HeliosThis article is about Helios in Greek and Roman mythology. For other uses of Helios, see Helios (disambiguation). Helios in Greek In earlier Greek mythology, the sun was personified as a deity called Hêlios (Greek for "the sun"), whom Homer equates with the sun titan Hyperion. Other sources say Helios is Hyperion's son by his sister Theia. Helios was seen driving a fiery chariot across the sky. He has two sisters, the moon goddess Selene and the dawn goddess Eos. Many believe that Apollo becomes the Olympian "sun god", but this idea is mostly based on speculation and assumption. The equivalent of Helios in Roman mythology is Sol. Greek mythologyThe best known story involving Helios is that of his son Phaeton, who drove the sun chariot to his own disaster. Helios was sometimes referred to with the epithet Helios Panoptes ("the all-seeing"). The names of the horses were Pyrois, Eos, Aethon and Phlegon. Helios was worshipped throughout the Peloponnesus, and especially on Rhodes (an island he pulled out of the sea), where annual gymnastic tournaments were held in his honor. The Colossus of Rhodes was dedicated to him. Helios in his ChariotHelios was often depicted as a haloed youth in a chariot, wearing a cloak and with a globe and a whip. Roosters and eagles were associated with him. In the Odyssey (book XII), Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, Thrinacia, sacred to the sun god, whom Circe names Hyperion rather than Helios: There were kept the sacred red Cattle of the Sun. Though Odysseus warned his men not to, they impiously killed and ate some of the cattle. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, told their father. Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. While Heracles traveled to Erytheia to retrieve the cattle of Geryon, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the sun. Helios begged him to stop and Heracles demanded the golden cup which Helios used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east. Heracles used this golden cup to reach Erytheia. == Greek mythology ==.... The best known story involving Helios is that of his son Phaeton, who drove the sun chariot to his own disaster. Helios was sometimes referred to with the epithet Helios Panoptes ("the all-seeing"). The names of the horses were Pyrois, Eos, Aethon and Phlegon. Helios was worshipped throughout the Peloponnesus, and especially on Rhodes (an island he pulled out of the sea), where annual gymnastic tournaments were held in his honor. The Colossus of Rhodes was dedicated to him. Helios was often depicted as a haloed youth in a chariot, wearing a cloak and with a globe and a whip. Roosters and eagles were associated with him. In the Odyssey (book XII), Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, Thrinacia, sacred to the sun god, whom Circe names Hyperion rather than Helios: There were kept the sacred red Cattle of the Sun. Though Odysseus warned his men not to, they impiously killed and ate some of the cattle. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, told their father. Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. While Heracles traveled to Erytheia to retrieve the cattle of Geryon, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the sun. Helios begged him to stop and Heracles demanded the golden cup which Helios used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east. Heracles used this golden cup to reach Erytheia. Helios and ApolloApollo as he appears in Homer, a plague-dealing god with a silver (not golden) bow has no solar features. But by Hellenistic times Apollo had become closely connected with the sun religiously. His epithet Phoebus 'shining' was later applied by Latin poets to the sun-god Sol also, perhaps from such connections as well as from its obvious appropriateness. The earliest certain reference to Apollo being sometimes identified with the sun god appears in the surviving fragments of Euripides' play Phaethon. The play as a whole seems to have kept Helios separate from Apollo but in a speech near the end (fr 781 N²), Clymene, Phaethon's mother, laments that Helios has destroyed her child, that Helios whom men rightly call Apollo (the name Apollo here understood to mean Apollyon 'Destroyer'). Coin of Roman Emperor Constantine depicting Sol Invictus / Apollo with the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI, circa 315 AD.The identification became a commonplace in philosophic texts and appears in the writing of Parmenides, Empedocles, Plutarch and Crates of Thebes among other as well as appearing in some Orphic texts. Pseudo-Eratosthenes writes about Orpheus in Catast 24: Dionysus and Asclepius are sometimes also identified with this Apollo Helios. But in mythological texts Apollo and Helios are almost universally kept distinct. The sun-god, the son of Hyperion, with his sun chariot, though often called Phoebus is not called Apollo except in purposeful non-traditional identifications. Roman poets often referred to the sun god as Titan. It seems to be a modern meta-myth that literary references to Phoebus and his car or to Phoebus and his chariot refer to Phoebus Apollo in the role of sun god, rather than to Helios. Consorts/Children
