Doom

However, several game journalists have also contrasted the relatively simplistic gameplay in Doom unfavorably with more story-oriented first-person shooters such as Half-Life. Some of the more memorable ones include Bill Tanner, Rene Mathis, Felix Leiter, and Jack Wade. It was voted the "#1 game of all time" in a poll among over 100 game developers and journalists conducted by GameSpy in July 2001^[12], and PC Gamer proclaimed Doom the most influential game of all time in its ten-year anniversary issue in April 2004. Throughout both the novels and the films there have only been a handful of recurring characters. Doom is widely regarded as one of the most important titles in gaming history. Since Brosnan's tenure, however, the character has taken on a (relatively) more progressive outlook on women; he respects the new, female M (played by Judi Dench) and has let a few women, particularly Paris Carver and Elektra King, get under his skin. However, although Harris did design Doom levels, they were not simulations of Columbine (see Harris levels). Despite Bond's philandering, most end up, if not in love with him, at least subdued by him.

A rumor spread afterwards that Harris had designed Doom levels that looked like the halls of the high school, populated with representations of Harris's classmates and teachers, and that Harris practiced for Columbine by playing these levels over and over. The aggressiveness of Bond's sexual conquests occasionally while his lovers eventually return his advances, he does not take the initial "no" for an answer. While planning for the massacre, Harris said that the killing would be "like fucking Doom" and that his shotgun was "straight out of" the game^[11]. Bond's women, particularly in the films, often have double entendre names, leading to coy jokes, for example, "Pussy Galore" in Goldfinger (a name invented by Fleming), "Plenty O'Toole" in Diamonds Are Forever, and "Xenia Onatopp" (a villainess sexually excited by strangling men with her thighs) in GoldenEye. The game again sparked controversy throughout a period of school shootings in the United States when it was found that Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who committed the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, were avid players of the game. In the films, Leiter appeared regularly during the Connery era, only once during Moore's tenure, and in both Dalton films; however, he was only played by the same actor twice. David Grossman.^[10] Doom prompted fears that the then-emerging virtual reality technology could be used to simulate extremely realistic killing, and in 1994 led to unsuccessful attempts by Washington state senator Phil Talmadge to introduce compulsory licensing of VR use. Occasionally Bond is assigned to work a case with his good friend, Felix Leiter of the CIA.

Col. In the novels (but not in the films), Bond has had two secretaries, Loelia Ponsonby and Mary Goodnight, who in the films typically have their roles and lines transferred to M's secretary Miss Moneypenny. It has been criticized numerous times by Christian organizations for its diabolic undertones and was dubbed a "mass murder simulator" by critic and Killology Research Group founder Lt. Bond's superiors and other officers of the British Secret Service are generally known by letters such as M and Q. Doom was and remains notorious for its high levels of violence, gore, and Satanic imagery, which have generated much controversy from a broad range of groups. The James Bond series of novels and films have a plethora of interesting allies and villains. The game's development and impact on popular culture is also the subject of the book Masters of Doom by David Kushner. Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years, as well as numerous original stories.

Doom has appeared in several forms in addition to games, including a comic book, four novels by Dafydd Ab Hugh and Brad Linaweaver (loosely based on events and locations in the games), and a film starring Karl Urban and The Rock released in 2005. Titan Books is presently reprinting these comic strips in an ongoing series of graphic novel-style collections; by the end of 2005 it had completed reprinting all Fleming-based adaptations as well as Colonel Sun and had moved on to reprinting original stories. A retelling of the original Doom using entirely new graphics technology, Doom 3 was hyped to provide as large a leap in realism and interactivity as the original Doom, but received mixed reactions when released in 2004. Later, the comic strip produced original stories, continuing until 1983. The franchise remained in that state until 2000, when Doom 3 was announced. Since then many illustrated adventures of James Bond have been published, including every Ian Fleming novel as well as Kingsley Amis' Colonel Sun, and most of Fleming's short stories. When, three years later, 3D Realms released Duke Nukem 3D, a tongue-in-cheek science fiction shooter based on Ken Silverman's technologically similar Build engine, id Software had nearly finished Quake, its next-generation game, which mirrored Doom's success for the remainder of the 1990s and significantly reduced interest in its predecessor. After initial reluctance by Fleming who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed and the first strip Casino Royale was published in 1958.

^[9]. In 1957 the Daily Express, a newspaper owned by Lord Beaverbrook, approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips. The popularity of Star Wars-themed WADs is rumored to have been the factor that prompted LucasArts to create their first-person shooter Dark Forces. Connery himself recorded new voiceovers for the game, the first time the actor has played Bond in 22 years. Doom's principal rivals were Apogee's Rise of the Triad and Origin Systems' System Shock. This was the second game based on a Connery Bond film (the first was a 1980s text adventure adaptation of Goldfinger) and the first to use the actor's likeness as agent 007. Some of these were certainly "clones"—hastily assembled and quickly forgotten about—others explored new grounds of the genre and were highly acclaimed. In 2005, Electronic Arts released another game in the same vein as Everything or Nothing, this time a video game adaptation of From Russia with Love, which allowed the player to play as Bond with the likeness of Sean Connery.

Dozens of new first-person shooter titles appeared following Doom's release, and they were often referred to as "Doom clones" rather than "first-person shooters". It was also the first game to feature well known actors including Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum and Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, although several previous games have used Brosnan's likeness as Bond. There is also a Doom-based game released by a breakfast cereal maker as a product tie-in called Chex Quest, and the United States Marine Corps released Marine Doom, designed to "teach teamwork, coordination and decision-making". Electronic Arts has to date released seven games, including the popular Everything or Nothing, which broke away from the first-person shooter element found in GoldenEye and went to a third-person perspective. The game engine was licensed to several other companies as well, who released their own games based on it, including Heretic, HeXen, Strife and HacX. In 2004, Electronic Arts released a game entitled GoldenEye: Rogue Agent that had nothing to do with either the video game GoldenEye or the film of the same name, and Bond himself plays only a minor role in which he is "killed" in the beginning during a virtual mission similar to the climax at Fort Knox in the film Goldfinger. The total number of copies of Doom games sold is unknown, but may be well over 4 million^[8]; Doom II alone has sold for over $100 million. Subsequently, virtually every Bond video game has attempted to copy GoldenEye 007's accomplishment and features to varying degrees of success.

