Hiroshima

Main keep of Hiroshima Castle

The city of Hiroshima (広島市; -shi) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Honshu, the largest of Japan's islands. Geographical location 34°23′07″N, 132°27′19″E (City Hall). It is most known throughout the world as the first city in history subjected to nuclear warfare.

Hiroshima gained municipality status on April 1, 1889 and was designated on April 1, 1980 by government ordinance. As of 2004, the city's mayor is Tadatoshi Akiba.

History

Atomic Bomb Dome at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, a remnant of the city at ground zero of its nuclear bombardment

Hiroshima was founded in 1589, on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and became a major urban center during the Meiji period. The city is located on the broad, flat delta of the Ota River, which has 7 channel outlets dividing the city into six islands which project into Hiroshima Bay. The city is almost entirely flat and only slightly above sea level; to the northwest and northeast of the city, some hills rise to 700 feet.

Hiroshima was founded by Mori Motonari as his capital. About a half century later, after the Battle of Sekigahara, his grandson and the leader of the West Army Mori Terumoto was on the losing side. The winner Tokugawa Ieyasu deprived Mori Terumoto of most of his fiefs including Hiroshima and gave Aki province to another daimyo who had supported him.

Finally Asano was appointed the daimyo of this area and Hiroshima served as the capital of Hiroshima han during the Edo period. After the han was abolished the city became the capital of Hiroshima prefecture.

During the First Sino-Japanese War, Hiroshima emerged as a major supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. This role continued until World War II.

Atomic bombing

On August 6, 1945 the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima by the Enola Gay, a U.S. Air Force B-29 bomber which was altered specifically to hold the bomb, killing an estimated 80,000 civilians and heavily damaging the city. It was the second such device to be detonated, and the first ever to be used in military action. The American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are commonly believed to be the major factor leading to the surrender of the Japanese government six days after the latter attack.

After the nuclear attack, Hiroshima was rebuilt as a “peace memorial city”, and the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation was designated the "Atomic Bomb Dome," a part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The city government continues to advocate the abolition of nuclear weapons, and has advocated more broadly for world peace. They have written a letter of protest every time a nuclear weapon has been detonated anywhere in the world since 1968.

Hiroshima, following the atomic bombing

After the war

Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with new modern buildings rising all over the city. Several civic leaders and scholars were consulted about the rebuilding plan. In 1949, Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament, at the initiative of its mayor Shinzo Hamai (b. 1905-d. 1968). As a result, the city of Hiroshima was receiving more international attention as a desirable location for holding international conferences on peace as well as social issues. As part of that effort, the Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's Association (HIGA) was established in 1992 in order to facilitate translation services for conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute was established in 1998 within the Hiroshima University. In 1994, the city of Hiroshima hosted the Asian Games.

Memorial cenotaph at Hiroshima Peace Park

Also, as a result of the atomic bombing, Hiroshima began to receive donations of streetcars from all over Japan. (After World War II, Japanese cities - like British ones - were anxious to get rid of their streetcar systems due to damage to the infrastructure, and so there were plenty of streetcars available to give away.) Hiroshima thus rebuilt its streetcar system along with the rest of the city, and thus Hiroshima is the only city in Japan with an extensive streetcar system (although other cities have streetcar lines). Some streetcars that survived the war - and the nuclear attack - were put back into service, and four of these are still running today. For the most part, however, Hiroshima has updated its streetcars over the years.

Folded paper cranes representing prayers for peace

Every year on August 6, the mayor of Hiroshima gives a speech called "The Peace Declaration" to commemorate the atomic bombing of the city. It has often been used as an occasion to criticize U.S. foreign policy and urge the president to visit Hiroshima. Tens of thousands of people marked the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of the city on August 6, 2005.

Attractions

A man prepares okonomiyaki in a restaurant in Hiroshima

Baseball fans immediately recognize the city as the home of the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Six-time champions of Japan's Central League, the team has gone on to win the Japan Series three times.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima is the city's J. League football team.

Hiroshima's rebuilt castle (nicknamed Rijō, meaning Koi Castle) houses a museum of life in the Edo period.

