Fireworks

The Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House illuminated under New Year's Eve Fireworks 2005

A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.

History of fireworks

In the Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) firecrackers were made by roasting bamboo to produce the loud sound (known as "bian pao") that was intended to frighten evil spirits. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 420–581) the firecrackers were used not only to dispel evil but also to pray for happiness and prosperity.

An etching of the 'Royal Fireworks' display on the Thames in 1749.

The discovery of gunpowder and the invention of the first true fireworks are traditionally credited to the Chinese, although India is also a likely source. Some scholars believe fireworks were developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (581–907), but others believe there were no fireworks until the Northern Song Dynasty (10th century).

Since then, any event—a birth, death, wedding, coronation, or New Year's Eve celebration—has become a fitting occasion for noisemakers.

Musick for the Royal Fireworks was composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 to celebrate the peace of Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which had been declared the previous year.

America's earliest settlers brought their enthusiasm for fireworks to the United States. Fireworks and black powder were used to celebrate important events long before the American Revolutionary War. The very first celebrations of Independence Day were in 1777, six years before Americans knew whether the new nation would survive the war; fireworks were a part of those festivities. In 1789, George Washington's inauguration was also accompanied by a fireworks display. This early fascination with their noise and color continues today.

The World Showcase Lagoon at Epcot during IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth, the nightly fireworks show

In 2004, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, started using aerial fireworks launched with compressed air rather than black powder, the first time that such a launch system was used commercially. The display shell is detonated in the air using an electronic timer. The advantages of compressed air launch are a reduction in fumes, and much greater accuracy in height and timing. (Walt Disney Company, 2004)

Today, the world's most prominent industry competition for fireworks manufacturers is L’International des Feux Loto-Québec in Montreal.

Fireworks events

Bonfire night in Britain

In 1605 Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to blow up the British Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of Westminster Hall. On 5 November, Fawkes was arrested and Parliament was saved. That night is now celebrated as bonfire night by filling the sky with exploding fireworks, and by burning an effigy of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire.

The town of Bonfire Night [1]. Local groups, 'bonfire societies' conduct torch-lit marches around the town, vying with each other for the best fancy-dress outfits and topical celebrity figures that are later burnt. Examples of recent figures are: the Pope, Margaret Thatcher and George Bush.

Licensing for firework introduced in the United Kingdom. Fireworks cannot be sold to people under the age of 18 and setting them off between 11pm and 7am is only allowed at specific times of the year, including New Year and Bonfire night.

Along the same lines, in Canada, during Halloween, many fireworks displays are seen throughout.

Independence Day in the United States

Fireworks are a popular part of the United States' Independence Day celebrations. These are exploding over the Washington Monument.

Each year before the American Independence Day, the Fourth of July, retailers across the nation experience a surge in fireworks sales. Popular types of legal fireworks include Roman candle "snakes" and Saturn missile batteries.

Citing concerns over fireworks safety, some states, such as Nevada, have enacted legislation restricting fireworks usage. On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina are more lenient. For example, fireworks stands in South Carolina sell more potent varieties ("firecrackers") and are generally open year-round.

Differences in legislation among states have led many fireworks dealers to set up shop along state borders in order to attract customers from neighboring states where fireworks are restricted. Some Native American tribes on reservation lands show similar behavior, often selling fireworks that are not legal for sale outside of the reservation.

The type of fireworks sold at retail outlets vary widely, from "bootlegged fireworks" which are banned nationwide, to "Safe & Sane" varieties for personal use. The types fireworks sold at retail stands and stores include, but are not limited to:

Legal Fireworks

  • single shot & reloadable aerial shot mortars up to 1.75-inch shells
  • Bottle rockets
  • sykrockets
  • spinners
  • flares & fountains
  • 100 to 500-gram cakes (multi-shot aerial devices)
  • Firecracker packs (see this link for various brand/label images)

Banned Fireworks

  • Cherry bombs
  • Silver salutes
  • Torpedoes
  • M-80 salutes
  • M-100 salutes
  • M-1000 salutes
  • cakes containing over 500 grams of powder
  • mortars (loaded with greater than 1.75-inch shells)

Legality Note: Current federal law states that (without appropriate BATF license) the ownership and/or sale of any firecrackers or salutes containing in excess of 50-milligrams of explosive powder is a violation of federal statutes, including the 1966 Child Protection Act.

