Fishing

Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. The term fishing is usually not applied to the hunting of aquatic mammals such as whales. Fishing is an ancient and worldwide practice with many techniques and traditions, and it has been transformed by modern technological developments. An organized fishing effort, typically centred around a particular commercially valuable species, is known as a fishery.

Fishing in antiquity

Stone Age fishing hook made from bone. Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting. Poseidon/Neptune sculpture in Copenhagen Port.

Origins

Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago. We know from archaeological features such as shell middens[1], discarded fish bones and cave paintings that sea foods were important and consumed in significant quantities. During this time, most people lived a hunter-gather lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. However, where there are a few early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food.

The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between about 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. With the new technologies of farming and pottery came the basic forms of most fishing methods known today.

Fishing may even pre-date the development of modern humans. There is a controversial proposal called the aquatic ape hypothesis which proposes that the ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting and that they gathered most of their food from shallow coastal or other waters before their descendants returned to a more land-based existence.

Ancient representations

The ancient river Nile was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population[2]. The Egyptians invented various implements and methods for fishing and these are clearly illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. Simple reed boats served for fishing. Woven nets, weir baskets made from willow branches, harpoons and hook and line (the hooks having a length of between eight millimetres and eighteen centimetres) were all being used. By the 12th dynasty, metal hooks with barbs were being used. As is fairly common today, the fish were clubbed to death after capture. Nile perch, catfish and eels were among the most important fish. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime.

Fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. There is a wine cup, dating from 510–500 BC, that shows a boy crouched on a rock with a fishing-rod in his right hand and a basket in his left. In the water below, a rounded object of the same material with an opening on the top. This has been identified as a fish-cage used for keeping live fish, or as a fish-trap. It is clearly not a net. This object is currently in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[3].

Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics which show fishing from boats with rod and line as well as nets. Various species such as conger, lobster, sea urchin, octopus and cuttlefish are illustrated[4]. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius was armed with a trident and a casting-net. He would fight against the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front.

The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident.

Ancient literature

There are numerous references to fishing in ancient literature; in most cases, however, the descriptions of nets and fishing-gear do not go into detail, and the equipment is described in general terms. An early example from the Bible in Job 41:7: Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?[5].

The Greek historian Polybius ((ca 203 BC-120 BC), in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head[6].

Oppian of Corycus, a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika, composed between 177 and 180. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact to the modern day. Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats, scoop nets held open by a hoop, spears and tridents, and various traps "which work while their masters sleep". Oppian’s description of fishing with a "motionless" net is also very interesting:

From ancient representations and literature it is clear that fishing boats were typically small, lacking a mast or sail, and were only used close to the shore.

In traditional Chinese history, history begins with three semi-mystical and legendary individuals who taught the Chinese the arts of civilization around 2800-2600 BC: of these Fu Hsi was reputed to be the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping, and fishing.

Fishing techniques

Hand fishing

It is possible to fish with minimal equipment by using only the hands. In the USA catching catfish in this way is known as noodling. In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare.

Trout binning is a method of fishing, possibly fictional, performed with a sledgehammer[7].

Divers can catch lobsters by hand.

Pearl diving is the practice of hunting for oysters by free-diving to depths of up to 30 m.

Hand-line fishing is a technique requiring a fishing line with a weight and one or more lure-like hooks.

Catching Fish by hand is currently illegal in the state of Kansas.

Spear and bow fishing

Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear[8][9] or the trident. A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for "gigging" bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp and other trash fish in the shallows.

Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun has made the method much more efficient. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods.

Hunter gatherers may use the bow to kill fish in shallow water.

Fishing nets

Fishing with a cast net. Coracles on the River Teifi, Wales 1972.

All fishing nets are meshes usually formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used in certain areas.

A small hand net held open by a hoop and possibly on the end of a long stiff handle has been known since antiquity and may be used for sweeping up fish near the water surface. Such a net used by an angler to aid in landing a captured fish is known as a landing net. In England, hand netting is the only legal way of catching eels and has been practised for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.

A casting net is circular with a weighted periphery. Sizes vary up to about 4 m diameter. The net is thrown by hand in such a manner that it spreads out on the water and sinks. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in[10].

Coracle-fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while, with the other, he plies his paddle. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles are brought to touch and the fish is then secured.

The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) found at Kochi in India are an unusual method of fishing. Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. The nets are dipped into the water and raised again, but otherwise cannot be moved.

A seine is a large fishing net that may be arranged in a number of different ways. In purse seine fishing the net hangs vertically in the water by attaching weights along the bottom edge and floats along the top. A simple and commonly used fishing technique is beach seining, where the seine net is operated from the shore. Danish seine is a method which has some similarities with trawling.

Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats.

A gillnet catches fish which try to pass through it by snagging on the gill covers. Thus trapped, the fish can neither advance trough the net nor retreat.

Ghost nets are nets that have been lost at sea. They may continue to be a menace to wildlife for many years.

Dredging

There are types of dredges used for collecting scallops or oysters from the seabed. They tend to have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh and they are towed by a fishing boat. Scallop dredging is very destructive to the seabed, and nowadays is often replaced by mariculture or by scuba diving to collect the scallops.

Fishing lines

Fish are caught with a fishing line by encouraging a fish to bite upon a fish hook or a gorge. A fishing hook will pierce the mouthparts of a fish and may be barbed to make escape less likely. A gorge is buried in the bait such that it would be swallowed end first. The tightening of the line would fix it cross-wise in the quarry's stomach or gullet and so the capture would be assured.

Fishing with a hook and line is called angling.

Trolling is a technique in which a fishing lure on a line is drawn through the water. Trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used when fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. Trolling is also a freshwater angling technique most often used to catch Trout. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time.

Long-line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line.

Kite fishing

Kite fishing was invented in China and was (and is) also known to the people of New Guinea and other Pacific Islands. It is not clear whether kite fishing was communicated or of independent invention. Suitable kites may be of very simple construction. Those of Tobi Island are a large leaf stiffened by the ribs of the fronds of the coconut palm. The fishing line may be made from coconut fibre and the lure made from spiders webs[11].

Kites can provide the boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate such as shallows or coral reefs where fish may be plentiful. Kites can also be used for trolling a lure through the water.

Ice fishing

Main article: Ice fishing.

Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and hooks through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. It is practised by hunter-gatherers such as the Inuit and by sportsmen in many cold climates.

Fish traps

Traps are culturally almost universal and seem to have been independently invented many times. There are essentially two types of trap, a permanent or semi-permanent structure placed in a river or tidal area and pot-traps that are baited to attract prey and periodically lifted.

Indigenous Australians were, prior to European colonisation, most populous in Australia's better-watered areas such as the Murray-Darling river system of the south-east. Here, where water levels fluctuate seasonally, indigenous people constructed ingenious, stone, fish traps[12]. Unfortunately, most have been completely or partially destroyed. The largest and best known were the Brewarrina fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina in New South Wales, which fortunately are at least partly preserved[13]. The Brewarinna fish traps caught huge numbers of migratory native fish as the Barwon River rose in flood and then fell. In southern Victoria, indigenous people created an elaborate systems of canals, some more than 2 km long. The purpose of these canals was the encouragement and catching of eels, a fish of short coastal rivers (as opposed to rivers of the Murray-Darling system). The eels were caught by a variety of traps including stone walls constructed across canals with a net placed across an opening in the wall. Traps at different levels in the marsh came into operation as the water level rose and fell. Somewhat similar stone wall traps were constructed by native American Pit River people in north-eastern California[14].

