Ice cream

Cherry ice cream

Ice cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from dairy products such as cream (or equivalents), combined with flavourings and sweeteners. This mixture is cooled while stirring to prevent large ice crystals from forming. Although the term "ice cream" is sometimes used to mean frozen desserts and snacks in general, it is usually reserved for frozen desserts and snacks made with a high percentage of milk fat. Frozen custard, ice milk, sorbet and other similar products are often also called ice cream. Governments often regulate the use of these terms based on quantities of ingredients.

Modern commercial ice cream is made from a mixture of ingredients:

  • 10-16% milk fat
  • 9-12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk
  • 12-16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and/or glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners
  • 0.2-0.5% stabilizers and emulsifiers e.g., agar or carrageenan extracted from seaweed
  • 55%-64% water which comes from milk solids or other ingredients

These ingredients make up the solid part of the ice cream, but only a portion of the final volume, the remainder being air incorporated during the whipping process. Generally, the less expensive the ice-cream, the lower the quality of the ingredients (for example, replacing vanilla bean with artificial vanillin), and the more air is incorporated, sometimes as much as 50% of the total volume. Artisan-produced ice creams, such as Berthillon's, often contain very little air, although some is necessary to produce the characteristic creamy texture of the product. Generally speaking, the finest ice creams have less than 30% air, but more than 15%. Since ice cream is sold by volume, it's economically advantageous for producers to reduce the density of the product in order to cut costs. The use of stabilizers rather than actual cream and the incorporation of air also decreases the fat and caloric content of less expensive ice creams, making them more appealing to those on diets.

Ice-creams come in a wide variety of flavours, often with additives such as chocolate flakes or chips, nuts, fruit, and small candies/sweets. Some of the most popular ice cream flavours in supermarkets are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and Neapolitan (a combination of the three). Many people also like ice cream sundaes, which often have ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, whipped cream, cherries and other toppings of their choice.

Production

Ice cream is sold in a variety of different forms.

Before the development of modern refrigeration ice cream was a luxury item reserved for special occasions.

The making of ice cream was originally a laborious process. The temperature was reduced by placing the ice cream mixture into a container that was immersed in a mixture of crushed ice and salt. The dissolving of salt in water is endothermic and the salt allows liquid water to be below the freezing point of pure water, allowing the immersed container with cream to make better contact with the melted water/ice mixture.

Ice was cut commercially from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps in holes in the ground, insulated by straw. Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl surrounded by packed ice and salt. The hand-cranked churn, which still used ice and salt for cooling, was invented by an American named Nancy Johnson in 1846, making production simpler. The world's first commercial ice-cream factory was opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1851, by Jacob Fussell, a dairy farmer. An unstable demand for his milk led him to mass produce ice cream. This allowed the previously expensive concoction to be offered at prices everyone could afford. Fussell opened ice cream parlors as far west as Texas. Many were still around well into the 20th century. He sold his business to Borden.

The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s obviated the cutting and storing of natural ice and then the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, allowing commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice-cream industry.

The most common method for producing ice-cream at home is to use an ice-cream machine, generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream while refrigerated inside a household freezer or using ice and salt for cooling.

Commercial delivery


Today, ice cream is enjoyed around the world on a daily basis thanks to mass production. Ice cream can be purchased in large tubs and squrounds from supermarkets/grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual serves from small carts or vans at public events and places. There are even some ice-cream distributors who sell ice-cream products door-to-door from travelling refrigerated vans, often equipped with speakers playing a children's music tune. On the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, ice cream is sometimes sold to beachgoers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers.

History

Persia

Persian ice cream today is a popular treat to conclude the Iranian cuisine.

In 400 BCE Persia, a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of rosewater and vermicelli, working out as something like a cross between a sorbet and a rice pudding, was served to the royalty during summers. The Persians had already mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally cooled refrigerators known as yakhchals. These storages kept ice brought in from the winter or from nearby mountains well into the summer. The storages worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures. The ice was then mixed in with saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. The treat, widely made today in Iran, is called "faludeh", which is made from starch (wheat, probably), spun in a kind of sieve-like contraption which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rosewater and lemons, before serving. 1 2

See also Kulfi, another originally Persian form of the ice cream.