Itsukushima ("Miyajima") Shrine is in the town of Miyajima, on the island of Itsukushima, across from Hiroshima. Its large red "floating" gate is one of the best known sights of Japan. Although it lies outside the city of Hiroshima, it is accessible by streetcar or railroad (and ferry) from the central train station.

Hiroshima is known for its version of okonomiyaki, called "Hiroshima-yaki" or "Hiroshima pancake." The Hiroshima version of okonomiyaki is unique for its inclusion of yakisoba noodles.

  • Hiroshima Peace Memorial
  • Hiroshima Castle
  • Shukkei Garden
  • Mitaki Temple

Wards

Hiroshima has 8 wards (ku):

  • Aki-ku
  • Asakita-ku
  • Asaminami-ku
  • Higashi-ku
  • Minami-ku
  • Naka-ku
  • Nishi-ku
  • Saeki-ku

Demographics

As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 1,136,684 and the density of 1532.44 persons per km². The total area is 741.75 km².

Industry

Mazda Motor Company, now controlled by the Ford Motor Company, is by far Hiroshima's dominant company. Mazda makes many models in Hiroshima for worldwide export, including the popular MX-5/Miata and Mazda RX-8. The Mazda CX-7 is slated to be built here in early 2006. Other Mazda factories are in Hofu and Flat Rock, Michigan.

Sister cities

  • Chongqing, China
  • Daegu, South Korea
  • Hannover, Germany
  • Honolulu, United States
  • Montreal, Canada
  • Volgograd, Russia

Further reading

  • Pacific War Research Society, “Japan's Longest Day”, the internal Japanese account of the surrender and how it was almost thwarted by fanatic soldiers who attempted a coup against the Emperor.
  • Richard B. Frank, “Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire” (Penguin, 2001 ISBN 0141001461), a thorough analysis of all the available contemporaneous intel from the perspectives of the various participants during the last months of the war. Uses newly declassified US military intelligence records and other primary sources from many countries to make the case that bombing had a huge net saving of lives, Japanese and American, over an invasion. The author shows why the Japanese were preparing to continue the fight for an indefinite period and why they expected that a bloody defense of their main islands would lead to something less than unconditional surrender and a continuation of their existing government.
  • Robert Jungk, Children of the Ashes, 1st Eng. ed. 1961
  • Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, ISBN 067976285X
  • John Hersey, Hiroshima, ISBN 0679721037

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Other Mazda factories are in Hofu and Flat Rock, Michigan. Jake asked many questions. The Mazda CX-7 is slated to be built here in early 2006. Gyllenhaal and his sister Maggie appeared on an episode of Molto Mario (an Italian cooking show on Food Network featuring Chef Mario Batali) apparently as regular guests and friends rather than celebrities. Mazda makes many models in Hiroshima for worldwide export, including the popular MX-5/Miata and Mazda RX-8. Fans of Gyllenhaal refer to themselves as "Gyllenhaalics". Mazda Motor Company, now controlled by the Ford Motor Company, is by far Hiroshima's dominant company. Gyllenhaal enjoys cooking and "woodwork".

The total area is 741.75 km². He has a German Shepherd named "Atticus" and a Puggle named "Boo Radley", named after characters from the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 1,136,684 and the density of 1532.44 persons per km². Jake is friends with Maroon 5 frontman Adam Levine, and the two have known each other since kindergarten. Hiroshima has 8 wards (ku):. Jake has been linked to actress Natalie Portman. Hiroshima is known for its version of okonomiyaki, called "Hiroshima-yaki" or "Hiroshima pancake." The Hiroshima version of okonomiyaki is unique for its inclusion of yakisoba noodles. The two lived together briefly, but continue to appear together in public.

Although it lies outside the city of Hiroshima, it is accessible by streetcar or railroad (and ferry) from the central train station. Gyllenhaal has an "on-again, off-again" relationship with actress Kirsten Dunst. Its large red "floating" gate is one of the best known sights of Japan. Gyllenhaal has been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Brokeback Mountain. Itsukushima ("Miyajima") Shrine is in the town of Miyajima, on the island of Itsukushima, across from Hiroshima. When asked about the kissing scenes with Heath Ledger in Brokeback Mountain, Gyllenhaal stated that "As an actor, I think we need to embrace the times we feel most uncomfortable.". Hiroshima's rebuilt castle (nicknamed Rijō, meaning Koi Castle) houses a museum of life in the Edo period. You're just alone." However, Gyllenhaal also states that the success of Brokeback Mountain is largely due to Lee's unique style of directing.