Fishing method of Wagenya people in Congo. Catching lobster.

A technique called dam fishing is used by the Baka pygmies. This involves the construction of a temporary dam resulting in a drop in the water levels downstream -- allowing fish to be easily collected[15].

In medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. 'V' shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m and worked by directing fish towards fish traps or nets. Such fish traps were evidently controversial in medieval England. The Magna Carta includes a clause requiring that they be removed:

Basket weir fish traps were widely used in ancient times. They are shown in medieval illustrations and surviving examples have been found. Basket weirs are about 2 m long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other — easy to get into and hard to get out[17].

The Wagenya people, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, build a huge system of wooden tripods across the river. These tripods are anchored on the holes naturally carved in the rock by the water current. To these tripods are anchored large baskets, which are lowered in the rapids to "sieve" the waters for fish. It is a very selective fishing, as these baskets are quite big and only large size fish are trapped. Twice a day the adults Wagenya people pull out these baskets to check whether there are any fish caught; in which case somebody will dive into the river to fetch it.

Pot traps are typically used to catch crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish. Pot traps such as the lobster trap may be constructed in various shapes, each is a mesh box designed with a convoluted entrance that makes entry much easier than exit. The pots are baited and lowered into the water and checked daily. Similar traps are used in many areas to capture bait fish.

Trained animals

Chinese man with fishing cormorant.

In China and Japan, the practice of cormorant fishing is thought to date back some 1300 years. Fishermen use the natural fish-hunting instincts of the cormorants to catch fish, but a metal ring placed round the bird's neck prevents large, valuable fish being swallowed. The fish are instead collected by the fisherman[18].

The practice of tethering a remora, a sucking fish, to a fishing line and using the remora to capture sea turtles probably originated in the Indian Ocean. The earliest surviving records of the practice are Peter Martyr d'Anghera's 1511 accounts of the second voyage of Columbus to the New World (1494)[19]. However, these accounts are probably apocryphal, and based on earlier accounts no longer extant.

Dating from the 1500s in Portugal, Portuguese Water Dogs were used by fishermen to send messages between boats, to retrieve fish and articles from the water, and to guard the fishing boats. Labrador Retrievers have been used by fishermen to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore.

Toxins

Many hunter gatherer cultures use poisonous plants to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand. Some of these poisons paralyse the fish, others are thought to work by removing oxygen from the water[20].

Cyanides are used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood market. This illegal fishing occurs mainly in or near the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. Many fish caught in this fashion die either immediately or in shipping. Those that survive often die from shock or from massive digestive damage. The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs so harvested damages the coral polyps and has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisoning among local fishermen and their families.

Explosives

Dynamite or blast fishing, is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs[21]. Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world.


Electrofishing

A relatively new fishing technique is electrofishing, typically used for stream classification surveys and catching brood stock for hatcheries, or making estimates of populations in a body of water. A gated pulse of direct current is used to cause muscular contractions in a fish, called galvanotaxis, causing them to turn towards the source of the electrical current and swim towards it when correct pulse speeds and durations are used, along with correct current.

A low voltage or short pulse with long gaps will cause the fish to swim away from the device, and high voltage or long pulses with short rests can cause galvanonarcosis, or unconsciousness. Techniques for setting pulse length and patterns, current and voltage require great skill to fish effectively without killing or injuring fish if they are to be left unharmed. Dissolved minerals in the water can decrease resistance causing less of the current to pass through the fish, whereas fish recently entering fresh water from the ocean have high salinity and are more prone to electric shock. Also the smaller the fish, and consequently the less surface area in contact with the water, the higher the current required to produce galvanotaxis. Smaller fish also require shorter pulses, closer together, while large fish should have longer pulses at lower power and longer gaps between pulses.

Rigs can be battery powered back-packs or powered by a generator if they are mounted in a boat. They are typically equipped with a "dead-man switch" and a tilt switch to disable the device if the unit is tipped or the operator incapacitated. Protective equipment must be worn to isolate the operator and prevent electrocution.

Modern fishing

Recreational fishing

Angling.

Main article: Angling.

Recreational fishing and the closely related (nearly synonymous) sport fishing describe fishing for pleasure or competition. Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit the way in which fish may be caught. Typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth.

The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, line and hooks attached to any of a wide range of lures or baits. This practice is known as angling.

One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing. Kayak fisherman fish from sea kayaks in an attempt to level the playing field with fish and to further challenge their abilities. Kayaks are extremely stealthy and can allow anglers to reach areas unfishable from land or by conventional boat.

In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish all be returned to the water (catch and release). The practice, however, is viewed by some with disapproval as they consider it unethical to inflict pain on a fish for fun or sport and not for reasons of capturing food. Anglers deny this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if being hooked was painful. There is also some research that shows certin types of fish such as catfish, do not have nerves around their mouth. They most likey do not have nerves in their due to that they eat animals such as crayfish that can pinch.

In a real sense, the suitability of catch and release is an ethical consideration and, as such, a science-based conclusion on the issue is unavailable. Scientific studies show a wide range of survival, depending on species, environmental conditions, fish density and research design (methodology). The difficulty of doing such experiments is closely linked to the fact that negative effects of being exposed to fishing gears (here barbless hooks) develop over long time. Keeping fish trapped over long period of time creates a lot of noise which makes it hard to single out the effect of the catch from the effect of the chosen methodology.

Proponents of catch and release also contend that the practice is increasingly necessary in order to conserve fish stocks in the face of burgeoning human populations, mounting fishing pressure and worsening habitat degradation. Opponents would prefer to ban or to severely restricting angling, a suggestion most anglers find unpalatable.

Recreational fishermen can have profound deleterious effects on fish stocks in commercial lakes, this is due to anglers with poor knowledge of how to protect the fish from damage or stress once out of the water. The fish which suffer most are those of large, slow growing species such as carp. The only way for growing numbers of recreational fishermen to continue fishing is to reduce their impact on fish populations. Catch and release, in combination with techniques such as strong tackle (to get fish in quickly, for release in good condition), careful handling of fish and barbless hooks (to reduce physical damage) and quick release lead systems such as korda quick release system or the e.s.p variety may be useful tools in this endeavour.

A recent phenomenon of recreational fishing are fishing competitions (tournaments) where fishermen compete for prizes based on the total weight of a given species of fish caught within a predetermined time. This sport evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, especially in North America. Competitors are most often professional fishermen who are supported by commercial endorsements. Other competitions is purely on length with mandatory catch and release, either longest fish or total length is documented with camera and a mandatory sticker, of more fair since it’s hard to weigh a living fish accurately in a boat.

Big-game fishing describes fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin.

Noodling and Trout tickling may be pursued as a recreation.

Laws made to control recreational fishing frequently also attempt to control the harvest of other aquatic species, such as frogs and turtles.

Commercial fishing

A trawler leaving the port of Ullapool, north-west Scotland.

Main article: Fishing industry

Commercial fishing provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes (quotas), and international treaties that have sought to limit the fishing effort and, sometimes, capture efficiency.

Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, and the technology available to the fishermen. A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day.