Arabia

Ice cream was the favourite dessert for the Caliphs of Baghdad, Arabs were the first to make it or at least commercially as there were ice cream factories in the 10th century and the first to sugar Ice cream, it was sold in markets of all Arab cities in the past. It was made of a chilled syrup or milk with fruits and some nuts. Arabs introduced gelato to the west through Sicily. There are many kinds of Arabian Ice cream "Butha" we can find in the market they have advantages of being healthy and fresh as they are made of fresh milk.

China

There are several popular legends surrounding the discovery of ice cream. Saltpeter was used for the production of gunpowder in China, and the Chinese discovered that saltpeter in water caused the water to absorb heat, thus creating ice in summer. The Chinese put sugar in the ice and sold them as food during the summer. It is believed that the Song dynasty (宋朝) was the time when people began putting fruit juice in the water used to create the ice; milk was beginning to be used in the Yuan dynasty (元朝). According to legend, Marco Polo saw ice cream being made on his trip to China, bringing the recipe home to Italy with him on his return. Catherine de Medici's Italian chefs are said to have carried the ice cream recipe to France when she went there in 1533 to marry the Duc d'Orléans. Charles I was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative. There is, however, no historical evidence to support this legend, which first appeared during the 19th century and was probably created by imaginative ice cream vendors. Ice cream most likely did originate in China, but it is unknown how and when the idea made its way into the Western world.

While it was not yet ice cream per se, some examples of early pre-planned ice dishes include the Roman emperor Nero (37-68) who is said to have ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (618-97) of the Shang Dynasty who is said to have had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. People living directly alongside snow and ice have probably always put sweet things like honey and fruit juice on frozen water for variety, as some still do to this day. Snow-cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world.

The West

Contemporary western-style ice cream, however was probably “discovered” in the 1600’s, and was introduced to the United States by colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners, many of whom were Frenchmen, sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the Colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were among the elite who regularly ate and served ice cream. Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. In 1843 Nancy Johnson became the first American to patent a handcranked ice cream freezer. This was followed by the invention of the ice cream soda. It was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th Century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no solid evidence to back up any of their stories. Some versions say that the sundae was invented to circumvent the Blue Laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Both the ice cream cone and banana split were popularized in the first years of the 20th century.

20th century

An Italian ice cream vendor in Vienna, Austria, July 2005 The Brooklyn Ice Cream Factory serves some of the tastiest ice cream in New York City, according to Zagat.

The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increase in availability and popularity. Retail storefront outlets developed as chains of ice cream stores, such as Baskin Robbins.

Around the turn of the 20th Century, the ice cream soda was consumed at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. During Prohibition, the soda fountain was promoted as an alternative to the saloon.

Ice cream became extremely popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th Century after cheap refrigeration became common and wages became high enough to indulge in such minor luxuries. Soon there was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavors and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors." Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy; the company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.

One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream. This allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, saving money. The ice cream was also very popular amongst consumers who preferred the light flavour, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process.

The 1990s saw a return of the older, thicker, ice creams being sold as "premium" varieties. Both Ben and Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs fall into this category.

Ice cream throughout the world

Italian ice cream ("gelato") from the centre of Rome

Globalization has made available ice-cream styles from around the world. For example, Japanese mochi ice cream is now popular in California, even outside Japanese restaurants and Little Tokyos.

Australia

Per Capita, Australians consume the most amount of ice cream than anywhere else.

Italy

Ice cream today is a traditional dessert in Italy, where it is still mostly hand-made, though one of the most known ice-cream machine makers is the Carpigiani.

Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, Italian street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a 'penny lick' or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little").

Italian ice-cream parlours (Eisdielen) are common and popular in Germany where many Italians have immigrated and set up business.