New Year's Eve

Sydney, Australia leads the world in one of the first major New Year's Eve celebrations each year

Major cities around the world host spectacular firework display on New Year's eve. Although it is now just a custom to fire off fireworks on New-Year's eve, in the past the idea was to scare 'bad forces' so they would not enter the new year. As a consequence the most popular fireworks are still those that go off with a big bang or with a bright flash.

In Western Europe the use of fireworks by the general public is usually restricted to a few hours after midnight on New Year's eve.

The retail of fireworks in Western Europe is also restricted, but the limitations differ from country to country. In the Netherlands for example the sale of fireworks is restricted to a few days before New-Year's eve, but in Belgium the sale of fireworks is legal throughout the year. Also the fireworks sold in Belgium contain more gunpowder than is allowed in the Netherlands. This leads to some illegal trafficking of fireworks from Belgium to the Netherlands.

Deepavali ('Festival of Lights') in India

Lighting fireworks is an essential part of the Deepavali (Diwali) celebrations Fireworks in an Indian house on Diwali day

Deepavali (or Diwali) is the most popular festival of India, which broadly celebrates the triumph of good over evil primarily symbolized in the mythological epic of Ramayana in which the Hindu God Rama defeats his demonic adversary Ravana. Customary traditions include offering prayers to the Gods in the morning and exchanging sweets with friends and neighbors. During the night the houses are adorned with small lit oil lamps and colorful lights and then the entire family participates in the display of fireworks.

Unlike Western nations, retail of fireworks is largely unrestricted in India. People have access to a variety of fireworks and most of them in urban areas set it off on the public roads running in front of their houses. In smaller towns, the large temples of the town typically have public fireworks displays. Deepavali brings the spirit of goodwill and brotherhood and is celebrated across all religions in India.

Lunar New Year in Hong Kong

Fireworks are displayed annually on the second day of the first moon in the Chinese calendar since 1982 in the Victoria Harbour. It has become part of the culture and tradition for the Hong Kong Chinese to go to the promenades along the two sides of the harbour to see the fireworks, or to watch the broadcast on television.

Laws and politics

Safety of consumer fireworks

Availability and use of consumer fireworks are hotly debated topics. Critics and safety advocates point to the numerous injuries and accidental fires that are attributed to fireworks as justification for banning or at least severely restricting access to fireworks. Complaints about excessive noise created by fireworks and the large amounts of debris and fallout left over after shooting are also used to support this position. There are numerous incidents of consumer fireworks being used in a manner that is extremely disrespectful of the communities and neighborhoods where the users live.

Meanwhile, those who support more liberal fireworks laws look at the same statistics as the critics and conclude that, when used properly, consumer fireworks are a safer form of recreation than riding bicycles or playing soccer. A careful reading of the literature reveals that nearly all fatalities from consumer fireworks are due to the users not following the directions printed on the label. Safety advocates urge people to "Leave it to the professionals": in the US, you are more likely to be injured driving in your car to or from a professional fireworks show than you are to be injured by using consumer fireworks in your backyard.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission has established strict guidelines regarding the construction and composition of consumer fireworks. Together with US Customs and BATFE, they are very proactive in enforcing these rules, intercepting imported fireworks that don't comply and issuing recalls on unacceptable consumer fireworks that are found to have "slipped through". Many states in the United States have laws on further restrict access to and use of consumer fireworks, and some of these states vigorously enforce them. Each year, there are many raids on individuals suspected of having "illegal" fireworks.