Some common commercial techniques today are trawling, seining, driftnetting, handlining, longlining, gillnetting, and diving. Also see Krill fishery.

In addition to the above, commercial fishing can also be thought of as encompassing "pay to fish" enterprises, which provide anglers with controlled access to stocked lakes, ponds or canals. These provide fishing opportunities outside of the permitted seasons and quotas applied to public waters. In the United Kingdom, commercial fisheries of this sort charge access fees, with prices ranging from £2 to £25 per day. In North America, establishments usually charge for the fish caught, by length or by weight, rather than for access to the site although some establishments charge both types of fees. Prices for fish caught in North American "pay to fish" waters are generally in the range of $0.10 to $0.20 per cm or from $5.00 to $10.00 per kg.

Preservation

Ancient methods of preserving fish included drying , salting, pickling and smoking. All of these techniques are still used today but the more modern techniques of freezing and canning have taken on a large importance.

See:

  • Haddock: Arbroath Smokie (lightly smoked).
  • Herring: kipper (salted and smoked), surströmming (fermented), rollmops (pickled), soused (salted).
  • Salmon: smoked salmon, cured salmon, and gravlax (fermented).
  • Cod: stockfish (air dried), lutefisk (soaked in lye).

In the past, fishing vessels were restricted in range by the simple consideration that the catch must be returned to port before it spoils and becomes worthless. The development of refrigeration and freezing technologies transformed the commercial fishing industry: fishing vessels could be larger, spending more time away from port and therefore accessing fish stocks at a much greater distance. Refrigeration and freezing also allow the catch to be distributed to markets further inland, reaching customers who previously would have had access only to dried or salted sea fish.

Canning, developed during the 19th century has also had a significant impact on fishing by allowing seasonal catches of fish that are possibly far from large centres of population to be exploited. For example: sardines.

Fish products

Food

The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish as well as other sea food.

Shellfish include shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. Shelled molluscs include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle and scallop; some crustaceans are the shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and crab.

Eggs, called roe, of various species may be eaten; roe comes from fish and certain marine invertebrates, such as sea urchins and shrimp. In some cultures, roe is considered a delicacy, for example caviar from the sturgeon.

Squid and octopus are valued as food.

Sea cucumber is considered a delicacy in Chinese cooking and is often served at New Year’s feasts, usually in soups[22].

In some cultures, for example China, Japan, and Vietnam, certain species of jellyfish are consumed[23].

Fish oil is valued as a dietary supplement.

Live fish

Live fish are collected for the international live food fish trade. Some seafood restaurants keep live fish in aquaria for display or for cultural beliefs. The majority of live fish kept at seafood restaurants, however, are desired for the freshness of the seafood, being killed only immediately before being cooked. Suiting customer preference, this practice makes the seafood higher in quality and better in taste. The prevalence of cultural beliefs and consumer standards helps to drive the demand for the live food fish trade. Hong Kong, for example, is estimated to have imported in excess of 15,000 tonnes of live food fish in 2000. This brought the value of their live food fish trade industry to US$400 million as reported by the World Resources Institute[24].

Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them such as in a seine net or by placing an electric current into the water. Such techniques are used most often by researchers for observation and study but are also used by those who collect fish for the aquarium trade. There are several organizations devoted to improving the methods of collecting, handling, transporting, exporting and farming of wild and domesticated live food fish, as well as freshwater and marine tropical fish destined for aquaria.

Other products

Pearls and mother-of-pearl are valued for their lustre. Traditional methods of pearl hunting are now virtually extinct.

Sharkskin and rayskin which are covered with, in effect, tiny teeth (dermal denticles) were used for the purposes that sandpaper currently is. These skins are also used to make leather. Sharkskin leather is used in the manufacture of hilts of traditional Japanese swords.

Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus.

Sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish.

Fish glue is made by boiling the skin, bones and swim bladders of fish. Fish glue has long been valued for its use in all manner of products from illuminated manuscripts to the Mongolian war bow.

Isinglass is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish (especially sturgeon), it is used for the clarification of wine and beer.

Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially.

Cultural references

Fishing is a widely used as a metaphor though as such it is possibly ambiguous. On the one hand, fishing with a net has nuances of gathering by honest effort. For example, in the New Testament, Jesus is reported to have said to his disciples: Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. Matthew 4:19.

On the other hand, fishing with bait or lure sometimes has nuances of catching by deception, possibly with an implication of greed on the part of the victim. For example, the expression "fishing expedition" (usually used to describe a line of questioning), describes a case where the questioner implies that he knows more than he actually does in order to trick the target into divulging more information than he wishes to reveal. Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled hook, line and sinker" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of Phishing.


This page about fishing includes information from a Wikipedia article.
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Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled hook, line and sinker" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of Phishing. House and Electronica Sounds from the Show's Soundtrack. For example, the expression "fishing expedition" (usually used to describe a line of questioning), describes a case where the questioner implies that he knows more than he actually does in order to trick the target into divulging more information than he wishes to reveal. Irma at Sex and the City - Part 2 - Nightlife Session
April 19, 2004
Irma Records
2 Disc Set - Part of a 2 Part Collection. On the other hand, fishing with bait or lure sometimes has nuances of catching by deception, possibly with an implication of greed on the part of the victim. Ambient and Chilled Sounds from the Show's Soundtrack. For example, in the New Testament, Jesus is reported to have said to his disciples: Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. Matthew 4:19. Irma at Sex and the City - Part 1 - Daylight Session
April 19, 2004
Irma Records
2 Disc Set - Part of a 2 Part Collection.

On the one hand, fishing with a net has nuances of gathering by honest effort. Sex and the City - Official Soundtrack
March 1, 2004
Sony TV
2 Disc Set - 36 Hits. Fishing is a widely used as a metaphor though as such it is possibly ambiguous. Sex and the City - Soundtrack [Import]
2001/2002
Sire Records
13 Chart Hits - Including the Main Theme from the Show. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. Cuomo. Isinglass is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish (especially sturgeon), it is used for the clarification of wine and beer. The title theme song was written by Douglas J.

Fish glue has long been valued for its use in all manner of products from illuminated manuscripts to the Mongolian war bow. The other two releases have little or no tracks that appear on the programme's actual soundtrack. Fish glue is made by boiling the skin, bones and swim bladders of fish. The two albums from Irma Records are seen to be the best because they contain tracks used in the show's actual soundtrack that are difficult to find elsewhere. Sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish. These releases span various record labels and some are even unofficial. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus. There have been several CD Albums released to accompany the series Sex and the City.

Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. American and Canadian DVD's were released through the programme's original broadcasters, HBO. Sharkskin leather is used in the manufacture of hilts of traditional Japanese swords. In Europe, "Sex and the City" boxsets were released through Paramount Pictures - who own certain rights to the programme's broadcast as well. These skins are also used to make leather. Thankfully, the Season 1 boxset is the only one to suffer from this problem, and all subsequent Region 2 DVD releases of the programme were appropriately transferred to PAL Video. Sharkskin and rayskin which are covered with, in effect, tiny teeth (dermal denticles) were used for the purposes that sandpaper currently is. This caused some compatibility problems with some European television sets and DVD Players.