United Kingdom

Ice cream van in the UK

In the United Kingdom, much of the lower-priced ice cream sold, including that from some ice cream vans, has no milk or milk solids content at all. Instead, it is made with vegetable oil, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil. However, ice cream sold as dairy ice cream must contain milk fat, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging or businesses.

In apparent contradiction to the above paragraph, the Ice Cream Alliance Ltd, a trade association for the UK ice-cream industry, says that: "It is necessary for a manufacturer to be aware of the compositional requirements of the country in which he intends to sell his ice cream. In the UK this is a minimum of 5% fat and a minimum of 2.5% milk protein (Schedule 8, the Food Labelling Regulations 1996) [1] (pdf).

Ice cream cone

Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book, published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones, but the idea probably predated that cookbook. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquid gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution.

The popularity of selling ice cream in cones increased greatly during the St. Louis World's fair in 1904. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of clean dishes, so he couldn't sell any more ice cream. Next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles; the new product became extremely popular at the fair and was widely copied by other vendors. This is an interesting legend, but it has not been substantiated.

Using liquid nitrogen

Adding liquid nitrogen with the rest of the ingredients and stirring vigorously produces a very smooth ice cream. The preparation is spectacular, since it results in a column of white condensed vapor, reminiscent of movie depictions of witches' cauldrons. The result, due to the extreme rapid cooling of the mixture, is a very smooth ice cream containing only small ice crystals. After the liquid nitrogen has completely vaporized, the remaining nitrogen bubbles are perfectly harmless, since nitrogen is the major component of air.

Ice cream alternatives

The following is a partial list of ice-cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:

  • Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States.
  • Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1.4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare.
  • Frozen yogurt
  • Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat
  • Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert.
  • Sherbet: 1-2% milk fat and more sweetener than ice cream.
  • Sorbet: fruit puree and no milk products
  • Pop: frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavored sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve.
  • Kulfi: brought to Pakistan and India by the Mughals from Persia during the 1500s, later brought to the West as the result of colonialism and immigration.

Some ice creams are made without milk. Soy ice cream and rice ice cream are made with soy milk or rice milk instead. A minority of non-dairy ice creams are based on nut butter.


This page about ice cream includes information from a Wikipedia article.
Additional articles about ice cream
News stories about ice cream
External links for ice cream
Videos for ice cream
Wikis about ice cream
Discussion Groups about ice cream
Blogs about ice cream
Images of ice cream

A minority of non-dairy ice creams are based on nut butter. According to Ryan Gee's message board, he is currently engaged to Missy Rothstein. Soy ice cream and rice ice cream are made with soy milk or rice milk instead. The video clip was immediately (and continues to be) widely circulated on the Internet. Some ice creams are made without milk. The first 5,000 DVD copies of CKY4 contained a hidden Easter Egg - a two-minute video clip of Bam and his then-girlfriend, Jenn Rivell, having sex. The following is a partial list of ice-cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:. Since the end of filming on Viva La Bam, Bam has replaced the red H2 with a blue H2.

After the liquid nitrogen has completely vaporized, the remaining nitrogen bubbles are perfectly harmless, since nitrogen is the major component of air. Bam bragged that his was the only vehicle of its kind with a sunroof. The result, due to the extreme rapid cooling of the mixture, is a very smooth ice cream containing only small ice crystals. The Lamborghini has been modified with help from friend Billy Idol to include a sunroof (a rough rectangle crudely cut with a jigsaw). The preparation is spectacular, since it results in a column of white condensed vapor, reminiscent of movie depictions of witches' cauldrons. A recent episode however showed the destruction of the H2 by Don Vito as revenge for constant torment. Adding liquid nitrogen with the rest of the ingredients and stirring vigorously produces a very smooth ice cream. Current episodes of Margera's show have shown him to own both a red 2003 Hummer H2 as well as a purple Lamborghini Gallardo and a Mercedes-Benz S55 AMG with a heartagram on the front instead of the mercedes-benz logo.