Epitheta
This page about helios includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about helios News stories about helios External links for helios Videos for helios Wikis about helios Discussion Groups about helios Blogs about helios Images of helios |
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It seems to be a modern meta-myth that literary references to Phoebus and his car or to Phoebus and his chariot refer to Phoebus Apollo in the role of sun god, rather than to Helios. The US Congress is studying possible reforms to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which may in the future affect broadband and Internet services. Roman poets often referred to the sun god as Titan. As each user must pay a fee to access the audio, this may allow royalties to be distributed to the correct recipients. The sun-god, the son of Hyperion, with his sun chariot, though often called Phoebus is not called Apollo except in purposeful non-traditional identifications. The technology used by London's LBC 97.3 for its premium rate podcasting service may be applied in the future to podcasts which contain royalty-sensitive content such as music. But in mythological texts Apollo and Helios are almost universally kept distinct. He would appear to stop mid-sentence and restart in a different thought, because of cuts required to remove royalty-protected music. Dionysus and Asclepius are sometimes also identified with this Apollo Helios. One effect was to render some of Premiere broadcaster Glenn Beck's podcasts difficult to follow. Pseudo-Eratosthenes writes about Orpheus in Catast 24:. conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh began offering "podcasts" early in 2005, his employer, Premiere Radio Networks, tightened its editing of intro and bumper music, which it previously had allowed on other MP3 files. The identification became a commonplace in philosophic texts and appears in the writing of Parmenides, Empedocles, Plutarch and Crates of Thebes among other as well as appearing in some Orphic texts. For example, when popular U.S. The play as a whole seems to have kept Helios separate from Apollo but in a speech near the end (fr 781 N²), Clymene, Phaethon's mother, laments that Helios has destroyed her child, that Helios whom men rightly call Apollo (the name Apollo here understood to mean Apollyon 'Destroyer'). Regular radio broadcasters' podcasts (and MP3 file downloads without subscription feeds) have run into complications regarding royalties for incidental music on "talk" broadcasts, even when identical programs are "streamed." The broadcasters apparently believe companies that license the music will challenge its use in easily downloaded MP3 files, while "streaming" is closer to a broadcasting model. The earliest certain reference to Apollo being sometimes identified with the sun god appears in the surviving fragments of Euripides' play Phaethon. From the beginning, the use of licensed music in podcasts has been a delicate legal issue. His epithet Phoebus 'shining' was later applied by Latin poets to the sun-god Sol also, perhaps from such connections as well as from its obvious appropriateness. Podcasting's initial appeal was to allow individuals to distribute their own "radio shows," but the system is increasingly used for other reasons, including:. But by Hellenistic times Apollo had become closely connected with the sun religiously. Since the release of Apple's 5th Generation iPod in October 2005, which incorporated playing video files, Video Podcasting has become a major selling point for Apple. Apollo as he appears in Homer, a plague-dealing god with a silver (not golden) bow has no solar features. Known by some as a vodcast, the services handle both audio and video feeds. Heracles used this golden cup to reach Erytheia. As of September 2005, a number of services began featuring video-based podcasting including Apple, via its iTunes Music Store, Participatory Culture Foundation and Loomia. Helios begged him to stop and Heracles demanded the golden cup which Helios used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east. Possible solutions were proposed, including the addition of a content delivery system, such as liberated syndication; Podcast Servers;Akamai; a peer-to-peer solution, BitTorrent; or use of free hosting services, such as those offered by Ourmedia, BlipMedia and the Internet Archive. While Heracles traveled to Erytheia to retrieve the cattle of Geryon, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the sun. Some podcasters found that exposure to iTunes' huge number of downloaders threatened to make great demands on their bandwidth and related expenses. Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. Two days after release of the program, Apple reported one million podcast subscriptions.[43]. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, told their father. Apple's software enabled AAC encoded podcasts to use chapters, bookmarks, external links, and synchronized images displayed on iPod screens or in the iTunes artwork viewer. Though Odysseus warned his men not to, they impiously killed and ate some of the cattle. When it added a podcast-subscription feature to its June 28, 2005, release of iTunes 4.9[42], Apple also launched a directory of podcasts at the iTunes Music Store, starting with 3,000 entries. There were kept the sacred red Cattle of the Sun. Apple president Steve Jobs demonstrated creating a podcast during his January 10, 2006 keynote address to the Macworld Conference & Expo using new "podcast studio" features in GarageBand 3. In the Odyssey (book XII), Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, Thrinacia, sacred to the sun god, whom Circe names Hyperion rather than Helios:. Apple was not actively involved until mid-2005, when it joined the market on three fronts: as a source of "podcatcher" software, as publisher of a podcast directory, and as provider of tutorials on how to create podcasts with Apple products GarageBand and Quicktime Pro. Roosters and eagles were associated with him. While podcasting's innovators took advantage of the sound-file synchronization feature of Apple Computer's iPod and iTunes software -- and included "pod" in the name -- the technology was always compatible with other players and programs. Helios was often depicted as a haloed youth in a chariot, wearing a cloak and with a globe and a whip. Other broadcasters, anxious to generate some revenue to cover the costs of podcasting, may follow. The Colossus of Rhodes was dedicated to him. The technology used by LBC marks a watershed in podcasting, which had been almost an entirely free phenomenon. Helios was worshipped throughout the Peloponnesus, and especially on Rhodes (an island he pulled out of the sea), where annual gymnastic tournaments were held in his honor. Subscribers get access to extra podcast channels and the use of an online podcast player similar to the BBC's Listen Again service. The names of the horses were Pyrois, Eos, Aethon and Phlegon. London's LBC 97.3 has launched the s first paid-for podcasting service [2]. Helios was sometimes referred to with the epithet Helios Panoptes ("the all-seeing"). That summer, when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation locked out more than 5,000 of its regular on-air and technical staff, they responded by creating their own unofficial podcast of original programming, CBC Unplugged, which also appeared on some campus and community radio stations, including CIUT in Toronto and CFRU in Guelph, Ontario. The best known story involving Helios is that of his son Phaeton, who drove the sun chariot to his own disaster. The entire format of KYOU Radio, a San Francisco radio station, became based around broadcasting Podcasts. == Greek mythology ==... On March 30 Sirius Satellite began playing Wichita Rutherford's podcast 5 Minutes with Wichita making him the first person who started out as a podcaster to find a home on Satellite Radio. Heracles used this golden cup to reach Erytheia. In late March, 2005, the trend began to go the other way, with podcasts becoming a source of content for broadcast radio programs by Leo Laporte, Christopher Lydon and others. Helios begged him to stop and Heracles demanded the golden cup which Helios used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east. In May, Sydney station 2MBS became the first Australian community radio station to deliver content via the format, when its Ultima Thule ambient music programme was made available as a podcast. While Heracles traveled to Erytheia to retrieve the cattle of Geryon, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the sun. In April 2005 the BBC announced it was extending the trial to twenty more programs, including music radio[40] and in the same month Australia's ABC launched a podcasting trial across several of its national stations[41]. Helios destroyed the ship and all the men save Odysseus. March saw Virgin Radio become the first UK radio station to produce a daily podcast of its popular breakfast show. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, told their father. United States National Public Radio member stations WNYC and KCRW adopted the format for many of their productions. Though Odysseus warned his men not to, they impiously killed and ate some of the cattle. The CBC trial also included CBC Radio 3's Canadian Music Podcast as well as limited podcasting of CBLA's popular Metro Morning Toronto show. There were kept the sacred red Cattle of the Sun. Also in January 2005, CBC Radio began a trial with its weekly national science and technology show Quirks and Quarks[39], which has offered listeners Real Audio, MP3 and OGG downloads since February 1996. In the Odyssey (book XII), Odysseus and his surviving crew landed on an island, Thrinacia, sacred to the sun god, whom Circe names Hyperion rather than Helios:. These trials were extended in January 2005 to BBC Radio 4's In Our Time[38]. Roosters and eagles were associated with him. The BBC began a trial in October 2004 with BBC Radio Five Live's Fighting Talk. Helios was often depicted as a haloed youth in a chariot, wearing a cloak and with a globe and a whip. While there had been experimental feeds of radio broadcast material, such as Dave Slusher's August 2004 feed of WREK programs from Georgia Tech[36], the American syndicated radio show Web Talk Radio[37] apparently became the first to adopt the format on a regular basis, in September 2004, followed within weeks by Seattle news radio station KOMO and by individual programs from KFI Los Angeles and Boston's WGBH. The Colossus of Rhodes was dedicated to him. Traditional broadcasters were extremely quick to pick up on the podcasting format, especially those whose news or talk formats spared them the complications of music licensing. Helios was worshipped throughout the Peloponnesus, and especially on Rhodes (an island he pulled out of the sea), where annual gymnastic tournaments were held in his honor. The show, produced by the Guardian Unlimited and hosted by Positive Internet maintained an average of over a quarter of a million downloads per weekly episode. The names of the horses were Pyrois, Eos, Aethon and Phlegon. In February 2006 the first official Guinness Book of Records World Record for most popular podcast was awarded to The Ricky Gervais Show. Helios was sometimes referred to with the epithet Helios Panoptes ("the all-seeing"). The term "poditorial" was coined by author John Hedtke in July 2005 while writing half of "Podcasting Now: Audio Your Way!". The best known story involving Helios is that of his son Phaeton, who drove the sun chariot to his own disaster. The term "podmercial" was coined in early 2005 by John Iaisuilo, a radio broadcaster/podcaster in Las Vegas, who promptly trademarked it. . "Podcast" was named the word of the year in 2005 by the New Oxford American Dictionary and would be in the dictionary in 2006. The equivalent of Helios in Roman mythology is Sol. In November 2005 the Podcast News Network was launched that focuses on news and world events to include Sports, Business, Lifestyle, Politics, Religion and World and US National News. Many believe that Apollo becomes the Olympian "sun god", but this idea is mostly based on speculation and assumption. On December 3, 2005 Sony Computer Entertainment America announced that the PlayStation Portable would support podcasting using the RSS Channel feature after upgrading to 2.60. He has two sisters, the moon goddess Selene and the dawn goddess Eos. In his keynote speech he demonstrated the video podcasts Tiki Bar TV and Rocketboom. Helios was seen driving a fiery chariot across the sky. On October 12, 2005 Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the first iPod with video capabilty. Other sources say Helios is Hyperion's son by his sister Theia. The Dolby encoding lasted for only a few minutes of the podcast. In earlier Greek mythology, the sun was personified as a deity called Hêlios (Greek for "the sun"), whom Homer equates with the sun titan Hyperion. In September 2005, the first podcast encoded in 5.1-channel encoded Dolby Headphone was created by Revision3 Studios with their 14th episode of Diggnation. For other uses of Helios, see Helios (disambiguation).. (See also Podcasting and Music Royalties.). This article is about Helios in Greek and Roman mythology. Out of this demand, a growing number of tracks, by independent as well as signed acts, are now being designated "podsafe". Terpsimbrotos. The growing popularity of podcasting introduced a demand for music available for use on the shows without significant cost or licensing difficulty. Perses. Other approaches include enlisting a class full of MBA students to research podcasting and compare possible business models[35], and venture capital flowing to influential content providers. Pasiphae. As is often the case with new technologies, pornography has become a part of the scene, producing what is sometimes called podnography. Circe. Awards were given in 20 categories. Calypso. In July 2005 the first People's Choice Podcast Awards were held during Podcast Expo. Aeetes. Apple also promoted creation of podcasts using its GarageBand and Quicktime Pro software and the MPEG 4, m4a audio format instead of mp3. Aegea. The new iTunes could subscribe to, download and organize podcasts, which made a separate aggregator application unnecessary for many users. Perse