Doom became a killer application that all capable consoles and operating systems were expected to have, and versions of Doom have subsequently been released for the following systems: DOS, Microsoft Windows, QNX, Irix, NEXTSTEP, Linux, Apple Macintosh, Super NES, Sega 32X, Sony PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, RiscOS, Atari Jaguar, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64, the Tapwave Zodiac and 3DO. Bond video games, however, didn't reach their popular stride until 1997's GoldenEye 007 by Rare for the Nintendo 64. The popularity of Doom led to the development of a sequel, Doom II: Hell on Earth (1994), as well as expansion packs and alternate versions based on the same game engine, including The Ultimate Doom (1995), Final Doom (1996), and Doom 64 (1997). Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. Main articles: Doom clones, Versions and ports of Doom, Doom spin-offs and homages. In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Commodore 64, and the Colecovision. A typical launcher would allow the player to select which files to load from a menu, making it much easier to start. From Russia with Love also opens with an instrumental version over the title credits (which then segues into the James Bond Theme), but Matt Monro's vocal version also appears twice in the film, including the closing credits; the Monro version is generally considered the film's main theme, even though it doesn't appear during the opening credits.

Main article: Doom WADs. The latter having had contributions by Fleming towards its creation; the show's lead character, "Napoleon Solo," was named after a character in Fleming's novel Goldfinger and Fleming also suggested the character name April Dancer, which was later used in the spinoff series The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.. Due to its widespread distribution, Doom hence became the game that introduced deathmatching to a large audience (and was also the first game to use the term "deathmatch"). 1960s TV imitations of James Bond such as I Spy, Get Smart, The Wild Wild West, and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. went on to became popular successes in their own right. Two player deathmatch was also possible over a phone line by using a modem. The Austin Powers series by writer and actor Mike Myers and other parodies such as Johnny English (2003), the "Flint" series starring James Coburn as Derek Flint, and Casino Royale (1967) are testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture. However, Doom was the first game to allow deathmatching over ethernet, and the combination of violence and gore with fighting friends made deathmatching in Doom particularly attractive. James Bond has long been a household name and remains a huge influence within the cinematic spy film genre.

Doom was not the first first-person shooter with a deathmatch mode—MIDI Maze on the Atari ST had one in 1987, using the MIDI ports built into the ST to network up to four machines together. For more in-depth information, see the controversy over Thunderball. In addition to the thrilling nature of the single-player game, the deathmatch mode was an important factor in the game's popularity. McClory to this day still claims to own the film rights to Thunderball, though MGM and EON claim those rights have expired. It also received the Award for Technical Excellence from PC Magazine, and the Best Action Adventure Game award by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. A second attempt by McClory to remake Thunderball in the 1990s with Sony Pictures was halted by legal action which resulted in Sony Pictures abandoning their aspirations for a rival James Bond series. In 1994, it was awarded Game of the Year by both PC Gamer and Computer Gaming World. Never Say Never Again was not made by Broccoli's production company, EON Productions, and is, therefore, not considered a part of the official film series.

Doom was also widely praised in the gaming press. McClory did so in 1983 by producing the film Never Say Never Again, which featured Sean Connery for a seventh time as 007. ^[6]. The deal specifically stated that McClory couldn't reproduce another adaptation until a set period of time had elapsed. One such presentation to promote Windows 95 had Bill Gates digitally superimposed into the game. Afterwards McClory made a deal with EON Productions to produce a film adaptation starring Sean Connery. The game's popularity prompted Bill Gates to briefly consider buying id Software, and led Microsoft to develop a Windows 95 port of Doom to promote the operating system as a gaming platform. McClory filed a lawsuit that would eventually award him the film rights to the novel in 1963.

In late 1995, Doom was estimated to be installed on more computers worldwide than Microsoft's new operating system Windows 95, despite million-dollar advertising campaigns for the latter. Initially the novel only credited Fleming. At the Microsoft campus, Doom was by one account^[5a] equal to a "religious phenomenon". When plans for a James Bond film were scrapped in the late 1950s, a story treatment entitled Thunderball, written by Ian Fleming, Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham, was adapted as Fleming's ninth Bond novel. Intel, Lotus Development and Carnegie Mellon University are among many organizations reported to form policies specifically disallowing Doom-playing during work hours. For more information, see the history of Casino Royale. This prediction came true at least in part: Doom became a major problem at workplaces, both occupying the time of employees and clogging computer networks with traffic caused by deathmatches. The instrumental theme music was a hit for Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass.

In a press release dated January 1, 1993, id Software had written that they expected Doom to be "the number one cause of decreased productivity in businesses around the world". Feldman who turned Fleming's first novel into a spoof featuring actor David Niven as one of six James Bonds. In 1995, The Ultimate Doom (version 1.9, including episode IV) was released, making this the first time that Doom was sold commercially in stores. The rights to Casino Royale were subsequently sold to producer Charles K. Although most users did not purchase the registered version, over one million copies have been sold, and the popularity helped the sales of later games in the Doom series which were not released as shareware. The episode featured American Barry Nelson in the role of "Jimmy Bond", an agent for the fictional "Combined Intelligence" agency. Released as shareware, people were encouraged to distribute Doom further, and did so: in 1995, Doom was estimated to have been installed on more than 10 million computers. In 1954, CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 USD for the rights to adapt Casino Royale into a one hour television adventure as part of their Climax! series.