Traditional methods of pearl hunting are now virtually extinct. Unfortunately, the show was not converted into a PAL video signal, and remained in its original American NTSC format. Pearls and mother-of-pearl are valued for their lustre. As well as missing out on some Special Features, many fans in Europe had trouble with the Region 2 edition of the Season 1 DVD. There are several organizations devoted to improving the methods of collecting, handling, transporting, exporting and farming of wild and domesticated live food fish, as well as freshwater and marine tropical fish destined for aquaria. Oceania's edition came packaged in a Beauty Case. Such techniques are used most often by researchers for observation and study but are also used by those who collect fish for the aquarium trade. While Europe got a complete set that came with special "Shoebox" packaging (A reference to Sarah Jessica Parker's character's love for shoes in the show), the USA and Canada version came packaged in a more traditional fold-out suede case and with an additional Bonus DVD including many Special Features.

Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them such as in a seine net or by placing an electric current into the water. Even these vary between Region 1 2 and 4. This brought the value of their live food fish trade industry to US$400 million as reported by the World Resources Institute[24]. In addition to standard single season DVD Boxsets of the show, Limited Edition Collectors Editions have also been released that include all 6 seasons in one complete set. Hong Kong, for example, is estimated to have imported in excess of 15,000 tonnes of live food fish in 2000. Region 2 DVD's of "Sex and the City" have been criticised by some fans for having little or no special features, but Region 1 editions have included Director Commentary, Cast Interviews and more. The prevalence of cultural beliefs and consumer standards helps to drive the demand for the live food fish trade. In addition to their region encoding, releases vary depending on which region they were released in.

Suiting customer preference, this practice makes the seafood higher in quality and better in taste. They have been released officially on Region 1 (Americas), Region 2 (Europe) and Region 4 (Oceania) formats, but illegal bootleg editions have also surfaced for Region 3 (Korea, Thailand) as well as Region 0 (Universal) and can even be found on eBay. The majority of live fish kept at seafood restaurants, however, are desired for the freshness of the seafood, being killed only immediately before being cooked. All six seasons of "Sex and the City" have been released commercially on DVD. Some seafood restaurants keep live fish in aquaria for display or for cultural beliefs. Others have charged that the ridiculing of men with small penises is wrong, contributing to body issues for men similar to that of young women over their weight or breast size. Live fish are collected for the international live food fish trade. The frequent obsession with penis size by one character is taken to be atypical of women and more typical of a phallocentric male focus.

Fish oil is valued as a dietary supplement. Some commentators criticized Sex and the City's distorted presentation of female sexuality, claiming the sexuality is more akin to that of the allegedly gay, male writers of the show. In some cultures, for example China, Japan, and Vietnam, certain species of jellyfish are consumed[23]. When Sex and the City was run in syndication on TBS, some viewers organized boycotts of the station, arguing that this would put the program within access of young children. Sea cucumber is considered a delicacy in Chinese cooking and is often served at New Year’s feasts, usually in soups[22]. Still others take issue with the show's depiction of New York City, pointing out that though New York is one of the most culturally diverse cities on the planet, the show rarely features any minority characters.[1]. Squid and octopus are valued as food. Others have noted that the show tends to portray its main characters as shallow and superficial.

In some cultures, roe is considered a delicacy, for example caviar from the sturgeon. Others claim in response that Sex and the City is an attempt to realistically – yet artistically – portray sexual behavior in the urban United States. Eggs, called roe, of various species may be eaten; roe comes from fish and certain marine invertebrates, such as sea urchins and shrimp. The characters are also wealthy and unabashedly elitist, which raises further questions about the morality of the show. Shelled molluscs include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle and scallop; some crustaceans are the shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and crab. Additionally, they argued that it is at times mere pornography with a superficial plot. Shellfish include shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. Some commentators have criticized the television show as promoting immorality by encouraging a hedonistic lifestyle and treating women as sexual objects.

The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish as well as other sea food. HBO Romania also aired all seasons. For example: sardines. In Romania the show was aired by ProTv and later by the sister channels Acasa TV and Pro Cinema. Canning, developed during the 19th century has also had a significant impact on fishing by allowing seasonal catches of fish that are possibly far from large centres of population to be exploited. In Turkey it is broadcast by ComedyMax channel. Refrigeration and freezing also allow the catch to be distributed to markets further inland, reaching customers who previously would have had access only to dried or salted sea fish. In the Philippines, its reruns are being aired by RPN 9.

The development of refrigeration and freezing technologies transformed the commercial fishing industry: fishing vessels could be larger, spending more time away from port and therefore accessing fish stocks at a much greater distance. In Denmark it is currently shown on TV3 as well. In the past, fishing vessels were restricted in range by the simple consideration that the catch must be returned to port before it spoils and becomes worthless. In Latvia this serial can be seen on TV3. See:. Sex and the City was banned in Singapore until July 2004, when the government allowed the television series to be aired on cable after being censored. All of these techniques are still used today but the more modern techniques of freezing and canning have taken on a large importance. Hong Kong's TVB Pearl also aired the show at midnight before.

Ancient methods of preserving fish included drying , salting, pickling and smoking. In Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, and Pakistan the show airs on HBO Asia (season 1-6). Prices for fish caught in North American "pay to fish" waters are generally in the range of $0.10 to $0.20 per cm or from $5.00 to $10.00 per kg. In Japan, the show is aired by Lala.tv. In North America, establishments usually charge for the fish caught, by length or by weight, rather than for access to the site although some establishments charge both types of fees. Australian Cable and Digital channel W airs 2 episodes each weeknight. In the United Kingdom, commercial fisheries of this sort charge access fees, with prices ranging from £2 to £25 per day. It has now returned to Network Ten on Friday nights.

These provide fishing opportunities outside of the permitted seasons and quotas applied to public waters. Rerun rights were sold to Network Ten, where it was briefly shown on Monday nights before low ratings forced it off the air. In addition to the above, commercial fishing can also be thought of as encompassing "pay to fish" enterprises, which provide anglers with controlled access to stocked lakes, ponds or canals. In Australia it was broadcast on the Nine Network. Also see Krill fishery. In Italy the show airs on La7. Some common commercial techniques today are trawling, seining, driftnetting, handlining, longlining, gillnetting, and diving. In the Netherlands, the show is aired by NET 5, and in Sweden it is aired by TV3 and ZTV.

A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day. In Canada, the show airs on Bravo! Canada and Citytv Toronto, and in Germany it is shown on Pro7. Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, and the technology available to the fishermen. In the United Kingdom, Channel 4 and its digital sister channel E4 broadcast episodes of "Sex and the City", while older episodes are rerun on Paramount Comedy 1. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes (quotas), and international treaties that have sought to limit the fishing effort and, sometimes, capture efficiency. and who you want to spend it with.". Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. Kim Cattrall: "Being single used to mean that nobody wanted you, now it means you're pretty sexy and you're taking your time deciding how you want your life to be ..

Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. David Eigenberg: "They were honest about sex, they were honest about the humor of sex.". Commercial fishing provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Kim Cattrall: "The show is a valentine to being single.". Main article: Fishing industry. Sarah Jessica Parker: "What the show has to have, and has had to have in order to survive six years, is a soul.". Laws made to control recreational fishing frequently also attempt to control the harvest of other aquatic species, such as frogs and turtles. and basically the battlefield of trying to be in love – whether it be with another person or with yourself.".

