FerrariThe current Ferrari logoFerrari is an Italian manufacturer of high-end race cars and high-performance sports cars formed by Enzo Ferrari in 1929. At first, Scuderia Ferrari sponsored drivers and manufactured racecars; the company went into independent car production in 1946, eventually became Ferrari S.p.A., and is now controlled by the Fiat group. The company is based in Maranello, near Modena, Italy. History1929-1946The Ferrari Gestione Industriale badge on the front of a 330 GTCEnzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in Modena. Ferrari prepared and successfully raced various drivers in Alfa Romeo cars until 1938, when he was officially hired by Alfa as head of their racing department. In 1940, upon learning of the company's plan to absorb his beloved Scuderia and take control of his racing efforts, he quit Alfa. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for several years, the Scuderia briefly became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories.Also known as SEFAC Ferrari did in fact produce one racecar, the Tipo 815, in the non-competition period; it was thus the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia), but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946 to include a works for road car production. Right up to Il Commendatore's death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his first love, racing. "Scuderia Ferrari" literally means "Ferrari Stable" in keeping with the prancing horse emblem; the name is figuratively translated as "Team Ferrari." (It is correctly pronounced "skoo dee ry ah".) 1945-presentImage:Ferrarimascot.jpg The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund the Scuderia. While his beautiful and blazingly fast cars quickly gained a reputation for excellence, Enzo maintained a famous distaste for his customers, most of whom he felt were buying his cars for the prestige and not the performance. Ferrari road cars, noted for nice styling by design houses like Pininfarina, have long been one of the ultimate accessories for the rich. Other design houses that have done work for Ferrari over the years include Scaglietti, Bertone, Touring, Ghia, and Vignale. As of 2004, FIAT owns 56% of Ferrari, Mediobanca 15%, Commerzbank 10%, Lehman Brothers 7%, and Enzo's son Piero Ferrari 10%. RacingThe Scuderia celebrate another Schumacher win, (C) Ferrari Press OfficeMain article: Scuderia Ferrari Enzo Ferrari's true passion, despite his extensive road car business, was always auto racing. His Scuderia started as an independent sponsor for drivers in various cars, but soon became the Alfa Romeo in-house racing team. After Ferrari's departure from Alfa, he began to design and produce cars of his own; the Ferrari team first appeared on the European grand prix scene after the end of World War II. The Scuderia joined the Formula One World Championship in the first year of its existence, 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix. Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first World Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team left in the championship, not to mention the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2004, the team's records include fourteen World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004), fourteen World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004), 179 grand prix victories, 3445 and a half points, 544 podium finishes, 174 pole positions, 11,182 laps led, and 180 fastest laps in 1622 grands prix contested. Famous drivers include Tazio Nuvolari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Alberto Ascari, Phil Hill, Mike Hawthorn, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost and Michael Schumacher. The "Cavallino Rampante"The Scuderia Ferrari LogoThe famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is a black prancing horse on yellow shield-shaped background, usually with the letters S F for Scuderia Ferrari, and with three stripes of the Italian national colors green-white-red on top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the front hood (see picture above). Curiously, a similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart. This name is derived from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the modern German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Stuttgart, called Stoccarda by the Italians, is the home of Mercedes-Benz and Ferrari's rival Porsche, which also uses the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centered in the emblem of the state of Württemberg just like the city is placed within the state. Enzo Ferrari met these competitors many times since the 1920s while competing for Alfa. Coat of Arms of Stuttgart, GermanyOn June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, a legendary asso (ace) of the Italian air force and national hero during World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would grant him good luck. Ferrari left the horse black as it had been on Baracca's plane; however, he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. It has been supposed the choice of a horse was perhaps partly because his noble family was known for having many horses on their estates at Lugo di Romagna. Another theory suggests Baracca copied the rampant horse design from a shot-down German pilot who had the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. This is supported by the evidence Barraca's horse looks more similar to the one of Stuttgart (not changed since 1938) than the current Ferrari design, especially as the legs of the horses are concerned. Baracca using the Stuttgart horse from a shot-down plane ties in with the fact that his family owned many horses. The first race at which Alfa Romeo would let Ferrari use the horse on the Alfas entered by his Scuderia Ferrari was eleven years later at Spa 24 Hours in 1932, which the Ferrari-led Alfa team won. Ever since, the cavallino was shown on the Alfas that were competing against the Silver Arrows of Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union, among others. Count Francesco BaraccaThe prancing horse has not always been uniquely identified with the Ferrari brand: Fabio Taglioni used it on his Ducati motorbikes. Taglioni's father was, in fact, a companion of Baracca's and fought with him in the 91st Air Squad. But, as Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse; this may have been the result of a private agreement between the two brands. Austrian Fuel StationsThe prancing horse is now a trademark of Ferrari. Yet, other companies use similar logos. One example is quite prominent next to roads in Austria and Eastern European countries, as an Austrian company, named "avanti" (http://www.avanti.at) since 1972, operates over 100 filling stations marked with a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's. Rosso CorsaSince the 1920s, Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati and later Ferrari and Abarth were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (Rosso Corsa). This was the