(Many years later these alpha versions were sanctioned by id Software because of historical interest; they reveal how the game progressed from its early design stages.) The first public version of Doom was uploaded to an FTP run at the University of Wisconsin on December 10, 1993.
. In addition to news, rumors, and screenshots, unauthorized leaked alpha versions also circulated online. There's also lively debate on the best Bond movie, with most major film critics giving the top mark to either From Russia with Love (Connery's favourite, as he re-asserted in a 2002 ABC interview with Sam Donaldson) or its brassy followup, Goldfinger. Despite George Lazenby's short tenure in the tuxedo, some reviewers have also warmed to On Her Majesty's Secret Service (with Leonard Maltin's Movies on TV review book stating it might have been the best Bond film ever had Connery appeared in it). The large number of posts in Internet newsgroups about Doom led to the SPISPOPD joke, to which a nod was given in the game in the form of a cheat code. Work is also already underway on the script for the follow-up film, currently referred to by its working title, Bond 22. The development of Doom was surrounded by much anticipation. On October 14, 2005, EON Productions announced that Daniel Craig would be the sixth official James Bond and will star in the latest 007 adventure, Casino Royale in 2006.

The ability to create custom scenarios contributed significantly to the game's popularity (see the section on WADs below). Every aficionado has a favourite James Bond: Sean Connery—the tough guy, his machismo ready beneath the polished persona, George Lazenby—the controversial ultra-macho man, equally loved and despised, Roger Moore—the sophisticate, a perfect gentleman, rarely mussing his hair whilst saving the world, Timothy Dalton—the hard-edged literary character, and Pierce Brosnan—the polished man of action. Wolfenstein 3D was not designed to be expansible, but fans had nevertheless figured out how to create their own levels for it, and Doom was designed to take the phenomenon further. Thirdly, Octopussy (1983) incorrectly states the title of the next film as From A View To A Kill, the original literary title of A View to a Kill. Another important feature of the Doom engine is a modular approach that allows the game content to be replaced by loading custom WAD files. In 1977, The Spy Who Loved Me stated Bond would return in For Your Eyes Only, however, EON Productions had decided to instead take advantage of the Star Wars space craze and release a film adaptation of Fleming's Moonraker, which was changed to a plot involving outer space. Another benefit was the clearness of the automap because it could be displayed with 2D vectors without the risk of overlapping. The first, 1964's Goldfinger, in early prints announced Bond to return in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, however, the producers changed their mind shortly after release and subsequently made the correction in future prints of the film.

A heavy metal-ambient soundtrack was supplied by Bobby Prince. The Bond films are unusual in retaining full opening and closing credits; since the late 1970s it has become common for most films to save detailed credits for the end, with only principal actors and crew listed at the beginning. The graphics, by Adrian Carmack, Kevin Cloud and Gregor Punchatz, were created in various ways: although much was drawn or painted, several of the monsters were digitized from sculptures in clay or latex, and some of the weapons are toy guns from Toys "R" Us. The credits for GoldenEye depict the fall of the Soviet Union and thus provide a transition from the pre-fall era of the opening sequence to the post-fall setting of the rest of the narrative. Most of the level design that ended up in the final game is that of John Romero and Sandy Petersen. Die Another Day was unusual in that the images shown in that film's opening credits advance the storyline. Designer Tom Hall wrote an elaborate design document called the Doom Bible, according to which the game would feature a detailed storyline, multiple player characters, and a number of interactive features.^[4] However, many of his ideas were discarded during development in favor of simpler design primarily advocated by Carmack, resulting in Hall in the end being forced to resign due to not contributing effectively in the direction the rest of the team was going. For Your Eyes Only begins with Sheena Easton singing the title song on-screen.

The title of the game was picked by Carmack:. For the most part, the credits are unrelated to the plot of the film, although the design may reflect an overall theme (for example, You Only Live Twice uses a Japanese motif as well as images of a volcano, both of which are elements of the movie itself). When the game design phase began in late 1992, the main thematic influences were the science fiction action movie Aliens and the horror movie Evil Dead II. While the credits run, the main theme of the film is usually sung by a popular artist of the time. The development of Doom started in 1992 with John Carmack creating the new game engine, the Doom engine, while the rest of the team finished Spear of Destiny. Since Binder's death in 1991, Daniel Kleinman has designed the credits and has introduced CG elements not present during Binder's era. Main article: Making of Doom. The best known of the Bond title designers is Maurice Binder, who created these sequences for fourteen 007 films from 1962 to 1989.

. This sequence is a trademark and a staple of the James Bond films. Aside from the single-player game mode, Doom features two multiplayer modes playable over a network: "co-operative", in which two to four players team up against the legions of Hell, and "deathmatch", in which two to four players fight each other. When the teaser sequence is finished, the opening credits begin during which an arty display of scantily clad and even (discreetly) naked females can be seen doing a variety of activities from dancing, jumping on a trampoline, to shooting weapons. The monsters have very simple behavior, consisting of either walking toward the player or attacking by throwing fireballs, biting, and scratching (though they can also fight each other). The 1999 film The World Is Not Enough currently holds the record as the longest Bond teaser ever, running more than 15 minutes; most teasers run for less than five. There are 10 types of monsters (Doom II doubles this figure), including possessed humans as well as demons of different strength, ranging from weak but ubiquitous imps and red, floating cacodemons, to the bosses which survive multiple strikes even from the player's strongest weapons. Since The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977, they have often involved attention-grabbing action sequences, which have tended to become larger and more elaborate with each successive film.

Knee-Deep in the Dead, the first episode and the only one in the shareware version, is set in the high-tech military bases on Phobos. Some sources have suggested that Jenkins novel was to be published under the Markham pseudonym. In order to beat the game, the player must fight through three episodes containing nine levels each (see Episodes and levels of Doom). The novel was never published. A UAC team from Mars is sent to Phobos to investigate the incident, but soon radio contact ceases and only one human is left alive — the player, whose task is to make it out alive.^[2]. According to the book The Bond Files by Andy Lane and Paul Simpson, soon after Ian Fleming died, Glidrose Productions commissioned Jenkins to write a James Bond novel. At the same time, Deimos vanishes entirely. The first in 1966, was Per Fine Ounce by Geoffrey Jenkins, a friend of Ian Fleming who claimed to have developed with Fleming a diamond-smuggling storyline similar to Diamonds Are Forever as early as the 1950s.