This is an interesting legend, but it has not been substantiated. The Dream Seller is a nickname for long-time friend and fellow skater Brandon Novak. Next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles; the new product became extremely popular at the fair and was widely copied by other vendors. He announced another film he is working on called The Dream Seller. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of clean dishes, so he couldn't sell any more ice cream. Margera is currently writing, producing, and directing his new feature film, a sequel to Haggard, titled Kiss a Good Man's Ass. Louis World's fair in 1904. Bam has even had himself tattooed with the heartagram.

The popularity of selling ice cream in cones increased greatly during the St. A fan of, friend of, and occasional video director for HIM's frontman, Ville Valo, Margera has licensed the band's logo, the heartagram (a pentagram with two points curved to incorporate a heart symbol), for personal use. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquid gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution. A 2006 sequel entitled Return to Sleepaway Camp will feature the CKY band members in cameo roles as camp counselors. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. "CKY" stands for "Camp Kill Yourself", a reference to the movie Sleepaway Camp (1983), a favourite of CKY band frontman Deron Miller. Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book, published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones, but the idea probably predated that cookbook. When he was younger he would run into walls and be crazy, and his grandfather would say "Bam, bam, bam, chill out! Bam!" The name stuck, and soon everyone was calling him Bam, even his teachers.

In the UK this is a minimum of 5% fat and a minimum of 2.5% milk protein (Schedule 8, the Food Labelling Regulations 1996) [1] (pdf). Bam got his name from his grandfather. In apparent contradiction to the above paragraph, the Ice Cream Alliance Ltd, a trade association for the UK ice-cream industry, says that: "It is necessary for a manufacturer to be aware of the compositional requirements of the country in which he intends to sell his ice cream. In fact, he is featured as a main character in Tony Hawk's Underground (1 and 2). However, ice cream sold as dairy ice cream must contain milk fat, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging or businesses. He has also been animated as a character into a number of pro-skateboarder Tony Hawk's video games. Instead, it is made with vegetable oil, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil. In the DVD comentary for the seasons 4&5 of Viva La Bam, Margera has said that Element Skateboards pays him two million dollars a year, just for wearing their clothing.

In the United Kingdom, much of the lower-priced ice cream sold, including that from some ice cream vans, has no milk or milk solids content at all. (The real LAPD SWAT team helped with this prank). Italian ice-cream parlours (Eisdielen) are common and popular in Germany where many Italians have immigrated and set up business. Ashton Kutcher trapped Margera and his friend inside of a convenience store while staging a terrorist attack. Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, Italian street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a 'penny lick' or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little"). Margera also appeared on Punk'd, in 2005. Ice cream today is a traditional dessert in Italy, where it is still mostly hand-made, though one of the most known ice-cream machine makers is the Carpigiani. Margera also has a small speaking part in the skateboarding movie "Grind".

Per Capita, Australians consume the most amount of ice cream than anywhere else. Margera directed and co-wrote (with Brandon DiCamillo and Chris Aspite) a low-budget independent film called Haggard, starring himself and his friends, released in 2003. For example, Japanese mochi ice cream is now popular in California, even outside Japanese restaurants and Little Tokyos. He became the 13th known skater to land it, and was the first street skater to successfully land it. Globalization has made available ice-cream styles from around the world. As a professional skater in the summer of 2005, Margera successfully landed The Loop in Phoenix, Arizona. Both Ben and Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs fall into this category. Before becoming a professional skateboarder, he could be found frequenting the local skate spots, performing at area fairgrounds, and loitering at Fairman's skate shop.

The 1990s saw a return of the older, thicker, ice creams being sold as "premium" varieties. Margera was born and raised in West Chester, Pennsylvania, a western suburb of Philadelphia. The ice cream was also very popular amongst consumers who preferred the light flavour, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process. Margera's television antics push the generally accepted boundaries of good taste by seeking to shock and offend, thereby creating a large contingent of detractors who charge that he profits from the humiliation and misfortune of others. This allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, saving money. His videos and television shows often include his long-suffering parents, Phil and April, his uncle Vincent Margera ("Don Vito"), and ex-fiancée Jenn Rivell (Margera broke off his engagement to Rivell in early 2005). A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream. Margera's crew includes Ryan Dunn, Brandon DiCamillo, Rake Yohn, Raab Himself, and Brandon Novak.