Candalus. Some experienced Internet users declared podcasting to be either nothing special (just a variant of blogs and mp3s), or already past its peak (because of growing exposure, and/or adoption by unsavvy Internet users). Triopas. By mid-2005, the medium had acquired backlash. Tenages. In May 2005 the first book on podcasting was released, the award-winning Podcasting The Do it Yourself Guide, by Todd Cochrane. Actis. Bush became a podcaster of sorts, when the White House website added an RSS 2.0 feed to the previously downloadable files of the president's weekly radio addresses[34]. Macareus. President George W. Cercaphus. Later in the summer of 2005, U.S. Ochimus. Within a few episodes, the show had all the features of a major podcast: a web site with subscription feeds and show notes, guest appearances, questions from the audience, reviews and discussion of books, musical interludes of podsafe (noninfringing) songs, light banter (sports and recreation talk), even limited soundseeing from on location. Heliadae
Elektryo. The first was the Tech Podcasts Network, followed by the Association of Music Podcasters and others. Rhodus
Neaera
Dioxippe. A year later, Google found more than 100,000,000 hits on the word "podcasts.". Phoebe. The number doubled every few days, passing 100,000 by October 18. Merope. There were 526 hits on September 30, then 2,750 three days later. Helia. On that day, the result was 24 hits[29]. Aetheria. Fellow blogger and technology columnist Doc Searls began keeping track of how many "hits" Google found for the word "podcasts" on September 28, 2004. Aegle. The word about podcasting rapidly spread through the already-popular weblogs of Curry, Winer and other early podcasters and podcast-listeners. Aegiale. The first radio show to publish in this format was Web Talk Guys, produced by Rob and Dana Greenlee. Heliades
Clymene
Charites
Independent of the development of podcasting via RSS, a portable player and music download system had been developed at Compaq Research as early as 1999 or 2000. The development of downloaded music did not reach a critical mass until the launch of Napster, another system of aggregating music, but without the subscription services provided by podcasting or video blogging aggregation client or system software. There were a few websites that provided audio subscription services. Many other jukeboxes and websites in the mid 1990's provided a system for sorting and selecting music or audio files, talk, segue announcements of different digtal formats. The MBone was a multicast network over the Internet used primarily by educational and research institutes, but there were audio talk programs[28]. Prior to online music digital distribution, the midi format as well as the Mbone, Multicast Network was used to distribute audio and video files. Prior to the Internet, in the 1970s, RCS, Radio Computing Services, provided music and talk related software to radio stations in a digital format. In November of 2005, they signed a Network wide sponsorship deal with Motorola. Reilly described his vision for the network to be the Time Warner of New media. In Feburary 2005, Australians Cameron Reilly and Mick Stanic started what was the first Commercial Podcast Network, The Podcast network. By October 2004, detailed how-to podcast articles[27] had begun to appear online, and a month later, liberated syndication libsyn launched what was apparently the first Podcast Service Provider, offering storage, bandwidth, and RSS creation tools. In September 2004, Curry launched an ipodder-dev mailing list, then Slashdot had a 100+ message discussion[26], bringing even more attention to the ipodder developer projects in progress at SourceForge. The use of 'podcast' by Gregoire was picked up by podcasting evangelists such as Dave Slusher[24], Winer[25] and Curry, and entered common usage. podcast.net). In September of 2004, Dannie Gregoire also used the term to describe the automatic download[23] and synchronization of audio content; he also registered several 'podcast' related domains (e.g. But what to call it? Audioblogging? Podcasting? GuerillaMedia?")[22]. The term "podcasting" was one of several terms for portable listening to audioblogs suggested by Ben Hammersley in The Guardian on February 12, 2004, referring to Lydon's interview programs ("...all the ingredients are there for a new boom in amateur radio. Shortly thereafter, another group (iSpider) rebranded their software as iPodder and released it under that name as Free Software. While many of the early efforts remained command-line based, the first podcasting client with a user interface was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer and Ray Slakinski and released in mid-September, 2004. The iPodder idea was picked up by multiple developer groups. After the conference, Curry offered his blog readers an RSStoiPod[21] script that moved mp3 files from Userland Radio to iTunes, and encouraged other developers to build on the