The background is only given in the game's manual, and the in-game story is mainly advanced with short messages displayed between the game's episodes. The series was mildly successful and spawned six novelisations published in 1992 by John Peel writing as John Vincent, a 12 issue comic book series by Marvel Comics published in 1992, as well as a video game developed by Eurocom for the NES and the SNES in 1991. Doom has a science-fictionhorror theme, and a simple plot. In 1991 an animated television series, James Bond Jr, ran for 65 episodes. . This book is for young-adult readers, and chronicles the adventures of 007's nephew (despite the inaccurate title). The franchise again received popular attention in 2004 with the release of Doom 3, a retelling of the original game using new technology, and an associated 2005 Doom motion picture. In 1967, Glidrose authorised publication of 003½: The Adventures of James Bond Junior written by Arthur Calder-Marshall under the pseudonym R D Mascott.

The series lost mainstream appeal as the technology of the Doom game engine was surpassed in the mid-1990s, although fans have continued making WADs, speedrunning, and modifying the source code which was released in 1997. A second volume has been tentatively scheduled for publication in October 2006.[4]. Originally released for PC/DOS, these games have later been ported to many other platforms, including nine different game consoles. Ian Fleming Publications, who had previously refused to comment as to whether the book was authorised, officially confirmed the book was and always had been a project by them on the day of the book's publication. The Doom franchise was continued with Doom II: Hell on Earth (1994) and numerous expansion packs, including The Ultimate Doom (1995), Master Levels for Doom II (1995), and Final Doom (1996). John Murray admitted on August 28, 2005 that the books were a spoof after an investigation by The Sunday Times of London. Its graphic and interactive violence^[1] has also made Doom the subject of much controversy reaching outside the gaming world. The novels had originally been touted as the secret journal of a "real" Miss Moneypenny and that James Bond was a possible pseudonym for a genuine intelligence officer, an idea shared by John Pearson's earlier biography, James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007.

Note a: The variations Doom and DOOM have both been used in official contexts. It is currently unknown whether these will be adaptations of Higson's books. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. The Young Bond series is expected to add graphic novels in 2006. Planet Rome.ro. The series is currently planned out for five novels according to Charlie Higson. 1993: Doom. A second novel was released in the UK in January 2006.

Romero, John. Regardless, the first novel became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and was released to good reviews. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Since the concept was announced the series has taken heavy criticism for being aimed at the "Harry Potter audience" and has been seen by some as a desperate attempt to find a new audience for Bond. The "Official" Doom FAQ. Written by Charlie Higson (The Fast Show) the series is intended to align faithfully with the adult Bond's back-story established by Fleming and Fleming only. Leukart, Hank (1994). Instead of continuing from where Raymond Benson ended in 2002, the new series featured James Bond as a thirteen-year-old boy attending Eton College.

URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. In April 2004, Ian Fleming Publications (Glidrose) announced a new series of James Bond books. Player profile for Thomas "Panter" Pilger. Although it has been suggested a "big name" author might take on the task, the publishers have yet to approach anyone about this project [3]. ^  Hegyi, Adam (1992). This would feature the adult version of the character as opposed to the "Young Bond" character of the recent Charlie Higson books (see below). URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. On August 28, 2005, Ian Fleming Publications confirmed it is planning to publish a one-off adult Bond novel in 2008 to mark what would have been Ian Fleming's 100th birthday.

GameSpy. The year 2003 marked the first year since 1980 that a new James Bond novel had not been published. GameSpy's Top 50 Games of All Time. Low sales figures for the books, and plans by Ian Fleming Publications to focus on reissuing Fleming's original novels for the 50th anniversary of the character, were among reasons speculated by fans as to why Benson departed. ^  GameSpy (2001). Benson abruptly resigned as Bond novelist at the end of 2002, despite having previously announced plans to write a short story collection. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Benson also wrote a fourth short story entitled "The Heart of Erzulie" that was rejected for publication.

Basement Tapes: quotes and transcripts from Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold's video tapes. Benson's three short stories remain uncollected, unlike previous short stories from Ian Fleming. ^  4-20: a Columbine site. Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelisations, and three short stories. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Benson also contributed to the creation of several modules in the popular James Bond 007 role-playing game in the 1980s. Accuracy In Media. The book was initially released in 1984 and later updated in 1988.

Video Games Can Kill. Benson had previously written The James Bond Bedside Companion, a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. ^  Irvine, Reed & Kincaid, Cliff (1999). As a James Bond novelist, Benson was initially controversial for being American, and for ignoring much of the continuity established by Gardner. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health, and American Raymond Benson quickly replaced him. GameSpy. Generally Gardner's series is considered a success although their canonical status is disputed.

Bringin' in the DOOM Clones. The biggest change in Gardner's series was updating 007's world to the 1980s; however, it would keep the characters the same age as they were in Fleming's novels. ^  Turner, Benjamin & Bowen, Kevin (2003). In the 1980s, the series was finally revived with new novels by John Gardner; between 1981 and 1996, he wrote fourteen James Bond novels and two screenplay novelisations, surpassing Fleming's original output. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Both novelisations were written by screenwriter Christopher Wood and were the first official novelisations, although technically, Fleming's Thunderball was a novelisation having been based on scripts by himself, Kevin McClory, and Jack Whittingham (although it predated the movie), and the For Your Eyes Only collection was also, for the most part, based upon unproduced scripts. Sales. This would happen again with 1979's Moonraker.

^  Doom Wiki (2005). In 1977, the film The Spy Who Loved Me was released and was subsequently novelised and published by Glidrose due to the radical difference between the script and Fleming's novel of the same name. URL accessed on September 3, 2005.. Prior to writing this, Pearson had written an early biography of Ian Fleming, The Life of Ian Fleming. /idgames database. Glidrose reportedly considered a new series of novels written by Pearson, but this did not come to pass. ^  Doomworld. Since the book has many discrepancies with Fleming's Bond (for example his birth year), the canonical status of James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007 is debated among fans—some consider it apocryphal, though at least one publisher, Pan Books, issued it as an official novel along with the rest of Fleming's series for its first paperback edition.

URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. The book was well-received by aficionados—readers and viewers, alike. Reel Splatter. Pearson wrote James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007 in the first person as if meeting the secret agent himself. Bonus movie: Bill Gates "DOOM" video. In 1973, Fleming biographer John Pearson was commissioned by Glidrose to biograph the fictional character James Bond. ^  Lombardo, Mike. See The controversy over The Man with the Golden Gun.).

ISBN 0-3755-0524-5.. Amis had also been claimed for many years as the ghost writer of The Man with the Golden Gun, although this has been debunked by numerous sources. Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture, Random House Publishing Group. William ("Bill") Tanner", a recurring character in the Bond novels. ^ ^a  Kushner, David (2003). Amis had previously written two books on the world of James Bond, the 1964 essay The James Bond Dossier and the tongue-in-cheek 1965 release The Book of Bond, or Every Man His Own 007 (written under the pseudonym "Lt.-Col. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Ultimately, only one Markham novel saw print, 1968's Colonel Sun by Kingsley Amis.

Doomworld (1998). Following Fleming's death in 1964, Glidrose Productions, publishers of the James Bond novels, planned a new book series, credited to the pseudonym "Robert Markham" and written by a rotating series of authors. The Doom Bible. The second anthology, Octopussy and The Living Daylights (in many editions titled only Octopussy), originally only contained two short stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights"; a third story, "The Property of a Lady" was added in the 1967 paperback edition, and a fourth, "007 in New York", was added in 2002. ^  Hall, Tom (1992). When the project fell through, Fleming turned them into short stories: (i) "From a View to a Kill", (ii) "For Your Eyes Only", (iii) "Risico", plus two additional stories, "The Hildebrand Rarity" and "Quantum of Solace", which were previously published. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. His first anthology of short stories, For Your Eyes Only, mostly consisted of converted screenplays for a CBS television series based on the character.

Interview with John Carmack. To this day, it is still debated whether Fleming himself actually finished 1965's The Man with the Golden Gun, as he died very soon after completing the book. ^  Doomworld. Between 1953 and 1966, twelve James Bond novels and two short story collections by Fleming were published, with one novel and one short story collection issued posthumously. URL accessed on November 15, 2005.. Every year thereafter until his death in 1964, Fleming would retreat for the first two months of the year to his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye, to write a James Bond novel. The Doom instruction manual (unofficial transcript). Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked that he be allowed two months vacation per year.

^  id Software (1993). At the time, Fleming was the Foreign Manager for Kemsley Newspapers, an organisation owned by the London Sunday Times. URL accessed on December 4, 2004.. In February 1952, Ian Fleming began work on his first James Bond novel. Game ratings. Followers of Farmer's speculations have greatly elaborated on Bond's family. ^  Entertainment Software Rating Board. In his fictional biographies, author Philip Jose Farmer suggests that Bond belongs in the Wold Newton family tree along with Tarzan, Doc Savage, and many other fictional heroes.

While contributing to the game's visual authenticity by allowing effects such as highlights and shadows, this perhaps most importantly added to the game's atmosphere and even gameplay; the use of darkness as a means of frightening or confusing the player was an unseen element in games. While it is never stated explicitly, dialogue strongly hints that Reston is Bond's son and the grand-nephew of Sherlock Holmes. Varying light levels (all areas in Wolfenstein 3D are fully lit at the same brightness). Clive Reston, a supporting character in the series, resembles Bond in many respects and is an MI6 agent himself. Full texture mapping of all surfaces (in Wolfenstein 3D, floors and ceilings are not texture mapped); and,. A second (non-canonical) son is suggested in the Marvel Comics series Master of Kung Fu. Non-perpendicular walls (all walls in Wolfenstein 3D run along a rectangular grid);. His first name, Campion, is believed to be a reference to fictional detective Albert Campion.

Height differences (all rooms in Wolfenstein 3D are at the same altitude);. The second miniseries would continue the Holmes link, as MI6 would be taken over by Mycroft Holmes as the new "M." Although Moore makes no overt connection between Bond and Campion, the saturation of literary reference in the comics has led fans to propose that Campion is meant to be an ancestor of the modern secret agent. Later in "League," it is revealed that this "M" is none other than Professor James Moriarty, the archnemisis of Sherlock Holmes. His superior, the overall director of the top-secret team, is code-named M, an obvious reference to the Bond mythos. In it, the portly, sinister, and secretive MI6 agent placed in charge of the League is named Campion Bond.

An interesting, if wholly noncanonical, conjecture about the Bond lineage can be found in Alan Moore's comic book series, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, set in Victorian England. Exactly when he learned this is not known; however he is aware of his son, James Suzuki, by the time of Raymond Benson's short story "Blast From the Past.". Bond had one child, by Kissy Suzuki in You Only Live Twice, although he did not know of the boy's existence until sometime later. In the novels, Bond gets revenge in the following novel, You Only Live Twice, when he by chance comes across Blofeld in Japan, whilst the cinematic Bond takes on Blofeld in Diamonds Are Forever with mixed results.

In both the literary and cinematic versions of On Her Majesty's Secret Service, James Bond marries, but his bride, Teresa di Vicenzo (Tracy), is killed on their wedding day by his archenemy, Ernst Stavro Blofeld; the event resonates in both versions of the character for many years thereafter. In the novels (notably From Russia, With Love), Bond's physical description has generally been consistent: a three-inch, vertical scar on his left cheek (absent from the cinematic version); blue-grey eyes; a "cruel" mouth; short, dark hair, a comma of which falls on his forehead (greying at the temples in Gardner's novels); and (after Casino Royale) the faint scar of the Russian cyrillic letter "Ш" (SH) on the back of one of his hands (carved by a SMERSH agent). In the novels, Gardner replaced the PPK (eventually) with an ASP 9mm. In the film Tomorrow Never Dies, Bond updates his gun to the latest model of the Walther P99.