League football team. As soon you start shooting he backs off; he just doesn't do anything with you. Sanfrecce Hiroshima is the city's J. "Ang disengages with his actors as we start filming. Six-time champions of Japan's Central League, the team has gone on to win the Japan Series three times. "It was really hard for us," Gyllenhaal was quoted as saying. Baseball fans immediately recognize the city as the home of the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Gyllenhaal has strongly criticized director Ang Lee's style of directing during the filming of the movie, stating that Lee often shunned him and Heath Ledger, purposely making them feel uncomfortable.

Tens of thousands of people marked the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of the city on August 6, 2005. On January 5, 2006 Jake was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award in the category of Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Brokeback Mountain. foreign policy and urge the president to visit Hiroshima. I've never really been attracted to men sexually, but I don't think I would be afraid of it if it happened.". It has often been used as an occasion to criticize U.S. However, he later told Details magazine, "I'm open to whatever people want to call me. Every year on August 6, the mayor of Hiroshima gives a speech called "The Peace Declaration" to commemorate the atomic bombing of the city. When asked for his thoughts on playing a character who falls in love with another man, Gyllenhaal showed comfort with his own same-sex attractions by openly stating every man goes through a period of questioning attractions for other men.

For the most part, however, Hiroshima has updated its streetcars over the years. Brokeback Mountain (2005), which stars Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger, won the coveted Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival 2005, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture-Drama. Some streetcars that survived the war - and the nuclear attack - were put back into service, and four of these are still running today. Gyllenhaal was reportedly paid $6,000,000 for the role. (After World War II, Japanese cities - like British ones - were anxious to get rid of their streetcar systems due to damage to the infrastructure, and so there were plenty of streetcars available to give away.) Hiroshima thus rebuilt its streetcar system along with the rest of the city, and thus Hiroshima is the only city in Japan with an extensive streetcar system (although other cities have streetcar lines). Gyllenhaal played against type, displaying a markedly hostile masculinity as a violent Marine during Gulf War I, while balancing this with the sensitive, vulnerable qualities of the lead character. Also, as a result of the atomic bombing, Hiroshima began to receive donations of streetcars from all over Japan. Gyllenhaal's performance in Jarhead (2005) came as a surprise to critics and fans alike.

In 1994, the city of Hiroshima hosted the Asian Games. For his role, Gyllenhaal received an Evening Standard Theatre Award in the category of "Outstanding Newcomer.". As part of that effort, the Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's Association (HIGA) was established in 1992 in order to facilitate translation services for conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute was established in 1998 within the Hiroshima University. The play, which had been a critical sensation on Broadway, ran for eight weeks in London's West End. As a result, the city of Hiroshima was receiving more international attention as a desirable location for holding international conferences on peace as well as social issues. Marking his theatre debut, Gyllenhaal appeared on the London stage with a starring role in Kenneth Lonergan's revival of This Is Our Youth. 1968). The movie was considered a commentary on the possible effects of global warming, if they are continued to be ignored.

1905-d. He also starred in the science fiction movie, The Day After Tomorrow (2004), which also starred Dennis Quaid. In 1949, Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament, at the initiative of its mayor Shinzo Hamai (b. Loosely based on the story of David Vetter, the film portrays the title character's adventure outside the confines of his bubble as he goes after the woman he loves before she marries the wrong man. Several civic leaders and scholars were consulted about the rebuilding plan. Gyllenhaal also starred in the Walt Disney romantic comedy, Bubble Boy. Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with new modern buildings rising all over the city. He played opposite Jennifer Aniston in another Sundance favourite in 2002's The Good Girl and once again earned good reviews.