Safety of commercial fireworks

The traditional Bastille Day fireworks in Paris

Fireworks safety is considered to be extremely important in countries such as Canada. The use, storage and sale of commercial-grade fireworks in Canada is licensed by Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division (ERD). Unlike their consumer counterpart, commercial-grade fireworks function differently, and come in a wide range of sizes from 2 inches up to 12 or more inches in diameter. As well, since commercial-grade fireworks are a shell which is loaded into separate a mortar by hand, great care must be taken, during all stages of setup.

Setup of these fireworks involves the placement and securing of mortars on wooden or wire racks; loading of the shells; and if electronically firing, wiring and testing. The mortars are generally made of FRE (Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy) or HDPE (High-Density Polyethelene), some older mortars are made of Sheet Steel, but have been banned by most countries due to the problem of shrapnel produced during a misfire. Setup of mortars in Canada require that a minimum angle of 10 to 15 degrees down-range with a safety distance of at least 200 meters down-range and 100 meters surrounding the mortars.

Loading of shells is a delicate process, and must be done with caution, and a loader must ensure not only the mortar is clean, but also make sure that no part of their body is directly over the mortar in case of a premature fire. Wiring the shells is a pain-staking process; whether the shells are being fired manually or electronically, any "chain fusing" or wiring of electrical ignitors, care must be taken to prevent the fuse (an electrical match, often incorrectly called a squib) from igniting. If the setup is wired electrically, the electrical matches are usually plugged into a "firing rail" or "breakout box" which runs back to the main firing board; from there, the Firing Board is simply hooked up to a car battery, and can proceed with firing the show when ready.

Since commercial-grade fireworks are so much larger and more powerful, setup and firing crews are always under great pressure to ensure they safely set up, fire and clean up after a show.

Pollution

Because fireworks produces smoke that have heavy metal compounds and other toxic chemicals, some countries are against the use of fireworks, arguing that they cause major pollution. Yet, many events are populated with the use of fireworks around the world.

References

  • Walt Disney Company (June 28, 2004). Disney debuts new safer, quieter and more environmentally-friendly fireworks technology. Press Release.
  • Natural Resources Canada, Explosive Regulatory Division. Display Fireworks Manual (March 2002 Edition)

Firework forums

http://pyroreview.com/ http://www.pyrouniverse.com/forum/ http://pyrofreedom.kicks-ass.net/


This page about fireworks includes information from a Wikipedia article.
Additional articles about fireworks
News stories about fireworks
External links for fireworks
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Discussion Groups about fireworks
Blogs about fireworks
Images of fireworks

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If the setup is wired electrically, the electrical matches are usually plugged into a "firing rail" or "breakout box" which runs back to the main firing board; from there, the Firing Board is simply hooked up to a car battery, and can proceed with firing the show when ready. A wrestling tag team in the World Wrestling Federation in the late 1980s. Wiring the shells is a pain-staking process; whether the shells are being fired manually or electronically, any "chain fusing" or wiring of electrical ignitors, care must be taken to prevent the fuse (an electrical match, often incorrectly called a squib) from igniting. A nickname that was given to the basketball players Hakeem Olajuwon and Ralph Sampson, who played together for the Houston Rockets in the 1980s. Loading of shells is a delicate process, and must be done with caution, and a loader must ensure not only the mortar is clean, but also make sure that no part of their body is directly over the mortar in case of a premature fire. A nickname that was given to the basketball players Tim Duncan and David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs, due to their great height. Setup of mortars in Canada require that a minimum angle of 10 to 15 degrees down-range with a safety distance of at least 200 meters down-range and 100 meters surrounding the mortars. Fox-TV Tower and KTRK-TV Tower, two 600 metre tall guyed radio masts approximately 30 metres apart in Missouri City, Texas.