One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera made his own skate videos known as the CKY quadrilogy, which is also the name of his brother Jess's heavy metal band (see CKY band). Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors." Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy; the company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties. His weekly Sirius Radio show is called Radio Bam. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. He cites Raab Himself as his only reason for attending high school, and dropped out after Raab got expelled. Soon there was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavors and types. He grew up in West Chester, Pennsylvania and went to East High School.

Ice cream became extremely popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th Century after cheap refrigeration became common and wages became high enough to indulge in such minor luxuries. He is also the star of Viva La Bam, and member of the Jackass crew, two shows broadcast by MTV. During Prohibition, the soda fountain was promoted as an alternative to the saloon. Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera (born September 28, 1979) is a professional skateboarder, creator of the "CKY" skate / prank / stunt videos, and radio personality. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the ice cream soda was consumed at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. CKY Landspeed - 1999. Retail storefront outlets developed as chains of ice cream stores, such as Baskin Robbins. CKY2K - 2000.

The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increase in availability and popularity. CKY3 2001. Both the ice cream cone and banana split were popularized in the first years of the 20th century. CKY4 - Latest and Greatest 2002. Some versions say that the sundae was invented to circumvent the Blue Laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Jackass 2 2006. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no solid evidence to back up any of their stories. Grind 2003.

The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th Century. Haggard: The Movie 2003. It was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. Jackass: The Movie 2003. This was followed by the invention of the ice cream soda. In 1843 Nancy Johnson became the first American to patent a handcranked ice cream freezer.

Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were among the elite who regularly ate and served ice cream. Confectioners, many of whom were Frenchmen, sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the Colonial era. Contemporary western-style ice cream, however was probably “discovered” in the 1600’s, and was introduced to the United States by colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them.

Snow-cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world. People living directly alongside snow and ice have probably always put sweet things like honey and fruit juice on frozen water for variety, as some still do to this day. While it was not yet ice cream per se, some examples of early pre-planned ice dishes include the Roman emperor Nero (37-68) who is said to have ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (618-97) of the Shang Dynasty who is said to have had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. Ice cream most likely did originate in China, but it is unknown how and when the idea made its way into the Western world.

There is, however, no historical evidence to support this legend, which first appeared during the 19th century and was probably created by imaginative ice cream vendors. Charles I was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative. Catherine de Medici's Italian chefs are said to have carried the ice cream recipe to France when she went there in 1533 to marry the Duc d'Orléans. According to legend, Marco Polo saw ice cream being made on his trip to China, bringing the recipe home to Italy with him on his return.

It is believed that the Song dynasty (宋朝) was the time when people began putting fruit juice in the water used to create the ice; milk was beginning to be used in the Yuan dynasty (元朝). The Chinese put sugar in the ice and sold them as food during the summer. Saltpeter was used for the production of gunpowder in China, and the Chinese discovered that saltpeter in water caused the water to absorb heat, thus creating ice in summer. There are several popular legends surrounding the discovery of ice cream.

There are many kinds of Arabian Ice cream "Butha" we can find in the market they have advantages of being healthy and fresh as they are made of fresh milk. Arabs introduced gelato to the west through Sicily. It was made of a chilled syrup or milk with fruits and some nuts. Ice cream was the favourite dessert for the Caliphs of Baghdad, Arabs were the first to make it or at least commercially as there were ice cream factories in the 10th century and the first to sugar Ice cream, it was sold in markets of all Arab cities in the past.

See also Kulfi, another originally Persian form of the ice cream. 1 2. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rosewater and lemons, before serving. The treat, widely made today in Iran, is called "faludeh", which is made from starch (wheat, probably), spun in a kind of sieve-like contraption which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water.

The ice was then mixed in with saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. The storages worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures. These storages kept ice brought in from the winter or from nearby mountains well into the summer. The Persians had already mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally cooled refrigerators known as yakhchals.

