five are in Zhongguo.". Three are with the Man and Yi barbarians. The Historical Records states: "Eight mountains are famed in the empire. Territories under the direct authority of the "central" authorities. The Book of Poetry explicitly gives this definition. The area around the capital or imperial domain. |