Noodling and Trout tickling may be pursued as a recreation. and sex .. Big-game fishing describes fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. and relationships .. Other competitions is purely on length with mandatory catch and release, either longest fish or total length is documented with camera and a mandatory sticker, of more fair since it’s hard to weigh a living fish accurately in a boat. And then slowly over the years people start to see it's really about love .. Competitors are most often professional fishermen who are supported by commercial endorsements. Michael Patrick King, Executive Producer: "People thought, oh it's just about sex or it's just about fashion.

This sport evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, especially in North America. The following are quotations from the TV special, Sex And The City: A Farewell, that aired introducing the final episode:. A recent phenomenon of recreational fishing are fishing competitions (tournaments) where fishermen compete for prizes based on the total weight of a given species of fish caught within a predetermined time. These include the following:. Catch and release, in combination with techniques such as strong tackle (to get fish in quickly, for release in good condition), careful handling of fish and barbless hooks (to reduce physical damage) and quick release lead systems such as korda quick release system or the e.s.p variety may be useful tools in this endeavour. As Sex and the City gained popularity, a number of celebrities had cameos on the show, some playing themselves and some playing characters. The only way for growing numbers of recreational fishermen to continue fishing is to reduce their impact on fish populations. In most cases, these characters have played large roles in as many as two story arcs.

The fish which suffer most are those of large, slow growing species such as carp. The main characters all went on dates or had sex with characters who appeared in only one episode, or small story arcs spanning two or three episodes, but the characters listed below are the focus of multiple episodes that form story arcs significant to the show's continuity. Recreational fishermen can have profound deleterious effects on fish stocks in commercial lakes, this is due to anglers with poor knowledge of how to protect the fish from damage or stress once out of the water. The twenty episodes of the final season, season six, aired in two parts: from June until September 2003 and during January and February 2004. Opponents would prefer to ban or to severely restricting angling, a suggestion most anglers find unpalatable. Season five, truncated due to Parker's pregnancy, aired on HBO during the summer of 2002. Proponents of catch and release also contend that the practice is increasingly necessary in order to conserve fish stocks in the face of burgeoning human populations, mounting fishing pressure and worsening habitat degradation. Season four was broadcast in two parts: from June until August 2001 and then in January and February 2002.

Keeping fish trapped over long period of time creates a lot of noise which makes it hard to single out the effect of the catch from the effect of the chosen methodology. Season three aired from June until October 2000. The difficulty of doing such experiments is closely linked to the fact that negative effects of being exposed to fishing gears (here barbless hooks) develop over long time. Season two was broadcast from June until October 1999. Scientific studies show a wide range of survival, depending on species, environmental conditions, fish density and research design (methodology). Season one of Sex and the City aired on HBO from June to August 1998. In a real sense, the suitability of catch and release is an ethical consideration and, as such, a science-based conclusion on the issue is unavailable. These continued through season two; then they were phased out.

They most likey do not have nerves in their due to that they eat animals such as crayfish that can pinch. Each episode in season one featured a short montage of interviews that Carrie supposedly conducted while researching for her column. There is also some research that shows certin types of fish such as catfish, do not have nerves around their mouth. The first season of the show is a free adaptation of its source material, but from the second season on, it took on a life of its own and went further than the book ever could. Anglers deny this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if being hooked was painful. Receiving consistent critical and popular acclaim, it was based on the book that was compiled from the New York Observer column "Sex and the City" by Candace Bushnell. The practice, however, is viewed by some with disapproval as they consider it unethical to inflict pain on a fish for fun or sport and not for reasons of capturing food. The show became famous for shooting scenes on the streets and in the bars, in restaurants and clubs of New York City while pushing the envelope of fashion and shattering sexual taboos.

In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish all be returned to the water (catch and release). Carrie Bradshaw and her three best girlfriends navigate the rocky terrain of being single, sexually active women in the new millennium. Kayaks are extremely stealthy and can allow anglers to reach areas unfishable from land or by conventional boat. . Kayak fisherman fish from sea kayaks in an attempt to level the playing field with fish and to further challenge their abilities. Sex and the City premiered on June 6, 1998, and the last original episode aired on February 22, 2004. One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing. A sitcom with soap opera elements, the show often tackled socially relevant issues, such as the status of women in society.

This practice is known as angling. Set in New York City, the show focuses on the sex lives of four female best friends, three of whom are in their mid-to-late thirties, and one of whom, Samantha, is in her forties. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, line and hooks attached to any of a wide range of lures or baits. It was originally broadcast on the HBO network from 1998 until 2004. Typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. Sex and the City was an American cable television program based on the book of the same name. Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit the way in which fish may be caught. Will Arnett as Jack, "La Douleur Exquise!".

Recreational fishing and the closely related (nearly synonymous) sport fishing describe fishing for pleasure or competition. Tony Hale as Tiger, "The Real Me". Main article: Angling. Valerie Harper as Wallis, "Shortcomings". Protective equipment must be worn to isolate the operator and prevent electrocution. Carole Bouquet as Juliette, "American Girl In Paris; Part Deux". They are typically equipped with a "dead-man switch" and a tilt switch to disable the device if the unit is tipped or the operator incapacitated. Geri Halliwell as Phoebe, "Boy, Interrupted".

Rigs can be battery powered back-packs or powered by a generator if they are mounted in a boat. David Duchovny as Jeremy, "Boy, Interrupted". Smaller fish also require shorter pulses, closer together, while large fish should have longer pulses at lower power and longer gaps between pulses. Tatum O'Neal as Kyra, "A Woman's Right to Shoes". Also the smaller the fish, and consequently the less surface area in contact with the water, the higher the current required to produce galvanotaxis. Jennifer Coolidge as Victoria, "The Perfect Present". Dissolved minerals in the water can decrease resistance causing less of the current to pass through the fish, whereas fish recently entering fresh water from the ocean have high salinity and are more prone to electric shock. Heather Graham as herself, "Critical Condition".

Techniques for setting pulse length and patterns, current and voltage require great skill to fish effectively without killing or injuring fish if they are to be left unharmed. Candice Bergen as Enid Mead, "A 'Vogue' Idea". A low voltage or short pulse with long gaps will cause the fish to swim away from the device, and high voltage or long pulses with short rests can cause galvanonarcosis, or unconsciousness. Lucy Liu as herself, "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda". A gated pulse of direct current is used to cause muscular contractions in a fish, called galvanotaxis, causing them to turn towards the source of the electrical current and swim towards it when correct pulse speeds and durations are used, along with correct current. Molly Shannon as Lily Martin, "Cover Girl" etc. A relatively new fishing technique is electrofishing, typically used for stream classification surveys and catching brood stock for hatcheries, or making estimates of populations in a body of water. Ed Koch as himself, "The Real Me".


. Heidi Klum as herself, "The Real Me". Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world. Alan Cumming as O, "The Real Me". Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs[21]. Margaret Cho as Lynn Cameron, "The Real Me". The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Sarah Clarke as Melinda, "Politically Erect" (as Sarah Lively).

Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. Hugh Hefner as himself, "Sex and Another City". Dynamite or blast fishing, is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Carrie Fisher as herself, "Sex and Another City". The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs so harvested damages the coral polyps and has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisoning among local fishermen and their families. Sarah Michelle Gellar as Debbie, "Escape from New York". Those that survive often die from shock or from massive digestive damage. Vince Vaughn as Keith Travers, "Sex and Another City".