In 400 BCE Persia, a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of rosewater and vermicelli, working out as something like a cross between a sorbet and a rice pudding, was served to the royalty during summers. On the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, ice cream is sometimes sold to beachgoers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. There are even some ice-cream distributors who sell ice-cream products door-to-door from travelling refrigerated vans, often equipped with speakers playing a children's music tune. Ice cream can be purchased in large tubs and squrounds from supermarkets/grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual serves from small carts or vans at public events and places.


Today, ice cream is enjoyed around the world on a daily basis thanks to mass production. The most common method for producing ice-cream at home is to use an ice-cream machine, generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream while refrigerated inside a household freezer or using ice and salt for cooling. The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s obviated the cutting and storing of natural ice and then the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, allowing commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice-cream industry. He sold his business to Borden.

Many were still around well into the 20th century. Fussell opened ice cream parlors as far west as Texas. This allowed the previously expensive concoction to be offered at prices everyone could afford. An unstable demand for his milk led him to mass produce ice cream.

The world's first commercial ice-cream factory was opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1851, by Jacob Fussell, a dairy farmer. The hand-cranked churn, which still used ice and salt for cooling, was invented by an American named Nancy Johnson in 1846, making production simpler. Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl surrounded by packed ice and salt. Ice was cut commercially from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps in holes in the ground, insulated by straw.

The dissolving of salt in water is endothermic and the salt allows liquid water to be below the freezing point of pure water, allowing the immersed container with cream to make better contact with the melted water/ice mixture. The temperature was reduced by placing the ice cream mixture into a container that was immersed in a mixture of crushed ice and salt. The making of ice cream was originally a laborious process. Before the development of modern refrigeration ice cream was a luxury item reserved for special occasions.

. Many people also like ice cream sundaes, which often have ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, whipped cream, cherries and other toppings of their choice. Some of the most popular ice cream flavours in supermarkets are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and Neapolitan (a combination of the three). Ice-creams come in a wide variety of flavours, often with additives such as chocolate flakes or chips, nuts, fruit, and small candies/sweets.

The use of stabilizers rather than actual cream and the incorporation of air also decreases the fat and caloric content of less expensive ice creams, making them more appealing to those on diets. Since ice cream is sold by volume, it's economically advantageous for producers to reduce the density of the product in order to cut costs. Generally speaking, the finest ice creams have less than 30% air, but more than 15%. Artisan-produced ice creams, such as Berthillon's, often contain very little air, although some is necessary to produce the characteristic creamy texture of the product.

Generally, the less expensive the ice-cream, the lower the quality of the ingredients (for example, replacing vanilla bean with artificial vanillin), and the more air is incorporated, sometimes as much as 50% of the total volume. These ingredients make up the solid part of the ice cream, but only a portion of the final volume, the remainder being air incorporated during the whipping process. Modern commercial ice cream is made from a mixture of ingredients:. Governments often regulate the use of these terms based on quantities of ingredients.

Frozen custard, ice milk, sorbet and other similar products are often also called ice cream. Although the term "ice cream" is sometimes used to mean frozen desserts and snacks in general, it is usually reserved for frozen desserts and snacks made with a high percentage of milk fat. This mixture is cooled while stirring to prevent large ice crystals from forming. Ice cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from dairy products such as cream (or equivalents), combined with flavourings and sweeteners.

Kulfi: brought to Pakistan and India by the Mughals from Persia during the 1500s, later brought to the West as the result of colonialism and immigration. Pop: frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavored sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve. Sorbet: fruit puree and no milk products. Sherbet: 1-2% milk fat and more sweetener than ice cream.

Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert. Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat. Frozen yogurt. Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1.4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare.

Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States. 55%-64% water which comes from milk solids or other ingredients. 0.2-0.5% stabilizers and emulsifiers e.g., agar or carrageenan extracted from seaweed. 12-16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and/or glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners.

9-12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk. 10-16% milk fat.