idea. Curry and Marks discussed collaborating. CDs of Lydon's interviews were distributed as an example of the high-quality MP3 content enclosures could deliver[18]; Bob Doyle demonstrated the portable studio he helped Lydon develop[19]; Harold Gilchrist presented a history of audioblogging, including Curry's early role, and Kevin Marks demonstrated a script to download RSS enclosures and pass them to iTunes for transfer to an iPod[20]. A month later, in October of 2003, Winer and friends organized the first Bloggercon weblogger conference at Berkman Center. Not long after, Pete Prodoehl released a skin for the Amphetadesk aggregator that displayed enclosure links[17]. Announcing the feed in his weblog, Winer challenged other aggregator developers to support this new form of content and provide enclosure support. Lydon, a former New York Times reporter and NPR talkshow host, had posted 25 in-depth interviews with bloggers, futurists and political figures, which Winer gradually released to the feed[16]. In September 2003, Winer created a special RSS-with-enclosures feed for his Harvard Berkman Center colleague Christopher Lydon's weblog, which previously had a text-only RSS feed. Ed Radio scanned RSS feeds for MP3 files, collected them into a single feed, and made the result available as SMIL or Webjay audio feeds. While few developers of RSS-capable blogging software or aggregators made use of the enclosure element, in June 2003, Stephen Downes demonstrated aggregation and syndication of audio files in his Ed Radio application[15]. All that was needed for "podcasting" was a way to automatically move audio files from Radio Userland's download folder to an audio player (either software or hardware [1]) -- along with enough compelling audio to make such automation worth the trouble. Since Radio Userland had a built-in aggregator, it provided both the "send" and "receive" components of what was then called audioblogging[13][14]. Winer's company incorporated the new feature in its weblogging product, Radio Userland, the program favored by Curry, audioblogger Harold Gilchrist and others. For its first two years, the enclosure element had relatively few users. Winer demonstrated how the feature would work by enclosing a Grateful Dead song in his Scripting News weblog on January 11th, 2001[12]. He included the new functionality in RSS 0.92[9], by defining a new element[10] called "enclosure"[11], which would simply pass the address of a media file to the RSS aggregator. Winer had discussed the concept, also in October 2000, with Adam Curry[8], a user of his software, as well as having other customer requests for audioblogging features. The concept was proposed in a draft by Tristan Louis in October, 2000[7], and implemented in somewhat different form by Dave Winer, a software developer and an author of the RSS format. What makes podcasting unique from other digital audio and video delivery is the use of syndication feed enclosures. The downloaded episodes can then be played, replayed, or archived as with any other computer file. (This is only the typical behavior of a podcatcher; some podcatchers behave—or can be set to behave—differently.). Some podcatchers, such as iTunes, also automatically make the newly downloaded episodes available to a user's portable media player. If the feed data has substantively changed from when it was previously checked (or if the feed was just added to the podcatcher's list), the program determines the location of the most recent episode and automatically downloads it to the user's computer. It manages a set of feed URIs added by the user and downloads each at a specified interval, such as every two hours. A podcatcher is usually an always-on program which starts when the computer is started and runs in the background. This program retrieves and processes data from the feed URI. A consumer enters this feed URI into a software program called a podcatcher or aggregator (the former term is specific to podcasting while the latter is general to all programs which collect news from feeds). The content provider makes this feed URI known to the intended audience. This location is known as the feed URI (or, perhaps more often, feed URL). (Unlike the episode file itself, the feed is published to a webserver, usually not by other means.) The location at which the feed is posted is expected to be permanent. The content provider posts the feed to a known location on a webserver. The feed may contain entries for all episodes in the series, but is typically limited to a short list of the most recent episodes, as is the case with many news feeds. This list is usually published in RSS format, which provides other information, such as publish dates, titles, and accompanying text descriptions of the series and each of its episodes. The feed is a machine-readable list of the URIs by which episodes of the show may be accessed. The content provider then