DelphiDelphi (Greek Δελφοί - Delphoi; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece. In ancient times it was the site of the Delphic Sibyl, dedicated to the god Apollo. Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the site of the ομφαλός (omphalos) stone, the centre of the universe. In the inner εστία (hestia), or hearth, of the Temple of Delphic Apollo (Απόλλων Δελφίνιος - Apollon Delphinios), an άσβεστος φλόγα (eternal flame) burned. After the battle of Plataea, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi (Burkert, 1985, pp. 61, 84). LocationDelphi is located in a plateau on the side of Mt. Parnassus. This semicircular spur is known as Phaedriades; it overlooks the Pleistos Valley. Southwest of Delphi, about 15 km away, is the harbor-city of Kirrha on the Corinthian Gulf. ApolloThe Temple of Apollo, seen from below View of the stadium of the Delphi sanctuary, used for the Pythian Games. The stone steps on the right were added under the Romans.The name Delphoi is connected with δελφός delphus "womb" and may indicate archaic veneration of an Earth Goddess at the site. Apollo is connected with the site by his epithet Δελφίνιος Delphinios, "the Delphinian", i.e. either "the one of Delphi", or "the one of the womb". The epithet is connected with dolphins (the "womb-fish") in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo Εις Απόλλωνα Πύθιον, 400), telling how Apollo first came to Delphi in the shape of a dolphin, carrying Cretan priests on his back. Another legend held that Apollo walked to Delphi from the north and stopped at Tempe, a city in Thessaly to pick laurel, a plant sacred to him. In commemoration of this legend, the winners at the Pythian Games received a laurel wreath picked in Tempe. Delphi was the site of a major temple to Phoebus Apollo, as well as the Pythian Games and a famous oracle. Even in Roman times hundreds of votive statues remained, described by Pliny the Younger and seen by Pausanias. When young, Apollo killed the chthonic serpent Python, which lived beside the Castalian Spring, according to some because Python had attempted to rape Leto while she was pregnant with Apollo and Artemis. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the Oracle at Delphi to give her prophesies. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia. The shrine dedicated to Apollo was probably originally dedicated to Gaia and then Poseidon. The oracle at that time predicted the future based on the lapping water and leaves rustling in the trees. The Pythian Games comprised a chariot race, thus this magnificent statue, the Charioteer of Delphi.OracleThe first oracle at Delphi was commonly known as Sibyl or Pythia, though her name was Herophile. She sang her predictions, which she received from Gaia. Later, "Sibyl" became a title given to whichever priestess manned the oracle at the time. The Sibyl sat on the Sibylline Rock, breathing in vapors from the ground1 and gaining her often puzzling predictions from that. Pausanias claimed that the Sibyl was "born between man and goddess, daughter of sea monsters and an immortal nymph". Others said she was sister or daughter to Apollo. Still others claimed the Sibyl received her powers from Gaia originally, who passed the oracle to Themis, who passed it to Phoebe. This oracle exerted considerable influence across the country, and was consulted before all major undertakings: wars, the founding of colonies, and so forth. She also was respected by the semi-Hellenic countries around the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt. Croesus of Lydia consulted Delphi before attacking Persia, and according to Herodotus received the answer "if you do, you will destroy a great empire." Croesus found the response favorable and attacked, and was utterly overthrown (resulting, of course, in the destruction of his own empire). The oracle is also said to have proclaimed Socrates the wisest man in Greece, to which Socrates said that if so, this was because he alone was aware of his own ignorance. This claim is related to one of the most famous mottos of Delphi, which Socrates said he learned there, Gnothi Seauton (Γνώθι Σεαυτόν): "know thyself". Another famous motto of Delphi is Meden Agan (Μηδέν Άγαν): "nothing in excess". In the 3rd century A.D., the oracle (perhaps bribed) declared that the god would no longer speak there. The temple to Apollo at Delphi was built by Trophonius and Agamedes. The Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate their victory at the Battle of MarathonFootnote1 After investigating the site, archeologists were convinced that these vapours are only a myth, as no evidence for them could be found, and — so the then standard opinion in geology — gaseous emissions from rock only occur in conjunction with volcanic activity. However, recent geological research indicates that the site of the oracle shows young geological faults, and it seems plausible that these emitted in ancient times light hydrocarbon gases, possibly ethylene, from bituminous limestone which do have an intoxicating effect. (de Boer et al., Geology 29 (2001) pp. 707; see e.g. here for a popular science coverage) Other archaeologists believe that the oracle also inhaled fumes of burning bay leaves. TreasuriesFrom the entrance of the site, continuing up the slope almost to the temple itself, is a large number of votive statues, and numerous treasuries. These were built by the various states – those overseas as well as those on the mainland – to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for advice important to those victories. The most impressive is the now-restored Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate the Athenians' victory at the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians had previously been given the advice by the oracle to put their faith in their "wooden walls" – taking this advice to mean their navy, they won a famous battle at Salamis. Another impressive treasury that exists on the site was dedicated by the city of Siphnos, who had ammassed great wealth from their silver and gold mines and so they dedicated the Siphnian Treasury. TholosThe Tholos at the sanctuary of Athena PronaiaThe Tholos at the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia is a circular building that was constructed between 380 and 360 B.C. It consisted of 20 Doric columns arranged with an exterior diamater of 14.76 meters, with 10 Corinthian columns in the interior. The Tholos is located approximately a half-mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi. Three of the Doric colums have been restored, making it the most popular site at Delphi for tourists to take photographs. Modern DelphiThe modern Delphi or Delfi or Delfoi is situated west of the archaeological site. It is passed by a major highway linking Amfissa along with Itea and Arachova. The two main streets are each one-way and narrow. Delphi also has a school, a lyceum and a square (plateia). The communities include Chrysso which in ancient times was Crissa. External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to: DelphiGeneral
Geology of Delphi
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The communities include Chrysso which in ancient times was Crissa. The modern Delphi or Delfi or Delfoi is situated west of the archaeological site. Some criticisms of IKEA:. Three of the Doric colums have been restored, making it the most popular site at Delphi for tourists to take photographs. Another reason could be to make it difficult to acquire IKEA. The Tholos is located approximately a half-mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi. This complicated structure is seen by some as an attempt to avoid Sweden's high taxation at the time. It consisted of 20 Doric columns arranged with an exterior diamater of 14.76 meters, with 10 Corinthian columns in the interior. INGKA Holding BV is wholly owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation, which is a foundation registered in the Netherlands. The Tholos at the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia is a circular building that was constructed between 380 and 360 B.C. INGKA Holding BV is the ultimate parent company for all IKEA Group companies, including the industrial group Swedwood. Another impressive treasury that exists on the site was dedicated by the city of Siphnos, who had ammassed great wealth from their silver and gold mines and so they dedicated the Siphnian Treasury. The remaining 22 are run by franchisees outside of the IKEA Group.[8]. The Athenians had previously been given the advice by the oracle to put their faith in their "wooden walls" – taking this advice to mean their navy, they won a famous battle at Salamis. Of the 202 IKEA stores in 32 countries, 180 are run by the IKEA Group. The most impressive is the now-restored Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate the Athenians' victory at the Battle of Marathon. The operator/franchisee of the majority of the stores worldwide is a separate entity, the IKEA Group, a private group of companies owned by a Dutch charitable foundation. These were built by the various states – those overseas as well as those on the mainland – to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for advice important to those victories. Despite IKEA's Swedish roots, the owner/franchiser of the IKEA concept is a Dutch company, Inter IKEA Systems BV. From the entrance of the site, continuing up the slope almost to the temple itself, is a large number of votive statues, and numerous treasuries. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products which are not in "as new" condition are displayed here, and sold with a discount. Other archaeologists believe that the oracle also inhaled fumes of burning bay leaves. Most IKEA stores also offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse just prior to the cashiers. here for a popular science coverage). the ingredients) at these stores and assemble it (that is, simple, straightforward food preparation) at home. 707; see e.g. As would be expected with IKEA, you can buy IKEA's specialities, such as Swedish meatballs, in parts (i.e. (de Boer et al., Geology 29 (2001) pp. Outside of Sweden, these restaurants are sometimes complemented by mini-shops selling Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries. However, recent geological research indicates that the site of the oracle shows young geological faults, and it seems plausible that these emitted in ancient times light hydrocarbon gases, possibly ethylene, from bituminous limestone which do have an intoxicating effect. The restaurant area is usually the one place in the store where there are large windows. 