The cinematic James Bond (introduced in 1962) already had a history with the Secret Service. He later feels so strongly about his decision that he actually hopes M fires him for it; there are Fleming works in which Bond does not kill anyone. Instead Bond intentionally wounds the assassin and still manages to accomplish the mission. Such is the case in "The Living Daylights" where Bond makes a last second decision to disobey his orders and not kill an assassin.

Pearson's biography (disputed canonically) suggests Bond first killed as a teenager. Bond dislikes taking life—resorting to flippant jokes and off-hand remarks as after-the-fact relief, often misinterpreted as cold-bloodedness. Throughout Fleming's novel, further continuation novels, and even the films, Bond's attitude toward his job is similar. According to Bond, obtaining a 00 number is not hard so long as you're prepared to kill.

Bond travels to Stockholm where he kills the man in his sleep with a knife. The second was the assassination of a Norwegian who became a double agent and betrayed 2 British agents. The first is the assassination of a Japanese cipher expert on the thirty-sixth floor of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City. Bond earns his stripes in the 00 Section by completing two tasks, which Fleming outlines in Casino Royale.

It can be assumed that by this time Bond has moved on to another organisation. This action really doesn't make any sense since Bond is supposedly in the Royal Navy. One supporting reason is that Fleming describes Bond in the Ardennes firing a bazooka in 1944. It is believed that it is during this time that Bond perhaps joined another organisation such as the SOE, the 00 Section of the British Secret Service, or perhaps as a commando in Fleming's own 30 Assault Unit (30 AU).

According to Fleming, after joining the RNVR, Bond is mentioned as to traveling to America, Hong Kong, and Jamaica. It is never stated when James Bond became a 00 agent. Since Benson's Bond was rebooted, Bond became a Commander again. Bond maintains this rank through further continuation novels and in the films, however, Gardner promoted Bond to Captain in Win, Lose or Die.

In 1941, Bond lied about his age in order to enter the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II, from which he emerged with the rank of Commander before joining the British Secret Service. Bond can speak a variety of different languages, most notably Russian and Japanese, although many times the languages Bond claims to know are contradicted between the film series, Fleming's novel series, and even later films and continuation novels. He also attends (presumably at some point) Oxford to study Danish in Tomorrow Never Dies, although in the film he's not there to study at all. The film version of James Bond tacks on the additions of Bond being a graduate with a degree in Oriental languages from Cambridge University, as stated in You Only Live Twice.

With the exception of Fettes, Bond's attendance at these schools parallels Fleming's own life, as he attended these same schools. In "Octopussy", Fleming writes that Bond briefly attended the University of Geneva. After Eton, Bond attended and continued his education at Fettes College in Edinburgh, Scotland, his father's old school. In Fleming's short story "From a View to a Kill," Bond admits to losing his virginity on his first visit to Paris at the age of 16.

Bond briefly attended Eton College starting at the age of "12 or thereabouts", but was expelled after two halves when some "alleged" troubles with one of his maids came to light. Regardless, Bond is unquestionably British. According to Pearson, Bond was born near Essen, Germany; however, Charlie Higson, in his novel SilverFin claims Bond was born in Switzerland. It is also debated where James Bond was born.

Ian Fleming Publications recognised this issue for their Young Bond series of novels featuring Bond as a teenager in the 1930s and along with its author, Charlie Higson, defined Bond being born in the year 1920. Since all of the years claimed for when Bond was born would have made him too young to purchase this Bentley, a more likely scenario is that he inherited it. 1933 is the year mentioned in Casino Royale for when Bond 'bought' his first Bentley. For instance, if one computes Bond's age for when he was admitted into the Ministry of Defence to when his parents died (1939 - 17 = 1922 + 11 = 1933) Bond would have been 11 in 1933 from January 1 through November 10 if he was born in 1921.

He contends that a lot of details in Bond's timeline make better sense with the original 1939 date. Griswold notes that Bond's joining of the Ministry of Defence was originally written in Fleming's manuscript as 1939 (the same year Fleming joined). A more complex date of birth, according to John Griswold and his authorised book Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations and Chronologies, is November 11, 1921 (November 11, being Pearson's date). Prior to this, Tiger Tanaka, the head of the Japanese Secret Service, states Bond was born in the year of the rat, which supports 1924.

If Bond was 17 in 1941, then he was born in 1924. M writes that Bond left school when he was 17 years old and joined the Ministry of Defence in 1941. In the novel, M writes an obituary for James Bond after believing him to be dead. According to John Pearson's James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007, Bond was born on November 11, 1920; no Fleming novel supports this date, in fact, the novel You Only Live Twice makes a couple references to Bond's birth year being 1924.

Most researchers or biographers have concluded that Bond was born in either 1920, 1921 or 1924. Due to Fleming's changes of dates and times in which events occurred, Bond's specific birth year is unknown. This approximate age carries on in continuation novels written by Kingsley Amis, John Gardner, and Raymond Benson. In the same novel Bond notes that he has only 8 years to go, thus in Moonraker, Bond is 37 years old.

Many Ian Fleming biographers agree that Fleming never really intended to write as many James Bond adventures as he did and to keep writing the novels he had to "tinker with Bond's early life" and change dates to ensure Bond was the appropriate age for the service, particularly due to a statement in Moonraker that 007 faced mandatory retirement from the 00 Section at age 45. He is roughly in his late thirties. With the exception of the Young Bond series of novels by Charlie Higson launched in 2005, Bond for the most part is an ageless character in both films and literature. Bond's family motto, which was adopted by James Bond during "Operation Corona" in the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service is Orbis non sufficit (Latin for "The world is not enough.").

He subsequently went to live with his Aunt, Miss Charmian Bond, in Kent. James Bond is the son of a Scottish father, Andrew Bond, and a Swiss mother, Monique Delacroix, both of whom died in a mountain climbing accident in the Aiguilles Rouges, when Bond was 11 years old. The combination saw the success of Bond return to its standard stride it hadn't reached since 1979's Moonraker. Pierce Brosnan filled Bond's shoes with an elegant mix of Sean Connery cool and Roger Moore wit.