Many fish caught in this fashion die either immediately or in shipping. Matthew McConaughey as himself, "Escape from New York". This illegal fishing occurs mainly in or near the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. Alanis Morissette as Dawn, "Boy, Girl, Boy, Girl...". Cyanides are used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood market. Jon Bon Jovi as Seth, "Games People Play". Some of these poisons paralyse the fish, others are thought to work by removing oxygen from the water[20]. Donald Trump as himself, "The Man, The Myth, The Viagra".

Many hunter gatherer cultures use poisonous plants to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand. Amy Sedaris as Courteney Masterson, "Cover Girl" etc. Labrador Retrievers have been used by fishermen to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore. Nathan Lane as Bobby Fine, "I Love A Charade". Dating from the 1500s in Portugal, Portuguese Water Dogs were used by fishermen to send messages between boats, to retrieve fish and articles from the water, and to guard the fishing boats. In the final episode, Jerry tells her that he loves her, which she counters with "You mean more to me than any man I've ever known", which, for Samantha is a far greater statement. However, these accounts are probably apocryphal, and based on earlier accounts no longer extant. Just when she thinks Jerry's age and experiences aren't enough for her, he gives her unconditional support during her fight with breast cancer.

The earliest surviving records of the practice are Peter Martyr d'Anghera's 1511 accounts of the second voyage of Columbus to the New World (1494)[19]. He is a wannabe actor whose career Samantha jump starts using her PR connections, getting him a modelling job that turns into a film role. The practice of tethering a remora, a sucking fish, to a fishing line and using the remora to capture sea turtles probably originated in the Indian Ocean. She tries to maintain her usual sex-only relationship with him, but he slowly pushes for something more. The fish are instead collected by the fisherman[18]. Jerry Jerrod (Jason Lewis) is a young waiter Samantha seduces in a trendy restaurant. Fishermen use the natural fish-hunting instincts of the cormorants to catch fish, but a metal ring placed round the bird's neck prevents large, valuable fish being swallowed. Towards the end of the series, Richard re-surfaces, admitting that Samantha was the best thing that ever happened to him.

In China and Japan, the practice of cormorant fishing is thought to date back some 1300 years. In the end, Samantha still has her doubts about Richard, and breaks up with him. Similar traps are used in many areas to capture bait fish. When she does catch him cheating, she breaks up with him, but eventually takes him back after he begs for her forgiveness. The pots are baited and lowered into the water and checked daily. Eventually, they give in and attempt exclusivity, but, being a stranger to monogamy, Samantha is plagued by suspicion at every turn. Pot traps such as the lobster trap may be constructed in various shapes, each is a mesh box designed with a convoluted entrance that makes entry much easier than exit. He seduces her, and when their no-strings-attached sexual relationship begins to escalate, both parties struggle to keep their emotional distance.

Pot traps are typically used to catch crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish. Richard Wright (James Remar) is a successful hotel magnate who doesn't believe in monogamy until he meets Samantha. Twice a day the adults Wagenya people pull out these baskets to check whether there are any fish caught; in which case somebody will dive into the river to fetch it. The two separate, after they have sex with a strap-on. It is a very selective fishing, as these baskets are quite big and only large size fish are trapped. Unfortunately, Samantha begins to grow uncomfortable when the relationship talk starts to replace the sexual activity and Maria is equally uncomfortable with Samantha's sexual history. To these tripods are anchored large baskets, which are lowered in the rapids to "sieve" the waters for fish. At first, Samantha has a great time "getting an education" as Maria teaches her about lesbian sex and how to make an emotional connection while making love.

These tripods are anchored on the holes naturally carved in the rock by the water current. Maria is immediately attracted to her, but since Samantha doesn't believe in relationships they try to maintain a friendship, the chemistry proves to be too strong and it isn't too long before Samantha is introducing her lesbian lover to her stunned friends. The Wagenya people, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, build a huge system of wooden tripods across the river. Maria Diego Raez (Sonia Braga) is a sensual lesbian artist that Samantha meets at a solo exhibit while admiring her work. Basket weirs are about 2 m long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other — easy to get into and hard to get out[17]. She begins pulling away physically and cannot bring herself to tell him--until she is faced with the prospect of couples counseling. They are shown in medieval illustrations and surviving examples have been found. When they finally do have sex, she discovers that he is under-endowed to the point that she cannot enjoy herself.

Basket weir fish traps were widely used in ancient times. James (James Goodwin) is a man Samantha meets while out by herself at a jazz club, she makes a conscious effort to not sleep with him until she gets to know him first. The Magna Carta includes a clause requiring that they be removed:. Robert and Miranda have lots of fun and great chemistry, but when the time comes, she is unable to declare her love for him. Such fish traps were evidently controversial in medieval England. He is the seemingly perfect man: successful, sexy, and utterly devoted to her. 'V' shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m and worked by directing fish towards fish traps or nets. Robert Leeds (Blair Underwood) is a sports medicine doctor who moves into her building during season six.

In medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. They decide to raise the child (Brady Hobbes) together, separately, but are back together towards the end of Season Six, they have a small intimate wedding ceremony and he convinces her to move to a house in Brooklyn. This involves the construction of a temporary dam resulting in a drop in the water levels downstream -- allowing fish to be easily collected[15]. In season four, he opens his own bar, called Scout (alongside Aidan) and gets Miranda pregnant (despite losing a testicle to cancer and Miranda having only one functioning ovary). A technique called dam fishing is used by the Baka pygmies. Over the course of the show, Miranda puts Steve through the wringer quite a bit, but he looks beneath her cynical exterior and finds her softer side, while at the same time, choosing his battles carefully. Somewhat similar stone wall traps were constructed by native American Pit River people in north-eastern California[14]. Their differences in income, aspirations and status, as well as their attitudes about living together and having kids are the catalysts for their break ups.

Traps at different levels in the marsh came into operation as the water level rose and fell. Having been stood up by Carrie, she meets him unexpectedly at the bar at which he works, what she thinks is a one night stand but turns into dating. The eels were caught by a variety of traps including stone walls constructed across canals with a net placed across an opening in the wall. Steve Brady (David Eigenberg) is a bartender who has an unconventional on-again, off-again relationship with Miranda. The purpose of these canals was the encouragement and catching of eels, a fish of short coastal rivers (as opposed to rivers of the Murray-Darling system). They date for a short time, before Miranda breaks up with him due to "being in different places". In southern Victoria, indigenous people created an elaborate systems of canals, some more than 2 km long. From the moment they meet, Skipper is enamored with her, but Miranda is unimpressed and irritated by him.

The Brewarinna fish traps caught huge numbers of migratory native fish as the Barwon River rose in flood and then fell. Skipper Johnson (Ben Weber) is a geeky, sensitive twenty-something web designer whom Carrie introduces to Miranda. The largest and best known were the Brewarrina fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina in New South Wales, which fortunately are at least partly preserved[13]. In the end, they are approved for a Chinese adoption. Unfortunately, most have been completely or partially destroyed. After her conversion to Judaism and one big argument that sends them in separate directions for a few weeks, the two marry and begin trying to have/adopt a child. Here, where water levels fluctuate seasonally, indigenous people constructed ingenious, stone, fish traps[12]. She is not attracted to him, but tries to pursue a sex-only relationship with him, which leads to one of exclusivity and love.