customary national racing color of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organisations that later would become the FIA. In that scheme, French cars like Bugatti were blue, German like BMW and Porsche white (since 1934 also Silver Arrows), British racing green etc. The color was not determined by the country the car was made in, nor by the nationality of the driver(s), but by the nationality of the team that entered the vehicle. For example, a yellow Ferrari 156 was entered and driven in the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix by Olivier Gendebien from Belgium, scoring 4th behind 3 other Ferrari 156 painted in red, as they were entered by the Scuderia Ferrari itself, but driven by Americans Phil Hill&Richie Ginther as well as German Wolfgang von Trips. These national colors were mostly replaced by sponsor liveries since 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red. The shade of the color varies, though. Since 1996, the Ferrari F1 cars are said to be painted in a brighter, nearly orange red, in order to fit better to their tobacco sponsor. In recent years, these traditional colors have resurfaced in some cases, eg. the green Jaguar Racing in F1 as well as the blue on current Renault F1 cars, which was originally contributed by a tobacco sponsor. When BMW re-entered F1 in 2000, they also made sure that the cars of WilliamsF1 were painted white and blue. Curiosly, Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in cars painted white&blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but the US-based NART team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car. List of modelsUntil the mid-1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement:
Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used:
This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The 365 GTB4 model only became known as a Daytona after racing variants run by N.A.R.T. (North American Racing Team, who raced Ferrari's in America) won the famous 24 hour race of the same name. As well, the 250 GTO's famous acronym, which means Gran Turismo Omologato, was simply a name the Italian press gave the car which referred to the way Ferrari had, in a sense, avoided the rules and successfully homologated the car for racing purposes (Somehow, Ferrari had convinced the FIA, the 250 GTO was the same car as previous 250's). This was probably to avoid confusion with the multiple 250 models produced before the GTO. The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son. In the mid 1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice quickly abandoned after the F512M and F355, but recently picked up again with the F430). Road modelsSports carsFerrari's earliest models were pure sports cars, not the exotics we know today.
Mid-engine V6/V8Ferrari 328 GTS TargaThe Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V6 and V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production.
2-seat Gran TurismoFerrari quickly moved into the Gran Turismo market, and the bulk of the company's sales remain in this area.
Mid-engine 2+2Bertone-bodied Dino 308 GT4For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were very closely-related to the 308 GTB.
Front-engine 2+2Ferrari 612 ScagliettiThe company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current 612 Scaglietti.
Mid-engine 12-cylinderFerrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1971. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris.
SupercarsThe EnzoThe company's loftiest efforts have been in the supercar market.
Competition modelsCurrent
Past1958 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa from the Ralph Lauren collection
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The company's loftiest efforts have been in the supercar market. Many things that displace golf courses range from neighborhoods to shopping malls. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris. Many golf courses have been displaced by urban planning practices. Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1971. In New Zealand it is not uncommon for rural courses to have greens fenced off and sheep graze the fairways. The company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current 612 Scaglietti. You carry a small piece of astroturf from which you tee. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were very closely-related to the 308 GTB. In Coober Pedy, Australia, there is a famous golf course that consists of nine holes dug into mounds of sand, diesel and oil and not a blade of grass or a tree to be seen. For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. However, in some cities such as Dhahran, modern, grass golf courses have been built recently. Ferrari quickly moved into the Gran Turismo market, and the bulk of the company's sales remain in this area. In Saudi Arabia, golf courses have been constructed on nothing more than oil-covered sand. V6 and V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production. Resisting golf tourism and golf's expansion has become an objective of some land-reform movements, especially in the Philippines and Indonesia. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. Although golf is a relatively minor issue compared to other land-ethics questions, it has symbolic importance as it is a game normally associated with the wealthier Westernized population, and the culture of colonization and globalization of non-native land ethics. The Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. In some parts of the world, attempts to build courses and resorts have led to significant protests along with vandalism and violence by both sides. Ferrari's earliest models were pure sports cars, not the exotics we know today. Many Western countries have instituted significant environmental restrictions on where and how courses can be built.
The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son. In a concern for safety, modern golf course architects have had to lengthen and widen their design envelope. This was probably to avoid confusion with the multiple 250 models produced before the GTO. A major result of modern equipment is that today's players can hit the ball much further than previously. As well, the 250 GTO's famous acronym, which means Gran Turismo Omologato, was simply a name the Italian press gave the car which referred to the way Ferrari had, in a sense, avoided the rules and successfully homologated the car for racing purposes (Somehow, Ferrari had convinced the FIA, the 250 GTO was the same car as previous 250's). While many people continue to oppose golf courses for environmental reasons, there are others who feel that they are beneficial for the community and the environment as they provide corridors for migrating animals and sanctuaries for birds and other wildlife. (North American Racing Team, who raced Ferrari's in America) won the famous 24 hour race of the same name. The turf on golf courses is an excellent filter for water and has been used in many communities to cleanse grey water. The 365 GTB4 model only became known as a Daytona after racing variants run by N.A.R.T. This has led to reductions in the amount of chemicals and water used on courses. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The modern golf course superintendent is well trained in the uses of these practices and grasses. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. These, along with health and cost concerns, have led to significant research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Specific concerns include the amount of water and chemical pesticides and fertilizers used for maintenance, as well as the destruction of wetlands and other environmentally important areas during construction. In general, the following conventions were used:. Environmental concerns over the use of land for golf courses have grown over the past 30 years. Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In 2003 Annika Sörenstam was the first woman after fifty years who started at a men's PGA Tour. Until the mid-1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement:. Only the last of these is also recognised by the Ladies European Tour. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car. Like the PGA TOUR, the LPGA currently has four majors:. Curiosly, Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in cars painted white&blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but the US-based NART team. The LPGA's list of majors has changed several times over the years, with the last change in 2001. When BMW re-entered F1 in 2000, they also made sure that the cars of WilliamsF1 were painted white and blue. Women's golf does not have a globally agreed set of majors. the green Jaguar Racing in F1 as well as the blue on current Renault F1 cars, which was originally contributed by a tobacco sponsor. These are the four that Bobby Jones won in 1930 to become the only player ever to have earned a Grand Slam. In recent years, these traditional colors have resurfaced in some cases, eg. Amateur, the Open Championship, and the British Amateur. Since 1996, the Ferrari F1 cars are said to be painted in a brighter, nearly orange red, in order to fit better to their tobacco sponsor. Open, the U.S. The shade of the color varies, though. Prior to the advent of the PGA Championship and The Masters, the four Majors were the U.S. These national colors were mostly replaced by sponsor liveries since 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red. This feat has been frequently called the Tiger Slam. For example, a yellow Ferrari 156 was entered and driven in the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix by Olivier Gendebien from Belgium, scoring 4th behind 3 other Ferrari 156 painted in red, as they were entered by the Scuderia Ferrari itself, but driven by Americans Phil Hill&Richie Ginther as well as German Wolfgang von Trips. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship; and the 2001 Masters. The color was not determined by the country the car was made in, nor by the nationality of the driver(s), but by the nationality of the team that entered the vehicle. Woods also came closest to winning all four current majors in one season (known as a Grand Slam) when he won them consecutively across two seasons: the 2000 U.S. In that scheme, French cars like Bugatti were blue, German like BMW and Porsche white (since 1934 also Silver Arrows), British racing green etc. Tiger Woods, who may be the only golfer likely to challenge Nicklaus's record, has won ten majors, all before the age of thirty. This was the customary national racing color of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organisations that later would become the FIA. Amateurs are included. Since the 1920s, Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati and later Ferrari and Abarth were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (Rosso Corsa). Jack Nicklaus is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time, largely because he has won a record 18 professional majors, or 20 majors in total if his two U.S. One example is quite prominent next to roads in Austria and Eastern European countries, as an Austrian company, named "avanti" (http://www.avanti.at) since 1972, operates over 100 filling stations marked with a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's. The number of major championships a player accumulates in his career has a very large impact on his stature in the game. Yet, other companies use similar logos. Open and PGA Championship are played at various courses around the United States, while The Open Championship is played at various courses in the UK. The prancing horse is now a trademark of Ferrari. The U.S. But, as Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse; this may have been the result of a private agreement between the two brands. The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia since its inception in 1934. Taglioni's father was, in fact, a companion of Baracca's and fought with him in the 91st Air Squad. The fields for these events include the top several dozen golfers from all over the world. The prancing horse has not always been uniquely identified with the Ferrari brand: Fabio Taglioni used it on his Ducati motorbikes. In current (2005) chronological order they are:. Ever since, the cavallino was shown on the Alfas that were competing against the Silver Arrows of Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union, among others. The major championships are the four most prestigious men's tournaments of the year. The first race at which Alfa Romeo would let Ferrari use the horse on the Alfas entered by his Scuderia Ferrari was eleven years later at Spa 24 Hours in 1932, which the Ferrari-led Alfa team won. The most prestigious of these is the U.S-based LPGA Tour. Baracca using the Stuttgart horse from a shot-down plane ties in with the fact that his family owned many horses. There are five principal tours for women, each based in a different country or continent. This is supported by the evidence Barraca's horse looks more similar to the one of Stuttgart (not changed since 1938) than the current Ferrari design, especially as the legs of the horses are concerned. There are several senior tours for men 50 and older, the best known of which is the U.S.-based Champions Tour. Another theory suggests Baracca copied the rampant horse design from a shot-down German pilot who had the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. Golf is unique in having lucrative competition for older players. It has been supposed the choice of a horse was perhaps partly because his noble family was known for having many horses on their estates at Lugo di Romagna. The Japan Tour is the 3rd biggest Tour overall, it has the best sponsors besides the PGA Tour. Ferrari left the horse black as it had been on Baracca's plane; however, he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. In 2005, China started a China Tour. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would grant him good luck. The Sunshine is being played in South Africa, Asian Tour is associating with The European Tour to host European Tour level tournaments in Asia. On June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, a legendary asso (ace) of the Italian air force and national hero during World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. There are several other men's tours around the world. Enzo Ferrari met these competitors many times since the 1920s while competing for Alfa. Some top professionals from outside North America play enough tournaments to maintain membership on both the PGA TOUR and European Tour. Stuttgart, called Stoccarda by the Italians, is the home of Mercedes-Benz and Ferrari's rival Porsche, which also uses the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centered in the emblem of the state of Württemberg just like the city is placed within the state. The PGA European Tour, which attracts a substantial number of top golfers from outside North America, ranks only slightly below the PGA TOUR in worldwide prestige. This name is derived from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the modern German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. PGA TOUR wins can mean endorsement deals, automatically provide the winner a minimum two-year exemption to play in other tournaments, and supply the prestige earned by beating the best of the best. Curiously, a similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart. This is due mostly to the fact that most PGA TOUR events have a first prize of at least USD 800,000. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the front hood (see picture above). The most widely known tour is the PGA TOUR (officially rendered in all caps), which attracts the best golfers from all the other men's tours. The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is a black prancing horse on yellow shield-shaped background, usually with the letters S F for Scuderia Ferrari, and with three stripes of the Italian national colors green-white-red on top. Gaining membership of an elite tour is highly competitive, and most professional golfers never achieve it. Famous drivers include Tazio Nuvolari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Alberto Ascari, Phil Hill, Mike Hawthorn, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost and Michael Schumacher. Typically a tour has "members" who are entitled to compete in all of its events, and also invites non-members to compete in some of them. As of 2004, the team's records include fourteen World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004), fourteen World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004), 179 grand prix victories, 3445 and a half points, 544 podium finishes, 174 pole positions, 11,182 laps led, and 180 fastest laps in 1622 grands prix contested. There are at least twenty professional golf tours, each run by a PGA or an independent tour organisation, which is responsible for arranging events, finding sponsors, and regulating the tour. Ferrari is the oldest team left in the championship, not to mention the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. A small elite of professional golfers are "tournament pros" who compete full time on international "tours". Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first World Championship a year later. The majority of professional golfers work as club or teaching professionals, and only compete in local competitions. José Froilán González gave the team its first victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix. Golf is played professionally in many different countries. The Scuderia joined the Formula One World Championship in the first year of its existence, 1950. Read more at [10]. After Ferrari's departure from Alfa, he began to design and produce cars of his own; the Ferrari team first appeared on the European grand prix scene after the end of World War II. South Korea is notably strong in women's golf. His Scuderia started as an independent sponsor for drivers in various cars, but soon became the Alfa Romeo in-house racing team. The number of countries with high-class professionals continues to increase steadily, especially in East Asia. Enzo Ferrari's true passion, despite his extensive road car business, was always auto racing. Since around the 1970s, Japan and various Western European countries have produced leading players on a regular basis. Main article: Scuderia Ferrari. Other Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa are also traditional powers in the game. As of 2004, FIAT owns 56% of Ferrari, Mediobanca 15%, Commerzbank 10%, Lehman Brothers 7%, and Enzo's son Piero Ferrari 10%. The professional game was initially dominated by British golfers, but since World War I, America has produced the greatest quantity of leading professionals. Other design houses that have done work for Ferrari over the years include Scaglietti, Bertone, Touring, Ghia, and Vignale. For example the first golf course in the People's Republic of China only opened in the mid-1980s, but by 2005 there were 200 courses in that country. Ferrari road cars, noted for nice styling by design houses like Pininfarina, have long been one of the ultimate accessories for the rich. Apart from Sweden all of these are countries where English is the main language, but the number of courses in new golfing territories is increasing rapidly. While his beautiful and blazingly fast cars quickly gained a reputation for excellence, Enzo maintained a famous distaste for his customers, most of whom he felt were buying his cars for the prestige and not the performance. [9] The countries with most golf courses in relation to population, starting with the best endowed were: Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Canada, Wales, United States, Sweden, and England (countries with less than 500,000 people were excluded). Image:Ferrarimascot.jpg The first Ferrari road car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund the Scuderia. In 2005 Golf Digest calculated that there were nearly 32,000 golf courses in the world, approximately half of them in the United States. "Scuderia Ferrari" literally means "Ferrari Stable" in keeping with the prancing horse emblem; the name is figuratively translated as "Team Ferrari." (It is correctly pronounced "skoo dee ry ah".). Also, green fees at some of the more picturesque and prestigious courses can be quite sizeable. Right up to Il Commendatore's death, this would remain little more than a source of funding for his first love, racing. In order to be outfitted with the latest equipment (including rather expensive clothing, shoes and gloves) one can end up spending quite a sum. The factory was bombed in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946 to include a works for road car production. This being said the social status of better (and usually more expensive) equipment cannot be overlooked. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. It is also probably fair to say that the snobbish attitude of many golf club patrons (and particularly members) cannot be denied. Because he was prohibited by contract from racing for several years, the Scuderia briefly became Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories.Also known as SEFAC Ferrari did in fact produce one racecar, the Tipo 815, in the non-competition period; it was thus the first actual Ferrari car (it debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia), but due to World War II it saw little competition. Films such as Caddyshack perpetuate this belief. In 1940, upon learning of the company's plan to absorb his beloved Scuderia and take control of his racing efforts, he quit Alfa. But the perception of golf as a game for the wealthy elite and country clubs as a haven for corrupt businessmen is common among many. Ferrari prepared and successfully raced various drivers in Alfa Romeo cars until 1938, when he was officially hired by Alfa as head of their racing department. In fact, most regions of the United States feature public courses which strive to be affordable for the average golfer. Enzo Ferrari never intended to produce road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929 as a sponsor for amateur drivers headquartered in Modena. Golf is not inherently an expensive activity; the cost of an average round of golf is USD $36 [8], and the game is regularly enjoyed by over 26 million Americans and many more world-wide. . For this reason, the successful conduct of business golf (which extends beyond merely knowing the game) is considered a useful business skill; various schools, including prestigious universities such as Stanford University, have started both undergraduate and graduate-level courses that teach "business golf." The PGA of America, an organization separate from the PGA Tour, helps to sponsor these programs at universities nationwide. The company is based in Maranello, near Modena, Italy. It is often said, in fact, that board meetings merely confirm decisions that are actually made on the golf course. At first, Scuderia Ferrari sponsored drivers and manufactured racecars; the company went into independent car production in 1946, eventually became Ferrari S.p.A., and is now controlled by the Fiat group. In the United States, golf is the unofficial game of the business world. Ferrari is an Italian manufacturer of high-end race cars and high-performance sports cars formed by Enzo Ferrari in 1929. Chris was born on the 12th of October 1988, in North Wales. 1996 F50 GT. Many believe he will be the next Tiger Woods and is aiming to reach the Ryder Cup team by 2010, which will be held in Celtic Manor. 1994 333 SP. He now holds the longest drive record at Holywell Golf Club with a giant drive of 432 Yards on the 10th Hole. 1971 312 PB. He made his first big impact on the 15th of May 2005 in the Flintshire Boys Championship held at Pennant Park. 1969 512 S and 512 M. Since 2004 Chris Cummins has made an impact in the golfing world. 1969 312 P. In the 1970s the use of metal to replace wood heads began, and shafts made of graphite composite materials were introduced in the 1980s. 1967 412 P. Also in the 1930s the wooden golf tee was invented. 1967 330 P4. The major changes in equipment since the 19th century have been better mowers, especially for the greens, better golf ball designs, using rubber and man-made materials since about 1900, and the introduction of the metal shaft beginning in the 1930s. 1966 330 P3. Evidence has shown that golf was played on Musselburgh Links in 1672 although Mary Queen of Scots reputedly played there in 1567. 1965 330 P2. The oldest playing golf course in the world is The Old Links at Musselburgh. 1964 330 P. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes. 1964 250 LM. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. 1963 250 P. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. 1963 P/LM series
1960 250 TR60/61. The links at St. 1956 250 Testa Rossa. According to the USGA however, this is incorrect. 1954 250 Monza. It is an urban legend that golf courses contain 18 holes because that was the number of shots it took to polish off a fifth of scotch. 1954 750 Monza. It has been hypothesized that golf is actually an acronym for gentlemen only; ladies forbidden, but this is believed to be an urban legend. 1953 375 MM. The term golf is believed to have originated from a Germanic word for "club". 1953 340 MM. Primatively, the action of using a stick with a boxed attachment to hit stones close to a marked target, similar to that of bocce, originated in Italy. 1952 250MM. They point out that a game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was played in 17th-century Netherlands. 1951 340 America. Some scholars, however, suggest that this refers to another game which is much akin to shinty or hurling, or to modern field hockey. 1949 125 F1. Golf was usually regarded as a Scottish invention, as the game was mentioned in two 15th-century laws prohibiting the playing of the game of "gowf". 1948 166. [4] [5] [6] [7]. 1947 125 Sport. Hongling suggested golf may have been exported to Europe and then Scotland by Mongolian travellers in the late Middle Ages. FXX. There were further descriptions of clubs being inlaid with jade and gold, suggesting golf was for the wealthy. 575 GTC. The archive also includes references to a Nan Tang Dynasty magistrate who asked his daughter to make "holes" for him to play, and describes his "tee" as being jewel-encrusted. 360 Challenge. It was played with 10 clubs including a cuanbang, pubang, and shaobang, which are comparable to a driver, two-wood, and three-wood. 360 GTC. Archives called the Dongzuan Records from the Song Dynasty describe a game called chuiwan and also include drawings. 2003 Enzo. Ling Hongling of Lanzhou University suggests that golf may have originated in China at least 500 years before it was first mentioned in Scotland. 1995-1997 ( till 1999 with the introduction of the F50 GT) F50. It was reported in January 2006 that recent evidence unearthed by Prof. 1988-1992 F40. See also Timeline of golf history 1353-1850, Timeline of golf history 1851-1945, and Timeline of golf history 1945-1999.. 1984 288 GTO. Scores are recorded on a score card during the round. 1962 250 GTO. To fix it completely, the golfer must execute this proccess several times. 1994-1996 F512M. (A ball mark in this case is a depression in the green where the golf ball hit it.) To fix a ball mark, you push the tool under the mark, and lift upwards gently. 1992-1994 512TR. This allows the golfer to fix a ball mark on the green. 1984-1992 Testarossa. Another tool that is commonly used is called the ball mark repair tool. 1984-1996 Testarossa
1981 512iBB. A tee is pushed into the ground to rest a ball on top of for an easier shot; however, this is only allowed for the first stroke (tee shot or drive) of each hole. 1976 512BB. Tees resemble nails with a flattened head and are usually made of wood or plastic. 1971 365 GT4 BB. They also often wear gloves that help grip the club. 1971-1984 512 Berlinetta Boxer