The mortars are generally made of FRE (Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy) or HDPE (High-Density Polyethelene), some older mortars are made of Sheet Steel, but have been banned by most countries due to the problem of shrapnel produced during a misfire. Soelvesborg Twin Towers, radio towers of the mediumwave transmitter of the foreign service of Radio Sweden. Setup of these fireworks involves the placement and securing of mortars on wooden or wire racks; loading of the shells; and if electronically firing, wiring and testing. Twin Towers Correctional Facility in Los Angeles, California. As well, since commercial-grade fireworks are a shell which is loaded into separate a mortar by hand, great care must be taken, during all stages of setup. Wembley Stadium in London, England, which had Twin Towers before being demolished in 2003. Unlike their consumer counterpart, commercial-grade fireworks function differently, and come in a wide range of sizes from 2 inches up to 12 or more inches in diameter. Time Warner Center in New York.

The use, storage and sale of commercial-grade fireworks in Canada is licensed by Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division (ERD). Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur. Fireworks safety is considered to be extremely important in countries such as Canada. The former World Trade Center in New York City. Each year, there are many raids on individuals suspected of having "illegal" fireworks. Many states in the United States have laws on further restrict access to and use of consumer fireworks, and some of these states vigorously enforce them.

Together with US Customs and BATFE, they are very proactive in enforcing these rules, intercepting imported fireworks that don't comply and issuing recalls on unacceptable consumer fireworks that are found to have "slipped through". The Consumer Product Safety Commission has established strict guidelines regarding the construction and composition of consumer fireworks. Safety advocates urge people to "Leave it to the professionals": in the US, you are more likely to be injured driving in your car to or from a professional fireworks show than you are to be injured by using consumer fireworks in your backyard. A careful reading of the literature reveals that nearly all fatalities from consumer fireworks are due to the users not following the directions printed on the label.

Meanwhile, those who support more liberal fireworks laws look at the same statistics as the critics and conclude that, when used properly, consumer fireworks are a safer form of recreation than riding bicycles or playing soccer. There are numerous incidents of consumer fireworks being used in a manner that is extremely disrespectful of the communities and neighborhoods where the users live. Complaints about excessive noise created by fireworks and the large amounts of debris and fallout left over after shooting are also used to support this position. Critics and safety advocates point to the numerous injuries and accidental fires that are attributed to fireworks as justification for banning or at least severely restricting access to fireworks.

Availability and use of consumer fireworks are hotly debated topics. It has become part of the culture and tradition for the Hong Kong Chinese to go to the promenades along the two sides of the harbour to see the fireworks, or to watch the broadcast on television. Fireworks are displayed annually on the second day of the first moon in the Chinese calendar since 1982 in the Victoria Harbour. Deepavali brings the spirit of goodwill and brotherhood and is celebrated across all religions in India.

In smaller towns, the large temples of the town typically have public fireworks displays. People have access to a variety of fireworks and most of them in urban areas set it off on the public roads running in front of their houses. Unlike Western nations, retail of fireworks is largely unrestricted in India. During the night the houses are adorned with small lit oil lamps and colorful lights and then the entire family participates in the display of fireworks.

Customary traditions include offering prayers to the Gods in the morning and exchanging sweets with friends and neighbors. Deepavali (or Diwali) is the most popular festival of India, which broadly celebrates the triumph of good over evil primarily symbolized in the mythological epic of Ramayana in which the Hindu God Rama defeats his demonic adversary Ravana. This leads to some illegal trafficking of fireworks from Belgium to the Netherlands. Also the fireworks sold in Belgium contain more gunpowder than is allowed in the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands for example the sale of fireworks is restricted to a few days before New-Year's eve, but in Belgium the sale of fireworks is legal throughout the year. The retail of fireworks in Western Europe is also restricted, but the limitations differ from country to country. In Western Europe the use of fireworks by the general public is usually restricted to a few hours after midnight on New Year's eve. As a consequence the most popular fireworks are still those that go off with a big bang or with a bright flash.

Although it is now just a custom to fire off fireworks on New-Year's eve, in the past the idea was to scare 'bad forces' so they would not enter the new year. Major cities around the world host spectacular firework display on New Year's eve. Legality Note: Current federal law states that (without appropriate BATF license) the ownership and/or sale of any firecrackers or salutes containing in excess of 50-milligrams of explosive powder is a violation of federal statutes, including the 1966 Child Protection Act. Banned Fireworks.