acknowledges the existence of that file by referencing it in another file known as the feed. This file is often referred to as one episode of a podcast. The only requirement is that the file be accessible through some known URI (a general-purpose Internet address). This is usually done by posting the file on a publicly-available webserver; however, BitTorrent trackers also have been used, and it is not technically necessary that the file be publicly accessible. The content provider begins by making a file (for example, an MP3 audio file) available on the Internet. A podcast is generally analogous to a recorded television or radio series. In general, these files contain audio or video, but also could be images, text, PDF, or any file type. Podcasting is an automatic mechanism by which multimedia computer files are transferred from a server to a client which pulls down XML files containing the Internet addresses of the media files. Earlier Internet "push" services (e.g., PointCast) allowed a much more limited selection of content. While the user is not "pulling" individual files from the Web, there is a strong "pull" aspect in that the receiver is free to subscribe to (or unsubscribe from) a vast array of channels. The publish/subscribe model of podcasting is a version of push technology, in that the information provider chooses which files to offer in a feed and the subscriber chooses among available feed channels. As use of RSS enclosures for video spread in 2005, podcasting of video data was called, among other things, "video blogging", "video podcasting", "vlogging", "vodcasting", or "vidcasting". Podcasting as a medium was first associated with, but never limited to, audio data. Other terms have been suggested, but had shortcomings -- "audioblogging," "audio magazines" and "webcasting" could describe other forms of media distribution, and "rsscasting," would be difficult to pronounce. Another Apple rival in the portable audio and video market, Creative Technology, began using the "Personal On Demand" interpretation, while offering its own "Zencasts."[6]. [3] The "Personal On Demand" interpretation was in international circulation as early as October 2004.[4] In July 2005, Microsoft blogger Robert Scoble mentioned that interpretation while countering reports that his company was pushing the word "blogcasting" to avoid mentioning an Apple product.[5] "Blogcasting" also implied content based on, or similar in format to, blogs, which was not always the case. From the beginning various writers suggested other names or alternative interpretations of the letters "P-O-D." Technology writer Doc Searls had proposed "Personal Option Digital" in September, 2004. The editors of the New Oxford American Dictionary declared "podcasting" the 2005 word of the year in December, defining the term as "a digital recording of a radio broadcast or similar program, made available on the Internet for downloading to a personal audio player".[2]. However, the use of the "pod" name in 2004 probably played a part [1] in Apple's development of podcasting products and services in 2005, further linking the device and the activity in the news media. The name association came about simply because Apple Computer's iPod was the best-selling portable digital audio player when podcasting began and was used by early practitioners. Neither podcasting nor listening to podcasts requires an iPod or other portable player, and no over-the-air broadcasting is required. "Podcasting" is a portmanteau word coined in 2004 (see "History" below), that combined two words: "iPod" and "broadcasting.". (This difference may make a podcast legally distinct from a webcast or streamed media file.). Although streamed programs, like broadcast radio signals, can be recorded or captured by the receiver, their transient nature distinguishes them from podcast episodes, which arrive already in archived form. Unlike podcasts, streaming also can be used to broadcast live events over the Internet at the moment they occur. The ability to "aggregate" programs from multiple sources is a major part of the attraction of podcast-listening. "Streaming" files from the Internet can remove the specified-time restriction, but still offers only one source at a time, and requires the user to be connected to the Internet while playing the files. One easy way to find podcasts is to use the Podcast Directory in iTunes; these automatically-updated podcasts can then be easily synchronised to your iPod for offline listening. While podcasts are gaining ground on personal sites and blogs, they're not yet widespread. In contrast, traditional broadcasting provides only one source at a time, and the time is broadcaster-specified. Subscribing to podcasts allows a user to collect programs from a variety of sources for listening or viewing offline at whatever time and place is convenient. . Podcasting's essence is about creating content (audio or video) for