2004-2005 612 Scaglietti. Clubs and other equipment are carried in golf bags. 1998-2003 456M GT Coupe. Sometimes transport is by special golf carts. 1992-1997 456 GT/GTA Coupe. Harder materials, such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's traveling longer distances, while softer covers, such as Balata, tend to generate higher spin and greater stopping potential. 1992-2003 456/456M
1985 412. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-400 dimples designed to improve the ball's aerodynamics. 1979 400i. Modern golf balls have a two, three, or four layer design constructed from various synthetic materials. 1976 400 Automatic. The minimum allowed width of a golf ball is 42.67mm and its mass may not be greater than 45.93g. 1976-1989 400/412
1972-1976 365 GT4 2+2. Wedges are played from difficult ground such as sand or the rough and for approach shots to the green. 1971-1972 365 GTC4. Hybrids are also used by players who have a difficult time getting the ball airborne with long irons. 1968-1973 365 Daytona
1967-1971 365
1960-1963 250
1982 Mondial Quattrovalvole. The amount of backspin also influences the behavior of a ball when it hits the ground. 1980 Mondial 8. A spinning ball deforms the flow of air around it [3] and thereby acts similar to an aeroplane wing; a back-spinning ball therefore experiences an upward force which makes it fly higher and longer than a ball without spin would. 1980 Mondial
1976-1980 308GT4. Even the best professional golfers sometimes succumb to this pressure, such as getting the "yips" and being unable to make short putts, or having collapses of their full swing. 1974-1975 Dino 308GT4. Knowledge of this creates a great deal of psychological pressure on the golfer; this pressure exists at all levels of play. 1974-1980 208/308 GT4
2005 Superamerica. Besides the physical part, the mental aspect of the golf swing is very difficult. 2004 Barchetta. Much has developed around how hard the golf swing is to learn and execute, and how one must be persistent to keep at it. 2002-2006 575M Maranello
1996-2000 550 Maranello Coupe. It is not uncommon for beginners to spend several months practising the very basics before playing their first ball on a course. 1996-2001 550 Maranello
1969-1970 365 GTS Spider. Today, more manufacturers provide left-handed versions of their club lines, and the clubs are more readily purchased from mail-order and Internet catalogues. 1968-1969 365 GTC Coupe. In the past, this may have been due to the difficulty of finding left-handed golf clubs. 1968 365
1964-1965 275 GTB/GTS. After the ball is hit, the follow-through stage consists of a continued rotation to the left. 1964-1968 275
1964 330
1952 250S/250MM. The full golf swing itself is used in tee and fairway shots. 1953-1962 250
1960 400 superamerica. As a point of safety for other players, and those further down the fairway, or anywhere you might hit the ball, yelling "Fore!" is considered a warning to beware of the ball so as to not be hit when it comes their way. 1957 410 superamerica III. Poor shots include the hook, in which the ball curves to the left (for a right-handed player), and a slice, in which the ball curves to the right (for a right-handed player; the reverse are true for left-handers). 1956 410 superamerica. Furthermore, the absolute effect of a deviation will increase with a longer shot compared with a short one. 1953 375 America. Many of these troubles are aggravated with the "longer" clubs and higher speed of swing. 1952 340 America. There are several possible causes of poor shots, such as poor alignment of the club, wrong direction of swing, and off-center hits where the clubhead rotates around the ball at impact. 1952-1967 America
1999-2004 360 Modena/Spider. Many golf shots make the ball travel through the air (carry) and roll out for some more distance (roll). 1999-2004 Ferrari 360
1995-1998 F355
1986 GTB/GTS Turbo. The Decisions on the Rules of Golf are based on formal case decisions by the R&A and USGA and are published regularly. 1985 328 GTB Berlinetta. Some rules state that:. 1982 308 GTB/GTS Quattrovalvole. As declared on the back cover of the official rule book: "play the ball as it lies", "play the course as you find it", and "if you can't do either, do what is fair". 1982 208 GTB/GTS Turbo. The underlying principle of the rules is fairness. 1980 308 GTBi/GTSi. Because the rules of golf continue to evolve, amended versions of the rule book are usually published and made effective in a four-year cycle. 1980 208 GTB/GTS. By agreement with the R&A, USGA jurisdiction on the enforcement and interpretation of the rules is limited to the United States and Mexico. 1975 308 GTB/GTS. The rules of golf [1] are internationally standardised and are jointly governed by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R&A), which was founded 1754 and the United States Golf Association (USGA). 1975-1989 208/308/328 GTB/GTS
1968-1973 Dino 246GT/GTS. Handicap systems are not used in professional golf. 1968-1973 Dino 206GT. Handicaps are administrated by golf clubs or national golf associations. 1968-1975 Dino
1951-1952 212 Coupe/Cabriolet. The play then alternates as in a foursome. 1951 195 Coupe. The player who did not shoot the best first shot plays the second shot. 1948-1950 166. In a greensome both players tee off, and then pick the best shot as in a scramble. The convertible models now use the suffix "Spider" (see F355 Spider, and Ferrari 360 Spider). Every player then plays his second shot from that spot, and the procedure is repeated until the hole is finished. GTS models, in older models, are convertibles (see 365 GTS4); however, in late models, this suffix is used for targa top models (see 348 GTS, and F355 GTS; exception being the 348 TS, which is the only targa named differently). In a scramble, or ambrose, each player in a team tees off on each hole, and the players decide which shot was best. GTB models are closed Berlinettas, or coupes. There are also popular unofficial variations on team play. M standing for "Modificata," this suffix is placed to the end of a model's number designation to denote that it is a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512M and 575M Maranello). Four-balls can be played as match play or stroke play. Therefore, the 512BB was five liter flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). A four-ball (Rules 30 and 31) is also played between two teams of two players each, but every player plays his own ball and the lower score on each hole is counted. Flat twelve (boxer) models used the displacement in liters. Foursomes can be played as match play or stroke play. Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4380 cc V12. On the second hole, B will tee off (regardless who played the last putt on the first hole), then A plays the second shot, and so on. V12 models used the displacement (in cubic centimeters) of one cylinder. For example, if players A and B form a team, A tees off on the first hole, B will play the second shot, A the third, and so on until the hole is finished. Thus, the 206 was a 2.0 L V6-powered vehicle, while the 348 used a 3.4 L V8. A foursome (defined in Rule 29) is played between two teams of two players each, in which each team has only one ball and players alternate playing it. V6 and V8 models used the total displacement (in deciliters) for the first two digits and the number of cylinders as the third. "Official" forms of play are, among others, foursome and four-ball games. There are many variations of these basic principles, some of which are explicitly described in the "Rules of Golf" and are therefore regarded "official". The two basic forms of playing golf are match play and stroke play. dollars for communal courses in many countries up to that of several hundred dollars for elite private clubs.. The green fee may vary from the equivalent of a few U.S. There are two different fees: the range fee, which is for the driving range; and the green fee, which allows play on the golf course itself. If one wishes to play on a golf course, one has to pay a certain fee. Penalty strokes are not actually strokes but penalty points that are added to the score for violations of rules or for making use of relief procedures in certain situations. In stroke play (see below), the score consists of the number of strokes played plus any penalty strokes incurred. Each player acts as marker for one other player in the group, that is, he or she records the score on a score card. When all players of a group have completed the hole, the player or team with the best score on that hole has the honor, that is, the right to play first on the next tee. In some team events, a player who is farthest from the hole may ask his or her partner who may be closer to the hole to play first. In all modes of play, when individual players have all brought a ball into play, the player whose ball is the farthest from the hole is next to play. Each player plays a ball from the tee to the hole, except that in the mode of play called foursomes, two teams of two players compete, and the members of each team alternate shots using only one ball, until the ball is holed out. Players walk (or in some countries, often drive in motorized electric carts) over the course, either singly or in groups of two, three, or four, sometimes accompanied by caddies who carry and manage the players' equipment and give them advice. The aim of holing the ball in as few strokes as possible may be impeded by various obstructions, such as bunkers and water hazards. Once the ball is on the green (an area of finely cut grass) the ball is usually putted (hit along the ground) into the hole. A hole of golf consists of hitting a ball from a tee on the teeing ground (a marked area designated for the first shot of a hole), and, once the ball comes to rest, striking it again, and repeating this process until the ball at last comes to rest in the cup. On a nine-hole course, a standard round consists of two successive nine-hole rounds. A round typically consists of 18 holes that are played in the order determined by the course layout. Every game of golf is based on playing a number of holes in a given order. If it is a high rated course and you get two strokes as a bonus, you can even play an 81 and still have played your handicap 7. So, if you have a handicap of 7, you should be able to play a 79 in a tournament. For example if a course is very high rated, you will get, depending on your handicap, one or two strokes as a bonus. This rating determines how many strokes you get on top because of the difficulties. Each course is measured out and has its own course rating. A golf school is often associated with a course or club. There may even be a practice course (which is often easier to play or shorter than other golf courses). Often there is a practice range, usually with practice greens, bunkers, and a driving area (where long shots can be practiced). At most golf courses there are additional facilities that are not part of the course itself. The total par of an 18-hole course is usually around 72. Many 18-hole courses have approximately four par-three, ten par-four, and four par-five holes. The expert golfer is expected to reach the green in two strokes under par (in regulation) and then use two putts to get the ball into the hole. Par is the theoretical number of strokes that an expert golfer should require for playing the ball into any given hole. Typical lengths for par three holes range from 100 to 224 m, for par four holes from 225 to 434 m, and for par five holes 435 m and greater. The par of a hole is primarily but not exclusively determined by the distance from tee to green. Every hole is classified by its par. Special rules determine how a golfer may proceed when his or her ball is very close to certain man-made objects on the course (obstructions) or resting upon ground in abnormal condition. The borders of a course are marked as such, and beyond them is out of bounds, that is, ground from which a ball must not be played. This flag and pole combination is often called "the pin". The cup usually has a flag on a pole positioned in it so that it may be seen from some distance, but not necessarily from the tee. Its position on the green is not static and may be changed from day to day. The cup is always found within the green, and must have a diameter of 108 mm and a depth of at least 100 mm. The direction of growth of individual blades of grass often affects the roll of a golf ball and is called the grain. "To putt" means to play a stroke, usually but not always on the green, wherein the ball does not leave the ground. The grass of the putting green (or more commonly the "green") is cut very short so that a ball can roll easily over distances of several metres or yards. Unlike a water hazard, a sand trap offers no option for removing one's ball other than by playing it out (except in a very few extraordinary circumstances). As in a water hazard, a ball in a sand trap must be played without previously touching the sand with one's club. Bunkers (or sand traps) are hazards from which the ball is more difficult to play than from grass. Exactly where a ball may be dropped outside a hazard is governed by strict rules. If a ball in a hazard cannot be found, it may be replaced by dropping another ball outside the hazard, again with one stroke penalty. If it cannot be played from the hazard for any reason, it may be removed by hand and dropped outside the hazard with one stroke penalty. A ball in any type of hazard may be played as it lies without penalty. For example, in a hazard, a player must not touch the ground with his club prior to playing a ball, not even for a practice swing. Special rules apply to playing balls that come to rest in a hazard, which make it undesirable to play a ball into one. Many holes include hazards, which may be of two types: water hazards (lakes, rivers, etc.) and bunkers. Skilled players require fewer strokes to hit the ball into the cup. When a player strokes the ball and it then comes to rest in the cup, he