Fountain

. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require time-consuming and costly professional repair, though modern plastic lenses are almost indestructible and very scratch-resistant. This is gin." And it was gin. The lenses themselves can also become greasy or trap vapour when eating hot food or swimming or walking in rain, reducing visibility significantly. On a Tiffany card in a corner was the note: "This is not New York's precious water. Even though the late-20th century saw the creation of light frames, such as those made of titanium, very flexible frames, and new lens materials and optical coatings, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. During New York City's first drought emergency in modern times, Gene Moore, window designer for Tiffany's, created sparkling fountains hung with diamonds. Another unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience.

(Today it is enclosed behind glass.). Some people who find that wearing glasses may look nerdy turn to contact lenses instead, especially under peer pressure. For the Barcelona exhibition of 1937 Alexander Calder created in remembrance the miners who were killed at the mercury mines at Almadén a memorial fountain, which uses mercury instead of water. This conception probably comes from an era when most people were illiterate and the first people to wear glasses were those who did a lot of reading. If the water is unsafe, fences must be designed to keep people far enough away, so that they cannot touch the water, otherwise children get water on their hands, and put their fingers into their mouths, and end up getting sick, thus subjecting owners and operators to legal liability. An example of halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent or, especially in teen culture, even geeks and nerds. In the United States fountain operators and owners are legally liable for failure to either fence-in fountains, or to properly filter, chlorinate or otherwise treat the water, if the fountains are not fenced in. In popular culture, glasses were all the disguise Superman and Wonder Woman needed to hide in plain view as alter egos Clark Kent and Diana Prince, respectively.

It was therefore necessary to put a fence around the fountain to keep people away. And of course John Lennon wore his round "granny glasses" from some of his time with the Beatles to his assassination in 1980. Children played in fountains and swallowed water, and spurted the water out of their mouths to mimic the way nozzles in the fountain spurted the water. Masaharu Morimoto wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In July 1997, an outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis was connected to an ornamental fountain at the Minnesota Zoo, which did not have proper filtration and water treatment. British comedic actor Eric Sykes, who became profoundly deaf as an adult, wears glasses that contain no lenses, but are in fact a bone-conducting hearing aid. (Pool and Spa News Online). Drew Carey continued to wear glasses for the same reason after getting corrective laser eye surgery.

In Disneyland, for example, people have been reported to change their babies' diapers and then wash their hands in the water fountain (thus adding unexpected bacteria and organics into the water). British soap star Anne Kirkbride had the same problem: her character on Coronation Street, Deirdre Barlow, became so well-known for her big frames that she was expected to wear them at social gatherings and in international tours, even though Kirkbride has always worn contact lenses. In reality, however, people will interact with ornamental water fountains in the most surprising ways. American Senator Barry Goldwater continued to wear lensless horn-rimmed spectacles after being fitted with contact lenses because he was not recognizable without his trademark glasses. In theory, a free-standing water feature shouldn't have a bather load, and subsequently, many builders would not choose to install filters or sanitation devices. For some celebrities, glasses form part of their identity. Guidelines have been developed for control of legionella in ornamental fountains (Legionella Risk Management-Guidelines). Glasses can be a major part of personal expression, from the extravagance of Elton John and Dame Edna Everage, from Groucho Marx to John Denver to Lisa Loeb all the way to the varied professional personas of eyeglass-wearing knowledge workers.

Therefore, minimum water quality standards are necessary, regardless of intended use. On the other hand, many people are attracted to people who wear glasses, and glasses are available in a wide range of styles, materials, and even designer labels. Additionally, fountain spray can contain legionella bacteria and has been linked to legionnaires' disease outbreaks. Contact lenses also provide much improved peripheral vision. Regardless of the fact that some fountains are designed and built not as bathing fountains, but are rather used simply as architectural decor, people will often drink from, bathe or wash their hands in any fountain. Glasses are often regarded as unattractive, and many people prefer to wear contact lenses for that reason. There is a need for good water quality in contemporary fountains, regardless of their avowed intended use. Many people have several pairs of glasses, one for each task or distance, with specific glasses for reading, computer use, and television watching.

However, the fountain is central to the University community, and Fountain Day celebrates that centrality. Others have lenses specifically intended for use with computer monitors at a fixed distance. As a response the University moved the event to a weekend, incresed security, and limited admittance to the fountain area itself to only UAlbany students. Some modern multifocal lenses give a smooth transition between these lenses, unnoticeable by most wearers. In 2004 Fountain Day was a media nightmare with drunk students and multiple injuries. These were originally separate lenses, as invented by Benjamin Franklin. Fountain day is a school sponsored event, initiated by the Human Awareness Program (HAP), in 1979, so students and faculty could break down the barriers that separate them. Traditional multifocal lenses have two or three distinct viewing areas, each requiring a conscious effort of refocusing.