1 After investigating the site, archeologists were convinced that these vapours are only a myth, as no evidence for them could be found, and — so the then standard opinion in geology — gaseous emissions from rock only occur in conjunction with volcanic activity. Many stores include restaurants serving typically Swedish food, and beverages such as lingonberry juice. The temple to Apollo at Delphi was built by Trophonius and Agamedes. However, there are few complaints about being able to collect goods quicker from the customer warehouses. In the 3rd century A.D., the oracle (perhaps bribed) declared that the god would no longer speak there. Unfortunately, this occasionally results in customers being unable to find the goods they paid for at the cashier without direction from staff and the impression of queueing twice (once at the cashier, once at the external warehouse). Another famous motto of Delphi is Meden Agan (Μηδέν Άγαν): "nothing in excess". Some stores operate separate additional warehouses for the larger or less popular flatpacks to keep the size of the customer warehouse down (and therefore less daunting) and allow more stock to be kept on-site at any given time. This claim is related to one of the most famous mottos of Delphi, which Socrates said he learned there, Gnothi Seauton (Γνώθι Σεαυτόν): "know thyself". stores place the showroom upstairs and the marketplace and warehouse both downstairs. The oracle is also said to have proclaimed Socrates the wisest man in Greece, to which Socrates said that if so, this was because he alone was aware of his own ignorance. Whilst the original design involved the warehouse on the lower level and the showroom and markethall on the upper, some stores are single-level bungalow-style stores while many U.S. Croesus of Lydia consulted Delphi before attacking Persia, and according to Herodotus received the answer "if you do, you will destroy a great empire." Croesus found the response favorable and attacked, and was utterly overthrown (resulting, of course, in the destruction of his own empire). In addition, the shortcuts are heavily criticized for not being long enough for convenience. She also was respected by the semi-Hellenic countries around the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt. However, though they may be indicated on store maps, these shortcuts are often not obvious so an inexperienced IKEA shopper is likely to overlook them and travel through the whole layout of the store. This oracle exerted considerable influence across the country, and was consulted before all major undertakings: wars, the founding of colonies, and so forth. Recently, in some stores, shortcuts have been introduced between various sections, making travel time through the store much shorter if necessary. Still others claimed the Sibyl received her powers from Gaia originally, who passed the oracle to Themis, who passed it to Phoebe. This design is intended to make customers encounter products which they might not have thought to look for, but has the disadvantage of inconveniencing consumers who already know what they want to buy and just want to return to the warehouse area. Others said she was sister or daughter to Apollo. The sequence involves going through furniture showrooms (showroom) and housewares (market-hall) first, then the warehouse where one collects flatpacks for products seen in the showrooms, and then the cashier. Pausanias claimed that the Sibyl was "born between man and goddess, daughter of sea monsters and an immortal nymph". They are often designed around a mandatory "one-way" layout which forces consumers to traverse nearly all parts of the store before reaching the cashier or check-out stands. The Sibyl sat on the Sibylline Rock, breathing in vapors from the ground1 and gaining her often puzzling predictions from that. Newer IKEA stores are usually very large blue boxes with few windows. Later, "Sibyl" became a title given to whichever priestess manned the oracle at the time. [7]. She sang her predictions, which she received from Gaia. The first of these will be in Coventry. The first oracle at Delphi was commonly known as Sibyl or Pythia, though her name was Herophile. [5] [6] In January 2006 it announced plans to create 10 extra smaller outlets, to be based in city centres. The oracle at that time predicted the future based on the lapping water and leaves rustling in the trees. It applied for judicial review but lost in 2005. The shrine dedicated to Apollo was probably originally dedicated to Gaia and then Poseidon. IKEA was vetoed planning permission for a further store in England in 2004 (to be based in Stockport in Greater Manchester) by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia. Over 300,000 visitors were expected on the first weekend of operation. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the Oracle at Delphi to give her prophesies. IKEA employees indicated that on the first Saturday of operation, the Stoughton store would have sales of $1-1.2M. When young, Apollo killed the chthonic serpent Python, which lived beside the Castalian Spring, according to some because Python had attempted to rape Leto while she was pregnant with Apollo and Artemis. Nearby highways were at a standstill; approaching the store from less than 1 mile took upwards of an hour. Even in Roman times hundreds of votive statues remained, described by Pliny the Younger and seen by Pausanias. The Stoughton, Massachusetts store opened on 9 November 2005. Delphi was the site of a major temple to Phoebus Apollo, as well as the Pythian Games and a famous oracle. The first person in line had been there a week. In commemoration of this legend, the winners at the Pythian Games received a laurel wreath picked in Tempe. That store is its