The 1990s saw a revival and renewal of the series beginning with GoldenEye in 1995. Regardless, a new Bond film was scheduled for release in 1991; however, legal wrangling over ownership of the character led to a protracted delay that would keep Bond off movie screens for the next six years during which time, Dalton had moved on. and "15" in the UK. Licence to Kill's relative failure is usually blamed on a poor promotional campaign in the United States, Dalton's darker portrayal of Bond, and its status as the first Bond film to be rated PG-13 in the U.S.

While Dalton's final outing, Licence to Kill (1989), was financially successful, it did not prove as popular as previous Bond films. The hard-edge of Timothy Dalton in the Bond films of the late 80s met a mixed response from moviegoers; some welcomed the earthier style reminiscent of Fleming's character, while others missed the light-hearted approach which characterised the Roger Moore era. By the 1980s, some critics had grown tired of the films, commenting that the perennial sexism and glamorous locales had become outdated, and that Bond's smooth, unruffled exterior didn't mesh with competing movies like Die Hard. After the release of On Her Majesty's Secret Service, George Lazenby quit the role of Bond for this very reason even though he was offered a seven-film contract.

Since Bond's peak of popularity in 1965, with the release of Thunderball, critics have often predicted that Bond's successful run would come to an end, usually believing that Bond was out of touch with the times. In the UK, Bond holds three of the top five top spots of the most-watched television movies. They continue to earn substantial profits after their theatrical run via videotape, DVD, and television broadcasts. Every Bond film has been a box office success to a lesser or greater degree.

agent named "Jimmy Bond." In 1956, Bob Holness provided the voice of Bond in a South African radio adaptation of Fleming's third novel, Moonraker. The first actor to play Bond was American Barry Nelson, in the 1954 CBS television production of Casino Royale in which the character became a U.S. In many cases, the villain then dies at Bond's hands, although early Bond films often ended with the villain either escaping or being killed by someone else. Inevitably, a villain tries to kill Bond with a deathtrap during which the villain reveals vital information; Bond later escapes and uses the information to thwart the evil plot.

The cinematic Bond adventures were initially influenced by earlier spy thrillers such as North by Northwest, Saboteur, and Journey Into Fear, but later entries became formulaic dramas where Bond saves the world from apocalyptic madmen. The films expanded on Fleming's books, adding gadgets from Q Branch, death-defying stunts, and often abandoning the original plotlines for more outlandish and cinema-friendly adventures. Instead, they established the formula of unique villains, outlandish plots, and voluptuous women who tend to fall in love with Bond at first sight — the feeling often being mutual. The original books by Fleming are usually dark – lacking fantasy or gadgets.

The James Bond novels and films have ranged from realistic spy drama to science fiction. A new film, Casino Royale, is currently in production with an expected release in 2006. The James Bond franchise is currently the second all-time highest grossing film franchise in history, after Star Wars^[2], and one of the longest running film series in history, spanning 20 official films, 2 unofficial films, 1 TV episode based on Casino Royale, and a cartoon television series spinoff. Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a "chief German agent" at a table playing Chemin de Fer, however, Admiral Godfrey tells a different story, that Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen and that afterwards Ian had fantasised about them being German agents and the excitement of cleaning them out.

While there they went to the Estoril Casino in Estoril, which, due to the neutral status of Portugal had a number of spies of warring regimes present. Most notably, and the basis for Casino Royale, was a trip to Lisbon that Fleming and the Director of Naval Intelligence, Admiral Godfrey, took during World War II en route to the United States. Fleming has, however, admitted to being inspired by true or partially-true events that took place during his career at the Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty. In Casino Royale the character Vesper Lynd says of Bond, "He reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Other characteristics of Bond's look are said to be based on Fleming, such as his height, his hairstyle and his eye colour.

Although the character of Bond is not known to be based on anyone but Fleming himself, the look of James Bond, famed for being "suave and sophisticated," is based on a young Hoagy Carmichael. how they should look and how they should dress), and have similar education and military careers both rising to the rank of Commander. drinking and smoking), share the same view on women (e.g. scrambled eggs), have the same habits (e.g.

Both, for the most part, went to the same schools, like the same foods (e.g. Most researchers agree that James Bond is a highly romanticised version of Fleming himself; the author was known for his jetsetting lifestyle and reputation as a womaniser. Although some names share similarities with Bond, none have ever been confirmed by Fleming, Ian Fleming Publications or any of Ian Fleming's biographers such as Fleming's assistant and friend, John Pearson. Usually these people have a background of some kind in espionage or other covert operations.

Since the fictional James Bond's creation, hundreds of reports by various news outlets have suggested names for Ian Fleming's inspiration of Bond. Plomer liked it enough that he gave the manuscript to Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much, but published it anyway due to the fact that Ian was the younger brother of Peter Fleming, an established travel writer who also put in a good word for Ian. After completing the manuscript for what would later be titled Casino Royale, Fleming allowed his friend William Plomer, a poet and later Fleming's editor, to read it. Of the name, Fleming once said "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting like 'Peregrine Maltravers.' Exotic things would happen to and around him but he would be a neutral figure - an anonymous blunt instrument wielded by a Government Department." ^[1].

Fleming, a keen birdwatcher, owned a copy of Bond's field guide at Goldeneye. The hero of Fleming's tale, James Bond, was named after an American ornithologist of the same name who was an expert on Caribbean birds and had written a definitive book on the subject: Birds of the West Indies. James Bond was created in February 1952 by Ian Fleming while on vacation at his Jamaican estate called Goldeneye. Afterwards, it was virtually eliminated.

Bond's "genius" became a running joke during Roger Moore's era. In Goldfinger, he is able to calculate in his head how many trucks it would take to transport all the gold in Fort Knox, and how long the gold would be radioactive after the villain's bomb explodes. James Bond does have a quirk of being a "know-it-all," moreso on film. In real life, martini bars often dub a martini made "shaken, not stirred" as a "Martini James Bond." It is notable to say that the literary Bond incarnation has a strong preference for bourbon and drinks that on more occasions.