This brings huge crowds celebrating together in the fountains, and creates something close in spirit to an urban beach. As people age, their ability to focus is lessened and many decide to use multiple-focus lenses, bifocal or even trifocal to cover all the situations in which they use their sight. University of Albany has a "Fountain Day" every year which is a day in which the university can come together to celebrate the coming of spring, and the near-end of the semester. Lenses can be ground to specific eyes, but in most cases standard off-the-shelf prescriptions suffice, but require custom-fitting to particular frames. The pumps, filter, electrical switch box and plumbing controls are often housed in a "plant room". Magnifying lenses for reading that are used to treat mild hypermetropia and presbyopia can be bought off the shelf, but most glasses are made to a particular prescription, based on degree of myopia or hypermetropia combined with astigmatism. Lighting is often submerged and must be suitably designed. Glasses can be very simple.

Low voltage lighting, typically 12 volt Direct Current, is used to minimise electrical hazards. None of these conditions is considered a disease. The water may need chlorination or anti-algal treatment; however, it may also utilise biological methods to filter and clean water. As most people age the crystalline lens of the eye loses elasticity resulting in presbyopia, which limits their ability to focus on nearby objects. A water filter, typically a media filter, removes particles from the water -- this filter requires its own pump to force water through it and plumbing to remove the water from the pool to the filter and then back to the pool. Some would say "the rays of light converge at an imaginary point behind the retina." Astigmatism is a condition in which parallel rays of light entering the eye converge at two separate locations, either before and/or after the retina. "Static head" is useful to quantify this pressure, see Head_(hydraulic). Hyperopia is a condition in which parallel rays of light entering the eye do not converge prior to reaching the retina.

The pressure that causes water to move through the fountain may be produced instead by a motor-driven (often electric) pump. Myopia is a condition in which parallel rays of light entering the eye converge before reaching to retina. Allowance must also be made to handle overflow in the case of heavy rain. Emmetropia, the condition of ideal focus is described as two parallel rays of light entering the eye and converging on or at the retina. This closed, recirculating system must still be filled at the start from the local water supply system and also topped up through its life to offset the effects of evaporation. Glasses fitted with corrective lenses are a common means of correcting focus problems such as myopia (nearsightedness, short-sightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness, long-sightedness). In many circumstances fountains obtain their water from an internally recycling system. Virtual reality glasses and helmets have separate video screens for each eye and a method for determining the direction the head is turned.

In modern fountains the traditional gravitational pressure from an unseen reservoir at a higher level is not always practical. One kind of electronic 3D spectacles uses electronic shutters. Changerooms are located in level P1 of the public parking. Another kind of 3D glasses uses polarized filters. The special texture on the slabs ensures that they are not slippery when wet. 3D glasses made of cardboard and plastic are distributed at 3D movies. The entire surface of Dundas Square is made of special nonslip square granite slabs that match the size of the metal grilles. The classic 3D glasses have one red lens and one blue lens.

Both the architects and the designers have confirmed that these were intended for waterplay, and the facility operators have confirmed that the water is treated to pool water quality standards, and that the water quality is tested, by the health department, at least once a day. Classic 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions when viewing specially prepared images. Twenty such grilles are arranged in two rows of 10, right in the middle of the main walkway through Dundas Square. The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. Each group of 30 nozzles is located beneath a stainless steel grille. Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots in that reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed, or instrument readings on liquid crystal displays may be blocked. It consists of 600 ground nozzles arranged in groups of 30 (3 rows of 10 nozzles). Popular among fishermen and hunters, polarized sunglasses allow wearers to see into water when normally glare or reflected light would be seen.

A recent example of a public splash fountain, intended for waterplay, is the one located in Toronto's Dundas Square. Polarization filters remove horizontal rays of light, which can cause glare. These splash pads are often located in public pools, public parks, or public playgrounds (known as spraygrounds). Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. These have zero standing water, to eliminate possible drowning hazards, so that no lifeguards or supervision is required. Still, they offer the convenience of not having to carry both clear glasses and sunglasses to those who frequently go indoors and outdoors during the course of a day. More recently, splash fountains have begun to appear. Unfortunately, many car windshields protect the passengers from UV light, while not shielding from bright visible light, making photochromic lenses ineffective where they are most needed.