first in the Southeast U.S., its third-largest in North America, and the only one to serve grits. Another legend held that Apollo walked to Delphi from the north and stopped at Tempe, a city in Thessaly to pick laurel, a plant sacred to him. Minding the above problems, the store at Atlantic Station in Atlanta opened on 29 June 2005 with 20 off-duty police officers directing traffic. The epithet is connected with dolphins (the "womb-fish") in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo Εις Απόλλωνα Πύθιον, 400), telling how Apollo first came to Delphi in the shape of a dolphin, carrying Cretan priests on his back. In Saudi Arabia three people were crushed to death in September 2004 when IKEA offered a limited number of $150 vouchers for free. either "the one of Delphi", or "the one of the womb". The store was re-opened at 5pm on 11 February 2005 with no additional incident. Apollo is connected with the site by his epithet Δελφίνιος Delphinios, "the Delphinian", i.e. The store was closed after only 30 minutes (due to the large number of customers, there were inadequate security staff and police). The name Delphoi is connected with δελφός delphus "womb" and may indicate archaic veneration of an Earth Goddess at the site. It attracted over 6,000 visitors due to huge opening discounts in the first three opening hours and resulted in a number of casualties as people were crushed in the rush to get into the store. Southwest of Delphi, about 15 km away, is the harbor-city of Kirrha on the Corinthian Gulf. A new store opened in Edmonton, North London at midnight on 10 February 2005. This semicircular spur is known as Phaedriades; it overlooks the Pleistos Valley. IKEA's most popular store in Brent Park, London frequently has traffic jams on the weekends. Parnassus. When an IKEA opened in Tempe, Arizona in November 2004, the traffic jams on Interstate 10 were so severe that the Arizona Department of Public Safety had to close the nearest off-ramp to the store just to spread out the traffic among other nearby off-ramps. Delphi is located in a plateau on the side of Mt. Emeryville police were forced to manually direct traffic daily for three months. . For example, when an IKEA opened in April 2000 in Emeryville, California, the traffic was so severe that most local traffic lights were rendered useless. 61, 84). The handful of American cities which accepted IKEA stores were delighted by the subsequent surge in sales tax revenue, yet dismayed at the accompanying surge in traffic congestion. After the battle of Plataea, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi (Burkert, 1985, pp. Because they have few stores, they often drew consumers from out-of-state. In the inner εστία (hestia), or hearth, of the Temple of Delphic Apollo (Απόλλων Δελφίνιος - Apollon Delphinios), an άσβεστος φλόγα (eternal flame) burned. before the United Kingdom and other European countries, IKEA had very few stores until recently. Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the site of the ομφαλός (omphalos) stone, the centre of the universe. Although they were in the U.S. In ancient times it was the site of the Delphic Sibyl, dedicated to the god Apollo. Like all big-box stores, IKEA stores draw consumers from a very large area. Delphi (Greek Δελφοί - Delphoi; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece. IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in their merchandise may be trumped by the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community:. Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion 1985. Company founder Ingvar Kamprad, who is dyslexic, found that naming the furniture with a name, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember. The New York Times, March 19, 2002: "Fumes and Visions Were Not a Myth for Oracle at Delphi". The entire office furniture line is named EFFEKTIV. Geology of Delphi. For example, AKTION is a name for a pepper mill, DINERA for tableware, KASSETT for media storage. John Roach, "Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors" in National Geographic news, August 2001. Most names have an etymology regarding their function or appearance (de) [4]:. Hale, et al., "Questioning the Delphic Oracle: When science meets religion at this ancient Greek site, the two turn out to be on better terms than scholars had originally thought", in Scientific American August 2003. Every IKEA product is identified by a name, either Swedish in origin or Swedish-sounding. John R. [3]. "The Delphic oracle". Now working in the Nordic countries and in UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. Eloise Hart, "The Delphic oracle". The product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. Livius Picture Archive: Delphi. IKEA has also expanded their product base to include flat-pack houses, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. Osborne , "A Short detour to Delphi and the Sibyls". The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scaleable both to larger homes and smaller dwellings. C. Responding to the explosion of human population—and material expectations—in the 20th century, the company has mastered economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of particle board. Delphi (in Greek). Its founder calls it "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). Delphi guide. IKEA also claims to have pioneered the use of more sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture. The Oracle of Delphi and Ancient