Legal Fireworks. The types fireworks sold at retail stands and stores include, but are not limited to:. The type of fireworks sold at retail outlets vary widely, from "bootlegged fireworks" which are banned nationwide, to "Safe & Sane" varieties for personal use. Some Native American tribes on reservation lands show similar behavior, often selling fireworks that are not legal for sale outside of the reservation.

Differences in legislation among states have led many fireworks dealers to set up shop along state borders in order to attract customers from neighboring states where fireworks are restricted. For example, fireworks stands in South Carolina sell more potent varieties ("firecrackers") and are generally open year-round. On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina are more lenient. Citing concerns over fireworks safety, some states, such as Nevada, have enacted legislation restricting fireworks usage.

Popular types of legal fireworks include Roman candle "snakes" and Saturn missile batteries. Each year before the American Independence Day, the Fourth of July, retailers across the nation experience a surge in fireworks sales. Along the same lines, in Canada, during Halloween, many fireworks displays are seen throughout. Fireworks cannot be sold to people under the age of 18 and setting them off between 11pm and 7am is only allowed at specific times of the year, including New Year and Bonfire night.

Licensing for firework introduced in the United Kingdom. Examples of recent figures are: the Pope, Margaret Thatcher and George Bush. Local groups, 'bonfire societies' conduct torch-lit marches around the town, vying with each other for the best fancy-dress outfits and topical celebrity figures that are later burnt. The town of Bonfire Night [1].

That night is now celebrated as bonfire night by filling the sky with exploding fireworks, and by burning an effigy of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire. On 5 November, Fawkes was arrested and Parliament was saved. In 1605 Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to blow up the British Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of Westminster Hall. Today, the world's most prominent industry competition for fireworks manufacturers is L’International des Feux Loto-Québec in Montreal.

(Walt Disney Company, 2004). The advantages of compressed air launch are a reduction in fumes, and much greater accuracy in height and timing. The display shell is detonated in the air using an electronic timer. In 2004, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, started using aerial fireworks launched with compressed air rather than black powder, the first time that such a launch system was used commercially.

This early fascination with their noise and color continues today. In 1789, George Washington's inauguration was also accompanied by a fireworks display. The very first celebrations of Independence Day were in 1777, six years before Americans knew whether the new nation would survive the war; fireworks were a part of those festivities. Fireworks and black powder were used to celebrate important events long before the American Revolutionary War.

America's earliest settlers brought their enthusiasm for fireworks to the United States. Musick for the Royal Fireworks was composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 to celebrate the peace of Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which had been declared the previous year. Since then, any event—a birth, death, wedding, coronation, or New Year's Eve celebration—has become a fitting occasion for noisemakers. Some scholars believe fireworks were developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (581–907), but others believe there were no fireworks until the Northern Song Dynasty (10th century).

The discovery of gunpowder and the invention of the first true fireworks are traditionally credited to the Chinese, although India is also a likely source. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 420–581) the firecrackers were used not only to dispel evil but also to pray for happiness and prosperity. In the Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) firecrackers were made by roasting bamboo to produce the loud sound (known as "bian pao") that was intended to frighten evil spirits. .

Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices on various occasions. Display Fireworks Manual (March 2002 Edition). Natural Resources Canada, Explosive Regulatory Division.

Press Release. Disney debuts new safer, quieter and more environmentally-friendly fireworks technology. Walt Disney Company (June 28, 2004). mortars (loaded with greater than 1.75-inch shells).

cakes containing over 500 grams of powder. M-1000 salutes. M-100 salutes. M-80 salutes.

Torpedoes. Silver salutes. Cherry bombs. Firecracker packs (see this link for various brand/label images).

100 to 500-gram cakes (multi-shot aerial devices). flares & fountains. spinners. sykrockets.

Bottle rockets. single shot & reloadable aerial shot mortars up to 1.75-inch shells.