In other situations, fountains are designed to allow easy access, and feature nonslip surfaces, so that people can safely use them to cool off in on hot summer days. Glasses with photosensitive lenses, called photochromic lenses, become darker in the presence of UV light. Some fountains are fenced in, or have raised edges as a barricade to keep people out. Sunglasses vary greatly and many offer more style than protection. Although many fountains were not designed as bathing fountains, children of all ages often use them for that purpose. It is possible to have lenses that look very dark and yet offer little ultraviolet protection. A splash fountain or bathing fountain is a fountain intended for people to cool off in. Due to changes in the atmosphere, ultraviolet levels are much higher than in the past and ultraviolet protection for eyes and skin is even more important.

Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. Good sunglasses should also protect against ultraviolet light. A water fountain is designed to provide drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. plano) lenses that are darkened to provide protection against bright visible light. In Islam a fountain is the name of the place in the Mosque where worshippers can wash before Prayer. Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription (i.e. A musical fountain is a type of fountain that uses laser and harmonics principles to create three-dimensional images that look like holograms. Main article: Sunglasses.

For example, the such fountains can spit up one ball of water which then explodes, showering people with a fine mist. Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can often be used in the place of safety glasses in many environments; this is one advantage that they have over contact lenses. Animated fountains often use laminar jets that provide water that moves like ping pong balls in animation, so that it breaks up, as the height varies, and the behaviour of each jet operates independently with up to 5Hz modulation frequency 1/5sec, so that the water packets collide with themselves. The pictured wraparound safety glasses are evidence of this style change with the close fitting nature of the wraparound dispensing with the need for side shields. The practical Romans marked the delivery end of aqueducts with a public fountain, a practice that was revived in Rome in the 15th century, when the restored Aqua Felice once more delivered a symbolic presentation of its waters to Rome in the original Trevi Fountain, since replaced by the familiar Baroque fusion of water, architecture and sculpture. Recent safety glasses have tended to be given a more stylish design, in order to encourage their use. From the Fountain of Youth one can drink to gain immortality, or to regain ones youth. They may provide less eye protection than goggles, face shields or other forms of eye protection, but their light weight increases the likelihood that they will actually be used.

An offshoot of the Fountain of Life was the legend of the Fountain of Youth, which Juan Ponce de León sought in Florida. Some safety glasses are designed to fit over corrective glasses or sunglasses. The Fountain of Life appears in Christian illuminated manuscripts of Late Antiquity, and elaborate Gothic fountains formed centerpieces for exclosed gardens. The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction. Christian allegory made much use of the concept of the fountain, specifically the Fountain of Life, associated with the rebirth that was intended to be experienced at the Baptismal font. For example, those used in medicine may be expected to protect against blood splatter while safety glasses in a factory might have stronger lenses and a stronger frame with additional shields at the temples.
. Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide.

Early Modern English employed fountain to refer to a natural spring water or source, which the 16th century garden fountain might consciously imitate in a grotto. Although safety lenses may be constructed from a variety of materials that vary in impact resistance, certain standards suggest that they maintain a minimum 1mm thickness at the thinest point regardless of material. In the 16th century elaborate fountain displays were garden features of Mannerist gardens of Central Italy and the Mughal gardens of India. Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris. Other early fountains were geometrically regularized springs, developed in the classic Persian garden. Lenses made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist are called prescription lenses and are used to make prescription glasses. Hellenistic hydraulic engineers employed great originality in designing fountains, where the water pressure might be employed to animate automata and water organs. Glasses correcting for myopia will have negative diopter strengths.

Early fountains depended on the natural gravity flow of water, from a spring or from an aqueduct supplied from a distant and higher source of water, which provided hydraulic head. Over-the-counter reading glasses are typically rated at +1.00 to +3.00 diopters. . The power of a lens is generally measured in diopters. A famous example of such a modern fountain rises from the surface of Lake Geneva (below, left). Corrective lenses modify the focal length of the eye to alleviate the effects of shortsightedness (myopia), longsightedness (hyperopia) or astigmatism. One of the most common features of a fountain, if there is enough pressure, is a jet or multiple jets, where water is forced into the air under pressure to some height. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident.

Many fountains are located in small, artificial ornamental ponds, basins and formal garden pools, and often they include sculpture. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Basins may overflow from one into another, or the overflow may imitate a natural cascade. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. In fountains sheets of water may flow over varied surfaces of stone, concrete or metal. Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common and their technology has not stood still. Fountains may be wall fountains or free-standing. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as scissors glasses and lorgnettes remained fashionable throughout the 18th and into the early 19th century.

A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source (Latin fons), fills a basin of some kind, and is drained away. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed in 1727 by the British optician Edward Scarlett. The Fountain Of Wealth is the world's largest fountain found at Suntec City, Singapore. Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The fountain at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Tubes and nozzles radiating from a hollow sphere. Over time, the construction of spectacle frames also evolved.