Indigenous Australians were, prior to European colonisation, most populous in Australia's better-watered areas such as the Murray-Darling river system of the south-east. Harry Goldenblatt (Evan Handler) is Charlotte's divorce lawyer who is incredibly attracted to her from the beginning. There are essentially two types of trap, a permanent or semi-permanent structure placed in a river or tidal area and pot-traps that are baited to attract prey and periodically lifted. Eventually, their disagreements on whether or not to pursue in vitro fertilization leads to divorce. Traps are culturally almost universal and seem to have been independently invented many times. After a brief separation, they reunite with a healthy sex life only to discover that Charlotte will have difficulty getting pregnant. It is practised by hunter-gatherers such as the Inuit and by sportsmen in many cold climates. Trey MacDougal (Kyle MacLachlan) fits Charlotte's knight in shining armor archetype to a tee; a Scottish American heart surgeon from family money, their whirlwind engagement and a fairy tale wedding stop cold with a sexless honeymoon, brought on by Trey's impotence.

Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and hooks through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. After spending some time there, she realizes that he will never reciprocate the level of emotional involvement that she offers because his life and career will always come first. Main article: Ice fishing.. When he's preparing to return to Paris for a solo exhibit he invites Carrie to come live with him, which she does, after several deliberations (and one fight) with her friends. Kites can also be used for trolling a lure through the water. Her relationship with him brings up all sorts of questions in Carrie's mind about finding love past "a certain age" and whether or not she wants children. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate such as shallows or coral reefs where fish may be plentiful. He sweeps her off her feet with huge romantic gestures and shows her the foreign pockets of New York that she has never seen before.

Kites can provide the boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. Aleksandr Petrovsky (Mikhail Baryshnikov) is a famous Russian artist who becomes Carrie's lover in season six. The fishing line may be made from coconut fibre and the lure made from spiders webs[11]. Carrie learns, when it comes to relationships, Berger's talk is just that; after they agree to try and make things work, he breaks up with her through a post-it note. Those of Tobi Island are a large leaf stiffened by the ribs of the fronds of the coconut palm. Theirs was a relationship of witty banter and common thoughts, but everything falls apart when his defeated attitude clashes with her contented state. Suitable kites may be of very simple construction. Jack Berger (Ron Livingston) was Carrie's intellectual counterpart, a sardonic humorist writer whose career is cooling down just as Carrie's is heating up.

It is not clear whether kite fishing was communicated or of independent invention. It is revealed that Aidan married another furniture designer named Cathy. Kite fishing was invented in China and was (and is) also known to the people of New Guinea and other Pacific Islands. Carrie and Aidan unexpectedly see each other on the street; Aidan holding his baby son Tate. Long-line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. In season three, Aidan ends "it" when she comes clean about the affair, they get back together a year later, eventually move in together and she accepts his marriage proposal before the break up for the second and final time. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time. At first, Carrie is put-off by their seemingly perfect relationship and over time works through her issues of emotional unavailability, but ultimately, she cannot meet his needs and they break up for good.

Trolling is also a freshwater angling technique most often used to catch Trout. Big's emotional opposite. Trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used when fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. He is a sweet, good natured furniture designer and Mr. Trolling is a technique in which a fishing lure on a line is drawn through the water. Aidan Shaw (John Corbett) is Carrie's other long-term boyfriend. Fishing with a hook and line is called angling. At the conclusion, we discover that Big's name is actually John.

The tightening of the line would fix it cross-wise in the quarry's stomach or gullet and so the capture would be assured. In the end, the two prepare for an open, honest relationship in New York. A gorge is buried in the bait such that it would be swallowed end first. He doesn't give up, and, after the blessing of Charlotte, Samantha and Miranda, tries to re-claim her love one last time in Paris. A fishing hook will pierce the mouthparts of a fish and may be barbed to make escape less likely. In the end of the series, he returns to tell Carrie he is ready to commit to her, but is brutally rebuffed. Fish are caught with a fishing line by encouraging a fish to bite upon a fish hook or a gorge. He eventually moves to the Napa Valley in California, but is visited once by Carrie, while on her book tour and he returns to New York a year after that for an angioplasty.

Scallop dredging is very destructive to the seabed, and nowadays is often replaced by mariculture or by scuba diving to collect the scallops. After divorcing Natasha, Big and Carrie become friends, with their sexual history always lying just beneath the surface. They tend to have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh and they are towed by a fishing boat. Within seven months of his marriage he begins to pine after Carrie and starts to have an affair with her, until Carrie breaks it off. There are types of dredges used for collecting scallops or oysters from the seabed. Big marries a twenty-something socialite Ralph Lauren executive named Natasha (Bridget Moynahan). They may continue to be a menace to wildlife for many years. After two years of commitment issues and emotional unavailibility, Mr.

Ghost nets are nets that have been lost at sea. Carrie and Big's on again, off again relationship begins and ends in season one and then a second time in season two. Thus trapped, the fish can neither advance trough the net nor retreat. A wealthy financier (Samantha calls him "the next Donald Trump" in the pilot), who is based on New York publisher, Ron Galotti. A gillnet catches fish which try to pass through it by snagging on the gill covers. Big (Chris Noth), referred to by Carrie and her friends simply as "Big", both excites and eludes Carrie throughout the run of the show, as she always believes he is the man for her, but many times, he's not able to fulfill her emotional needs. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. Mr.

Danish seine is a method which has some similarities with trawling. It's good for a woman to make pies.") and intrusive (replacing her vibrator with a statuette of The Virgin Mary). A simple and commonly used fishing technique is beach seining, where the seine net is operated from the shore. Her attempts to push traditional marriage/motherhood attitudes on Miranda are both subtle (buying her a rolling pin "To make pies. In purse seine fishing the net hangs vertically in the water by attaching weights along the bottom edge and floats along the top. Magda (Lynn Cohen), the Ukrainian housekeeper-cum-nanny who was introduced in the third season becomes an ersatz mother figure and a thorn in Miranda's side. A seine is a large fishing net that may be arranged in a number of different ways. (Upon hearing that she hadn't had sex since her divorce, he exclaims; "if you don't put something 'in there' soon it'll grow over!").

The nets are dipped into the water and raised again, but otherwise cannot be moved. He is not self-effacing like Stanford and freely presents no-nonsense (often bawdy) advice to Charlotte. Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. Anthony Marentino (Mario Cantone) is an event planner who becomes close to Charlotte after styling her first wedding - he goes on to style Charlotte's H&G photo shoot, her second wedding and Carrie's book release party. The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) found at Kochi in India are an unusual method of fishing. In the last two seasons of the show, he is partnered with Broadway dancer, Marcus Adente. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles are brought to touch and the fish is then secured. The only supporting character to receive his own storylines (occasionally), he represents the show's most constant gay point of view to sex on the show; generally based around the physical insecurities and inadequacies of someone who doesn't "have that gay look".

Coracle-fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while, with the other, he plies his paddle. A gay talent agent with a sense of style parallel only to Carrie's, you get the impression that they have a long standing relationship built within their younger, wilder days on the New York City club and bar scene. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in[10]. Stanford Blatch (Willie Garson), often referred to as the show's "Fifth Lady", is Carrie's best friend outside of the three women. The net is thrown by hand in such a manner that it spreads out on the water and sinks. Fuck me badly twice, shame on me.". Sizes vary up to about 4 m diameter. Defining statement: "Fuck me badly once, shame on you.