They have written a letter of protest every time a nuclear weapon has been detonated anywhere in the world since 1968. Gyllenhaal's performance as a troubled schizophrenic won him excellent reviews and the film quickly acquired cult status. The city government continues to advocate the abolition of nuclear weapons, and has advocated more broadly for world peace. Gyllenhaal made his film debut at age eleven in City Slickers (1991) and began to establish himself as an up-and-coming actor in such films as October Sky (1999) before being cast in the title role in Donnie Darko (2001), for which he was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for best actor. After the nuclear attack, Hiroshima was rebuilt as a “peace memorial city”, and the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation was designated the "Atomic Bomb Dome," a part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Jake graduated from the Harvard-Westlake School in 1998 and studied at Columbia for two years, but dropped out to concentrate on his acting career. The American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are commonly believed to be the major factor leading to the surrender of the Japanese government six days after the latter attack. His father's family is descended from the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family.

It was the second such device to be detonated, and the first ever to be used in military action. His mother's brother, Eric Foner, is a well known American historian at Columbia University. Air Force B-29 bomber which was altered specifically to hold the bomb, killing an estimated 80,000 civilians and heavily damaging the city. His father is of partial Swedish heritage and his mother is Jewish of Ashkenazi heritage. On August 6, 1945 the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima by the Enola Gay, a U.S. The siblings also worked together in the film A Dangerous Woman. This role continued until World War II. Jake was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and producer/screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal, and the brother of actress Maggie Gyllenhaal, who also played his sister in Donnie Darko.

During the First Sino-Japanese War, Hiroshima emerged as a major supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. . After the han was abolished the city became the capital of Hiroshima prefecture. Gyllenhaal (pronounced /ˈdʒɪ.lɪn.hɑːl/) is often considered to be one of the most promising actors of his generation. Finally Asano was appointed the daimyo of this area and Hiroshima served as the capital of Hiroshima han during the Edo period. Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal (born December 19, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American film actor. The winner Tokugawa Ieyasu deprived Mori Terumoto of most of his fiefs including Hiroshima and gave Aki province to another daimyo who had supported him.

About a half century later, after the Battle of Sekigahara, his grandson and the leader of the West Army Mori Terumoto was on the losing side. Hiroshima was founded by Mori Motonari as his capital. The city is almost entirely flat and only slightly above sea level; to the northwest and northeast of the city, some hills rise to 700 feet. The city is located on the broad, flat delta of the Ota River, which has 7 channel outlets dividing the city into six islands which project into Hiroshima Bay.

Hiroshima was founded in 1589, on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and became a major urban center during the Meiji period. . As of 2004, the city's mayor is Tadatoshi Akiba. Hiroshima gained municipality status on April 1, 1889 and was designated on April 1, 1980 by government ordinance.

It is most known throughout the world as the first city in history subjected to nuclear warfare. Geographical location 34°23′07″N, 132°27′19″E (City Hall). The city of Hiroshima (広島市; -shi) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Honshu, the largest of Japan's islands. John Hersey, Hiroshima, ISBN 0679721037.

Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, ISBN 067976285X. 1961. ed. Robert Jungk, Children of the Ashes, 1st Eng.

The author shows why the Japanese were preparing to continue the fight for an indefinite period and why they expected that a bloody defense of their main islands would lead to something less than unconditional surrender and a continuation of their existing government. Uses newly declassified US military intelligence records and other primary sources from many countries to make the case that bombing had a huge net saving of lives, Japanese and American, over an invasion. Frank, “Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire” (Penguin, 2001 ISBN 0141001461), a thorough analysis of all the available contemporaneous intel from the perspectives of the various participants during the last months of the war. Richard B.

Pacific War Research Society, “Japan's Longest Day”, the internal Japanese account of the surrender and how it was almost thwarted by fanatic soldiers who attempted a coup against the Emperor. Volgograd, Russia. Montreal, Canada. Honolulu, United States.

Hannover, Germany. Daegu, South Korea. Chongqing, China. Saeki-ku.

Nishi-ku. Naka-ku. Minami-ku. Higashi-ku.

Asaminami-ku. Asakita-ku. Aki-ku. Mitaki Temple.

Shukkei Garden. Hiroshima Castle. Hiroshima Peace Memorial.