an audience that wants to listen when they want, where they want, and how they want. Other "pod-" derived neologisms include "podcasters" for individuals or organizations offering feeds, and "podcatchers" for special RSS aggregators with the ability to transfer the files to media player software or hardware. Use of "podcast" to describe both audio and video feeds seemed natural to some users, while others preferred to reserve the word for audio and coin new terms for video subscriptions. In fact, any file with a URL, including still images and text, can be delivered as an enclosure. While the name was primarily associated with audio subscriptions in 2004, the RSS enclosure syndication technique had been used with video files since 2001, before portable video players were widely available. Podcasters' websites also may offer direct download of their files, but the subscription feed of automatically delivered new content is what distinguishes a podcast from a simple download or real-time streaming (see below). A podcast is a web feed of audio or video files placed on the Internet for anyone to subscribe to, and also the content of that feed. Podcasting is the distribution of audio or video files, such as radio programs or music videos, over the internet using RSS syndication for listening on mobile devices and personal computers. It documents community policing (CAPS) success stories. Law enforcement: The Chicago Police Department has a free video podcast of its half-hour weekly news magazine called "CrimeWatch," which airs on local TV. Public libraries can podcast local publications free of Copyright, offering spoken word alternatives to the visually impaired. Academic journal digests: The Society of Critical Care Medicine has a podcast used to update clinicians with summaries of important articles, as well as interviews[50]. Hong Kong's South China Morning Post was the first to use its own website and the first in Asia, having launched on April 19, 2005[49]. The San Franciso Chronicle is believed to be the first major daily newspaper to start podcasting using an external website[48], in Feb 2005. Newspapers use podcasts to brodcast audio content from print interviews and drive traffic to their websites. Newspapers. Podcasting has become a way for youth media organizations, such as Youth Radio (Youth Radio site), to bring youth perspectives to a wider audience. Youth media. The 5,500 locked out staff (editors, journalists, technicians, hosts, etc.) of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation were podcasting news and other programming during August and September of 2005. Advocacy. Podcasts can be packaged to alert attendees to agendas, hosted roundtables and daily feedback. Conference and meeting alerts. The Cubscast founders also formed the first city-specific sports podcast network, hosting one podcast for each major Chicago team at Chicagosportscasts.com. Pioneers include Cubscast. In 2005, unofficial podcasts for major sports teams launched, providing fans both in and outside of the teams' direct broadcast areas with on-demand commentary. Sports. Other television shows have since followed suit. Moore creates commentary podcasts for each new episode of Battlestar Galactica (download audio commentary). Battlestar Galactica writer and executive producer Ronald D. Television commentary. (transcript & audio). American astronaut Steve Robinson claimed the first podcast from space during the Space Shuttle Discovery mission STS-114 - although there was no subscription feed, merely an audio file that required manual downloading. On 7 August 2005. Communication from space. Official cultural or historic audio tours of cities ([audisseyguides]). Unofficial audio tours of museums (musecast)[47]. Porncasting and podnography are sometimes used to refer to pornography in podcasts. Pornography. Disciples with Microphones provides podcasts relating to the Catholic church[46]. Many churches produce podcasts of talks and sermons. Godcasting has been used by many religious groups [45]. Religion. In the U.S., both major political parties have various podcasts, as do numerous politicians. Politics. In the second half of 2005, a Communication Studies course at the University of Western Australia (iGeneration: Digital Communication and Participatory Culture) used student-created podcasts as the main assessment item. In 2004 Musselburgh Grammar School pioneered podcast lessons with foreign language audio revision and homework [44], other pioneers include The Room 208 Podcast, Radio WillowWeb, and Room 613 Talk. Education. For example, Wikinews began to podcast its News Briefs in 2005. A way for news organizations to distribute audio as an addition to their existing text (or mostly text) news products. A way for people and organizations to avoid regulatory bodies, such as the British Ofcom, that would not allow a program to be broadcast in traditional media. |