The last time Bond smoked a cigarette on film was in 1989. During the films starring Connery, Lazenby and Dalton Bond was a smoker, while during Moore's and Brosnan's tenure he doesn't smoke cigarettes, although he does occasionally smoke cigars. On film, Bond has been off and on. Regardless, the literary incarnation continues to smoke through many continuation novels.

He is also forced to cut back after being sent to a health farm per his superior's order. On average, however, Bond smokes 60 a day, although in certain novels Bond does attempt to cut back so that he can accomplish certain feats such as swimming underwater. Bond is the consummate womaniser, drinker, and heavy cigarette smoker, at one point reaching 70 cigarettes a day. The 'double-O' prefix indicates his discretionary licence to kill in the performance of his duties.

As an agent of the Secret Service, Bond holds code number "007". Under the cover name "Universal Exports" and later "Transworld Consortium", Bond's fictional British Secret Service starting in 1995 takes on the actual name of the UK's Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR is an agent of the international arm of the British Secret Service headquartered in London in a tall, grey building overlooking Regent's Park. .

In addition to novels and films, Bond is a prominent character in many computer and video games, comic strips and comic books, and has been the subject of many parodies. Currently, Columbia Pictures and MGM (United Artists' parent) co-distribute the series. Broccoli's family company, Danjaq, LLC, has co-owned the James Bond film series with United Artists Corporation since the mid-1970s, when Saltzman sold UA his share of Danjaq. The 21st official film, Casino Royale, with Daniel Craig as Bond, is in production and is scheduled for a November 17, 2006 release.

In chronological order, they are:. To date, five actors have portrayed Bond in the official series, and a sixth is soon to make his appearance. Wilson, carried on the production duties together beginning in 1995. His daughter, Barbara Broccoli, and his stepson, Michael G.

Broccoli and Harry Saltzman produced most of the official films up until 1975 when Broccoli became the sole producer. Twenty films have been produced by EON featuring this character as well as two independently produced films and one American television adaptation of Fleming's first novel under legal licence; however, it is generally considered that only the EON films are "official." Albert R. Although initially made famous through the novels, James Bond is now probably best known from the EON Productions film series. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in 1964, further literary adventures were written by Kingsley Amis (pseudonym "Robert Markham"), John Pearson, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, and Charlie Higson; in addition, Christopher Wood wrote two screenplay novelisations and other authors have also written various unofficial permutations of the character.

James Bond, also known as 007 (pronounced "double-oh seven"), is a fictional British spy created by writer Ian Fleming in 1953. Bond franchise Box Office numbers [7], Casino Royale Box Office numbers (1967), Box Office numbers + Inflation. URL accessed on February 23, 2005.. The Charlie Higson CBn Interview.

Charlie Higson interview with CommanderBond.net. ISBN 0719065410.. The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader, Manchester University Press. Lindner, Christoph (2003).

ISBN 0810932962.. James Bond: The Legacy, Boxtree/Macmillan. Cork, John (2002). ISBN 1860643876..

Tauris. Licence To Thrill: A Cultural History Of The James Bond Films, I.B. Chapman, James (1999). ISBN 1401102840..

Most Lucrative Movie Franchises. ^  James Bond the second highest grossing film franchise of all time. ISBN 0719568153.. James Bond: The Man and His World, John Murray.

^ Chancellor, Henry (2005). As a tribute to this, when casting his third Indiana Jones film, The Last Crusade, Lucas chose Connery for the role of Indiana's father, with his reasoning being "Who else could play Indiana Jones' father, but the guy who inspired all of this in the first place, James Bond himself!" (Sean Connery). George Lucas has said on multiple occasions that Connery's portrayal of the character was one of the primary inspirations for his Indiana Jones character. Sean Connery starred in the Motion Picture version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, which has a 'supposed' link to the roots of James Bond's ancestry.

Five Ian Fleming titles have thus far never been used as film titles: The Property of a Lady, Quantum of Solace, Risico, The Hildebrand Rarity, and 007 in New York. In fact Llewelyn had been killed in a car crash shortly after the release of the previous film. In Die Another Day, Cleese becomes the new Q, the old Q having presumably retired. In The World is Not Enough, John Cleese is introduced as Q's assistant, whom Bond teasingly refers to as "R." Despite Cleese receiving a credit as R, there is no hint in the dialogue that this is an official title.

Desmond Llewelyn holds a record, appearing in 17 of the James Bond films as "Q," aka Major Boothroyd, and head of Q-branch. Baker shows up in later James Bond films, portraying Jack Wade, one of James Bond's allies in both Goldeneye and Tomorrow Never Dies. Joe Don Baker played Brad Whitaker, the villain in The Living Daylights. With the release of Casino Royale, Craig will become the first actor with blond hair to have portrayed Bond; although Roger Moore did sport sandy colored hair in his first few Bond films, he is not considered a blond.

Legal wranglings over ownership of the Bond franchise, however, led to the series being put on hiatus until 1994. Although never officially confirmed, numerous sources have suggested the title was to be The Property of a Lady, after the short story from the collection Octopussy and The Living Daylights. Dalton was originally contracted for three films, with the third film planned for release in 1991. Moore was reportedly Fleming's initial first choice for the Bond role, although other sources have suggested that Fleming favored James Mason or Cary Grant.

James Brolin was hired in 1983 to replace Moore, and was preparing to shoot Octopussy when the producers convinced Moore to return. Burt Reynolds was also asked by Cubby Broccoli in the early '70s to replace Connery after Diamonds Are Forever, but turned him down. John Gavin was hired in 1970 to replace Lazenby, but Connery was lured back at the eleventh hour and it was he who appeared in Diamonds Are Forever instead of Gavin. Adam West was offered the chance to appear in On Her Majesty's Secret Service when Connery chose not to return to the role, but turned down the offer.

However, American actors have been hired on two occasions, and approached about playing Bond on several others. Many people assume the Bond producers would never hire an American to portray the character in the official film series. Daniel Craig (announced October 2005 but yet to appear on screen). Pierce Brosnan.

Timothy Dalton. Roger Moore. George Lazenby. Sean Connery.