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain in Fitzroy Gardens, Kings Cross, Sydney, Australia. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were constructed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1827. The waterfall cascade at Paley Park, New York City. The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals in 1784 to avoid having to regularly switch between two pairs of glasses. Tyler Davidson Fountain at Fountain Square in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. However, it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published in his treatise on optics and astronomy, the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia. The world's tallest fountain, located in the town of Fountain Hills, Arizona. Nicholas of Cusa is believed to have discovered the benefits of concave lens in the treatment of myopia (nearsightedness).

Fountain of Wealth (largest fountain in the world since 1998) In Singapore. These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct the farsightedness (presbyopia) that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. Vancouver's Harbour Green urban park with pavement waterworks fountains that kids can frolic in. Bacon's published writings describe the magnifying glass (which he did not invent), but make no mention of glasses. Urban Oases. Other stories, possibly legendary, credit Roger Bacon with the invention. Centennial Olympic Park (computer animated frolicking fountain with 251 ground nozzles that shoot 12 to 35 feet in the air). In 1738, a Florentine historian named Domenico Manni reported that a tombstone in Florence credited one Salvino d'Armato (died 1317) with the invention of glasses.

Dundas Square fountains designed by artist Dan Euser as both an architectural landmark as well as for frolicking (waterplay). Based on this evidence, Redi credited another Dominican monk, Fra Alessandro da Spina of Pisa, with the re-invention of glasses after their original inventor kept them a secret, a claim contained in da Spina's obituary record. Splash Fountains at Christian Science Plaza, Boston, MA. In 1676, Franciscus Redi, a professor of medicine at the University of Pisa, wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses, and a record of a sermon given in 1305, in which the speaker, a Dominican monk named Fra Giordano da Rivalto, remarked that glasses had been invented less than twenty years previously, and that he had met the inventor. Fountains in front of Brooklyn Museum (frequent frolicking, no standing water; less chance of drowning). The identity of the original inventor is unknown, although a possible source is the Arabs, who may have had magnifying lenses in the 10th century. Along the far side there is zero-depth entry (no barrier, and the plane of the water matches the plane of the floor). Glasses were possibly invented in northern Italy, most likely in the late 1280s.

to clearstream product) which fill a giant bowl that sprays 20 nozzles up, one central nozzle shoots up approximately 10 meters, 3 times in succession, then the process repeats. . equiv. Sunglasses protect against high levels of visible and ultraviolet light. There are 44 outer nozzles (each 3/8in dia. Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or visible and near visible light or radiation. Toronto Eaton Centre in Toronto, Canada. Corrective spectacles have lenses shaped to correct vision abnormalities, such as myopia.

Triton Fountain in Italy. Hydrophobic coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are anti-reflective coatings intended to improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible. Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia. Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. Various fountains, including the "Fountain of Lions" at the Alhambra, Granada, Spain. Some plastics have a greater index of refraction than most types of glass, allowing thinner lenses for a given prescription. The Wallace fountains of Paris. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of visible light and greater absorption of ultraviolet light.

Fontana di Trevi in Rome. Glasses were originally made from glass, but many are now made from plastic (often polycarbonate or CR-39) due to the danger of breakage and the greater weight of glass lenses. The "Fountains of Bellagio" at the Bellagio casino in Las Vegas. In hipster slang they are cheaters. The staircase and Atlas fountains at Peterhoff, the summer palace of Peter the Great. Spectacles is often shortened to specs. Buckingham Fountain in Chicago. Glasses are more often called eyeglasses in North American English, occasionally spectacles in British English, and (rarely) frames or lenses.

The garden fountains of the Palace of Versailles near Paris. Historical types include the pince nez, monocle, and lorgnette. The Trafalgar Square fountains in London. Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temples placed over the ears. The Jet d'Eau in Lake Geneva. Special glasses are used for viewing three-dimensional images or experiencing virtual reality. My Time at Tiffany's. Glasses, spectacles, or eyeglasses are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the human eyes, sometimes for purely aesthetic reasons but normally for vision correction or eye protection.

Gene Moore, with Jay Hyams, 1990. Eyeglasses were a common part of the hipster persona, for example Dizzy Gillespie. http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/spain/barcelona/fundmiro/calder.html. Cheaters is used in the hipster argot. [1]. Lenses is also sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common. Frames is sometimes used to refer to framed eyepieces, although it is not common.

In contrast, glass eye refers to a cosmetic prosthetic artificial eye that replaces a missing eye. Eye glasses or eyeglasses is a word used in North American English. Also in frequent use is the shortened form, specs. Spectacles is widely used in Britain and occasionally in the US, in addition to use by professional opticians.

Compare with other meanings of the word glass. Pair of glasses (or just glasses) is commonly used in Britain and in North America.