has completed play on that hole. After a player first hits, or "strokes," the ball, he continues to do so from the fairway (where the grass is cut so low that most balls can be easily played) or from the rough (grass cut much longer than fairway grass, or which may be uncut) until the ball comes to rest in the cup. (The "nineteenth hole" is the colloquial term for the bar at a club house). Most golf courses consist of 9 or 18 holes. The course consists of a series of "holes." A "hole" means both the hole in the ground into which the ball is played (also called the "cup"), as well as the total distance from the tee (a pre-determined area from where a ball is first hit) to the green (the area surrounding the actual hole in the ground). Golf is played on a tract of land designated as "the course". . Although often viewed as an elite pastime, golf is increasingly popular and continues to attract ever more players around the world. Golf has been played on Musselburgh Links since 1672. The oldest known course in the world is The Old Links at Musselburgh. Golf originated in Scotland and has been played for several centuries in the British Isles. It is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules.". Golf (gowf in Scots) is a game where individual players or teams hit a ball into a hole using various clubs, and is one of the few ball games that does not use a fixed standard playing area. Women's British Open. LPGA Championship. Women's Open. U.S. Kraft Nabisco Championship. PGA Championship. The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the British Open). Open. U.S. The Masters. Chips are made with a less lofted club than the "pitch" shot or "lob" shot in order to produce the desired flatter trajectory. Chip: a low approach shot where the ball makes a shallow flight and then rolls out on the green. It is usually played with a sand wedge or a lob wedge. It is used when a player must play over an obstacle to the green. Flop: an even higher approach shot that stops shortly after it hits the ground. Pitches are usually done with a wedge. Pitch: a high approach shot that makes the ball fly high and roll very little, stopping more or less where it hits the ground. The ball rolls on the ground, never becoming air-borne. On the green, a putter is used to 'putt' the ball. It resembles a pitch and is played with a "sand wedge." The sand wedge is designed with a wider base allowing the club to skid in the sand. A bunker shot is played when the ball is in a bunker (sand trap). Irons or wedges are also often used when playing from the rough. If precision is more important than length (typically, when playing on narrow fairways or approaching a green), irons are usually played from the fairway. However, a tee may not be used once the ball has been brought into play; therefore, playing from the fairway may be more difficult depending on how the ball lies. A fairway shot is similar to a drive when done with a fairway wood. Ideally, tee shots on long holes have a rather shallow flight and long roll of the ball, while tee shots on short holes are flighted higher and are expected to stop quickly. It is often made with a driver (i.e., a 1-wood) off a tee for long holes, or with an iron on shorter holes. A tee shot is the first shot played from a teeing ground. Can be played in Arctic or subarctic regions during winter. Snow courses: another rather recent invention; golf being played on snow, typically with an orange colored or another brightly colored ball. Sand courses: instead of a heavily irrigated 'green', the players play on sand. Nevertheless, many players enjoy the unique experience of playing golf in the desert. A desert course also violates the widely accepted principle of golf course architecture that an aesthetically pleasing course should require minimal alteration of the existing landscape. Desert courses require heavy irrigation for maintenance of the turf, leading to concerns about the ecological consequences of excessive water consumption. Desert courses: a rather recent invention, popular in Australia, parts of the USA and in the Middle East. Examples include Woodhall Spa in England and Gleneagles in Scotland. Heathland – a more open, less-manicured inland course often featuring gorse and heather and typically less wooded than “parkland” courses. Parkland courses: typical inland courses, often resembling traditional British parks, with lawn-like fairways and many trees. Andrews, are built on "land reclaimed from the sea," land that was once underwater. Traditional links courses, such as The Old Course at St. Located in coastal areas, on sandy soil, often amid dunes, with few artificial water hazards and few if any trees. Links courses: the most traditional type of golf course, of which some century-old examples have survived in the British isles. a ball may only be replaced by another if it is destroyed, lost, or unplayable, and a penalty is incurred in the latter cases. the condition of the ground or other parts of the course may not be altered to gain an advantage, except in some cases defined in the rules. a player must not accept assistance in making a stroke (Rule 14-2). every player is entitled and obliged to play the ball from the position where it has come to rest after a stroke, unless a rule allows or demands otherwise (Rule 13-1). Another variant of stroke play, the Modified Stableford method, awards points on each hole in relation to par and then adds the points over a round; for more details on this method, see the article on The INTERNATIONAL, a tournament that uses Modified Stableford scoring. A variant of stroke play is Stableford scoring, where a number of points (two for the target score) are given for each hole, and the fewer shots taken, the more points obtained, so the aim is to have as many points as possible. In stroke play, every player (or team) counts the number of shots taken for the whole round or tournament to produce the total score, and the player with the lowest score wins. In some cases, a match may be continued past the predetermined number of holes until one side takes a one-hole lead, and thereupon immediately wins by one hole. At any given point, if the lead is equal to the number of holes remaining, the match is said to be "dormie", and is continued until the leader increases the lead by one hole, thereby winning the match, or until the match ends in a tie. For example, if one party already has a lead of six holes, and only five holes remain to be played on the course, the match is over. In the case that one team or player has taken a lead that cannot be overcome in the number of holes remaining to be played, the match is deemed to be won by the party in the lead, and the remainder of the holes are not played. The game is won by the party that wins more holes than the other. The party with the lower score wins that hole, or if the scores of both players or teams are equal the hole is "halved" (drawn). In match play, two players (or two teams) play every hole as a separate contest against each other. |