Oracles, annotated guide edited by Tim Spalding. IKEA claims this permits them to reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air—the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Delphi. Also, because much of it is self-assembly furniture (also known as "flat-pack"), it is designed to be assembled by the consumer rather than being sold pre-assembled. Homepage of the modern municipality (in English or Greek). IKEA furniture is well known for its modern (often unusual) design. The store in Asker is currently undergoing a major expansion and remodeling.). (The store was located in the same building which houses the Bellevue hotel, about two km from the present site at Billingstad/Slependen, which opened in 1975. It was also the location for the first IKEA "warehouse" store which came to serve as a model for IKEA establishments elsewhere and on March 23, 1963, the first store outside Sweden was opened in Asker, a Norwegian municipality outside Oslo. At first, Kamprad sold his goods out of his home and by mail order, but eventually a store was opened in the nearby town of Älmhult. The company motto is: "Well designed affordable quality furniture to the many people". Furniture was first added to the IKEA product range in 1947 and, in 1955, IKEA began to design its own furniture. Originally, IKEA sold pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, watches, jewelry and nylon stockings or practically anything Kamprad found a need for that he could fill with a product at a reduced price. This acronym is incidentally similar to the Greek word οικία [oikia] (home) and to the Finnish word oikea (correct). The company name is a composite of the first letters in his name and the names of the property and the village in which he grew up: Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. IKEA was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad, then 17. . [2]. The IKEA catalogue, containing about 12,000 products, is printed in 160 million copies (2006) worldwide, and distributed free of charge. IKEA is generally pronounced (IPA /i'ke.a/) but in many English-speaking regions, it is pronounced (IPA /aɪ'ki:ə/) rhyming with the word "idea". IKEA is one of the few store chains to have locations both in Israel and in other Middle Eastern nations. More than 20 opened during 2005. It has 229 stores in 33 countries, most of them in Europe, the rest in the United States, Canada, Asia and Australia. IKEA is a Swedish home furnishings retailer. 2006 Ireland — Dublin. 2006 Japan — Funabashi. 2005 Turkey — Istanbul. 2004 Portugal — Lisbon. 2001 Greece — Thessaloniki. 2001 Israel — Netanya. 2000 Russia — Moscow (Chimki). 1998 China — Shanghai. 1996 Malaysia — Kuala Lumpur (Mutiara Damansara). 1996 Finland — Espoo. 1994 Taiwan — Taipei. 1992 Slovakia — Bratislava. 1991 United Arab Emirates — Dubai. 1991 Czech Republic — Prague (Zličín). 1991 Poland — Platan. 1990 Hungary — Budapest. 1989 Italy — Milan (Cinisello Balsamo). 1987 United Kingdom — Manchester (Warrington). 1985 United States — Philadelphia (Conshohocken). 1984 Kuwait — Kuwait City. 1984 Belgium — Brussels (Zaventem and Ternat). 1983 Saudi Arabia — Jeddah. 1981 France — Paris (Bobigny). 1981 Iceland — Reykjavík. 1980 Spain — Gran Canaria (Las Palmas). 1978 Singapore — Queenstown. 1978 Netherlands — Rotterdam (Sliedrecht). 1977 Austria — Vienna (Vösendorf). 1976 Canada — Vancouver (Richmond). 1975 Hong Kong — Kowloon (Tsim Sha Tsui). 1975 Australia — Sydney (Artarmon). 1974 Germany — Munich (Eching). 1973 Switzerland — Zürich (Spreitenbach). 1969 Denmark — Copenhagen (Ballerup). 1963 Norway — Asker (Nesbru). 1958 Sweden — Älmhult. The smell your armpits advert, in which a boss tells members of his staff to smell each other's armpits. (complaints were dismissed) [12]. Make a fresh start," got complaints that it was trivializing marriage breakups and showing a homosexual relationship. And for all your new things, you know where to come. A campaign under the slogan, "Just pack up, ship out, find a place of your own. (complaints were dismisssed but IKEA voluntarily withdrew the advert) [11]. An advertisement where a management consultant suggests how much more furniture a company could buy, if it fired an office worker. [10]. (complaints were dismissed). “Stop being so English”: In which a “Swedish psychologist” claims the British are uptight due to their taste in “English” furniture. In the 1990s, there were several complaints arising from IKEA's British television advertising campaigns:
IKEA supposedly makes use of sweatshops, where the workers and staff are poorly cared for, badly paid, and/or use underaged workers. Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, also Swedish placenames. Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions. Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms. Children’s items: mammals, birds, adjectives. Bedlinen, bedcovers, pillows/cushions: flowers, plants, precious stones. Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, sailors’ language. Carpets: Danish placenames. Garden furniture: Swedish islands. Materials, curtains: women’s names. Chairs, desks: men’s names. Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names. Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays. Bookcase ranges: Occupations. Dining tables and chairs: Finnish placenames. Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian placenames. Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish placenames. |