A casting net is circular with a weighted periphery. Over the course of the show, she does have a handful of real relationships, including one with a woman. In England, hand netting is the only legal way of catching eels and has been practised for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn. In Season 3, she moves from her full-service Upper East Side apartment to an expensive loft in the then-burgeoning Meatpacking District. Such a net used by an angler to aid in landing a captured fish is known as a landing net. She believes that she has had "hundreds" of soulmates and insists that her sexual partners leave "an hour after I climax". A small hand net held open by a hoop and possibly on the end of a long stiff handle has been known since antiquity and may be used for sweeping up fish near the water surface. A seductress who avoids emotional involvement at all costs while satisfying every possible carnal desire imagineable.

Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used in certain areas. Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall), the oldest and most promiscuous of the group, she is an independent publicist whose relationship pattern could be considered stereotypically masculine. All fishing nets are meshes usually formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. I could barely find time to schedule this abortion.". Hunter gatherers may use the bow to kill fish in shallow water. Defining statement: "I can't have a baby. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods. In the final season, Miranda and Steve marry and relocate to Brooklyn in order to make room for their growing family.

Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun has made the method much more efficient. Of the four women, she is the first to purchase an apartment (an indicator of her success). A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for "gigging" bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp and other trash fish in the shallows. In the early seasons, she is portrayed as masculine and borderline misandric, but this image softens over the years, particularly after becoming pregnant by her on again-off again boyfriend, Steve Brady. Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear[8][9] or the trident. A Harvard University graduate from Philadelphia, she is Carrie's best friend, confidante, and voice of reason. Catching Fish by hand is currently illegal in the state of Kansas. Miranda Hobbes (Cynthia Nixon) is a career-minded lawyer with extremely cynical views on relationships and men.

Hand-line fishing is a technique requiring a fishing line with a weight and one or more lure-like hooks. Where is he!?". Pearl diving is the practice of hunting for oysters by free-diving to depths of up to 30 m. Defining statement: "I've been dating since I was fifteen, I'm exhausted. Divers can catch lobsters by hand. She is a graduate of Smith College. Trout binning is a method of fishing, possibly fictional, performed with a sledgehammer[7]. She eventually remarries to her less than perfect, but good hearted, divorce lawyer, Harry Goldenblatt (after converting to Judaism).

In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare. She gives up her career shortly after her first marriage, divorces upon irreconcilable differences around in vitro fertilization and receives a Park Avenue apartment in the divorce settlement. In the USA catching catfish in this way is known as noodling. Despite her conservative outlook, she has been known to make concessions (while married) that even surprise her sexually freer girlfriends (such as her level of dirty talk, oral sex in public and "tookus-lingus"). It is possible to fish with minimal equipment by using only the hands. Often scoffing at the lewder, more libertine antics that the show presents (primarily in Samantha), in her own way, she presents a more straight forward attitude about relationships, usually based around "the rules" of love and dating. In traditional Chinese history, history begins with three semi-mystical and legendary individuals who taught the Chinese the arts of civilization around 2800-2600 BC: of these Fu Hsi was reputed to be the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping, and fishing. She is the most conservative and traditional of the group, the one who places the most emphasis on emotional love as opposed to lust, and is always searching for her "knight in shining armor".

From ancient representations and literature it is clear that fishing boats were typically small, lacking a mast or sail, and were only used close to the shore. Charlotte York (Kristin Davis) is an art dealer with a Connecticut blue-blooded upbringing. Oppian’s description of fishing with a "motionless" net is also very interesting:. Defining statement: "I like my money right where I can see it - hanging in my closet.". Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats, scoop nets held open by a hoop, spears and tridents, and various traps "which work while their masters sleep". Big during her relationship with Aidan. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact to the modern day. Her blemishes include having had an abortion after a one-night stand (ten years prior to the show's continuity) and an affair with a married Mr.

Oppian of Corycus, a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika, composed between 177 and 180. Another source of her New York pride is her apartment, a one-bedroom place in an Upper East Side brownstone, it is her home for the entire run of the series, which she purchases in the fourth season. The Greek historian Polybius ((ca 203 BC-120 BC), in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head[6]. (Though she has been known to wear Christian Louboutin and Jimmy Choo as well.) Often meeting "her credit card limit" in one shopping trip, it is unclear how the modest income of a newspaper columnist could support such an addiction, but in later seasons, her essays are collected as a book and she begins taking assignments from Vogue and New York Magazine. An early example from the Bible in Job 41:7: Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?[5]. A self proclaimed shoe fetishist, she focuses most of her attention, and bank account, on designer footwear, primarily Manolo Blahniks. There are numerous references to fishing in ancient literature; in most cases, however, the descriptions of nets and fishing-gear do not go into detail, and the equipment is described in general terms. A member of the New York glitterati, she is a club/bar/restaurant staple who is known for her unique fashion sense; violently yoking together various styles into one outfit (it is not uncommon for her to pair inexpensive vintage pieces with high-end couture).

The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker) is the literal voice of the show as each episode is structured around her train of thought while writing her weekly column, "Sex and the City" for the fictitious newspaper, The New York Star. He would fight against the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius was armed with a trident and a casting-net. Various species such as conger, lobster, sea urchin, octopus and cuttlefish are illustrated[4].

Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics which show fishing from boats with rod and line as well as nets. This object is currently in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[3]. It is clearly not a net. This has been identified as a fish-cage used for keeping live fish, or as a fish-trap.

In the water below, a rounded object of the same material with an opening on the top. There is a wine cup, dating from 510–500 BC, that shows a boy crouched on a rock with a fishing-rod in his right hand and a basket in his left. Fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime.

Nile perch, catfish and eels were among the most important fish. As is fairly common today, the fish were clubbed to death after capture. By the 12th dynasty, metal hooks with barbs were being used. Woven nets, weir baskets made from willow branches, harpoons and hook and line (the hooks having a length of between eight millimetres and eighteen centimetres) were all being used.

Simple reed boats served for fishing. The Egyptians invented various implements and methods for fishing and these are clearly illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. The ancient river Nile was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population[2]. There is a controversial proposal called the aquatic ape hypothesis which proposes that the ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting and that they gathered most of their food from shallow coastal or other waters before their descendants returned to a more land-based existence.

Fishing may even pre-date the development of modern humans. With the new technologies of farming and pottery came the basic forms of most fishing methods known today. The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between about 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. However, where there are a few early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food.

During this time, most people lived a hunter-gather lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. We know from archaeological features such as shell middens[1], discarded fish bones and cave paintings that sea foods were important and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago. .

An organized fishing effort, typically centred around a particular commercially valuable species, is known as a fishery. Fishing is an ancient and worldwide practice with many techniques and traditions, and it has been transformed by modern technological developments. The term fishing is usually not applied to the hunting of aquatic mammals such as whales. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates.

Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Cod: stockfish (air dried), lutefisk (soaked in lye). Salmon: smoked salmon, cured salmon, and gravlax (fermented). Herring: kipper (salted and smoked), surströmming (fermented), rollmops (pickled), soused (salted).

Haddock: Arbroath Smokie (lightly smoked).