Daylight saving time

The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). The Washington Post's ombudsman, Geneva Overholser, agreed with critics that the articles in the Post, the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times had "misdirected zeal", showing "more passion for sniffing out the flaws in San Jose's answer than for sniffing out a better answer themselves." She wrote that there was "strong previous evidence that the CIA at least chose to overlook contra involvement in the drug trade," and added, "Would that we had welcomed the surge of public interest as an occasion to return to a subject the Post and the public had given short shrift. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. The Post ran articles discrediting the Webb series, articles which some critics felt did not fairly address Webb's claims. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. In the series, journalist Gary Webb argued that the CIA had knowingly permitted the Contras, the opposition rebel force they helped organize in several central American countries to overthrow Nicaragua's Sandanista government, to traffic in crack cocaine in order to raise funds for arms. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like. In 1996, the San Jose Mercury News ran a controversial series of articles, which that paper later distanced itself from.

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. Maybe the Post should consider not entering contests."[1]. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. The obligation is to inform readers, not to collect frameable certificates, however prestigious. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). After the 1981 publication of 'Jimmy's World' (a story for which Post reporter Janet Cooke had been nominated by Bob Woodward for the Pulitzer Prize, which she subsequently won and later returned after it was established the story was a fabrication), Post Ombudsman Bill Green concluded an investigation with several comments and recommendations, including "The scramble for journalistic prizes is poisonous. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. Conservative pundits often cite it along with The New York Times as epitomizing the "liberal media"; conversely, critics on the left have indicted the Post as "culturally and politically conservative".

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. On one hand the majority of paper's political endorsements have historically been awarded to Democratic candidates, but on the other it has carried a number of right-wing columnists in recent years, including George Will and Michael Kelly. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. The Post argues that its news coverage is politically neutral, an assessment that has its supporters and critics. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. It is part of the Washington Post Company, which owns a number of other media and non-media companies, including Newsweek magazine, the online magazine Slate, and the Kaplan test preparation service. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. As of 2005 the Post had been honored with 18 Pulitzer Prizes, 18 Nieman Fellowships, and 368 White House News Photographers Association Awards, among others.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. took over as publisher and CEO of the Post. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. Her son, Donald Graham, was publisher from 1979 to 2000, when Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. Katharine Graham's reign is credited with seeing the Post rise in national stature through risk-taking and effective investigative reporting, most notably of the Watergate scandal, but that same risk-taking and aggressive investigative reporting led to the 1980 Janet Cooke scandal (see below). While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. She was publisher of the newspaper from 1969 to 1979, chairman of the board from 1973 to 1991 and chairman of the executive committee from 1993 until her death in 2001.

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. No woman had ever run a nationally-prominent newspaper in the United States at the time. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. After Graham's death, in 1963, control of the Washington Post Company passed to Katharine Graham, his wife and Meyer's daughter. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. Subsequently, the conservative Washington Times, established in 1982, has been a local rival, although as of 2005 the Times had a readership only around one-eighth of the Post's. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. Thenceforth its main competition was the Washington Star (Evening Star) until that paper's demise in 1981.

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. In 1954 the Post acquired its chief rival, the Washington Times-Herald, to become the only morning daily in Washington. (Stats from this article). Graham. $28 million in traffic costs. Upon his death, in 1959, Meyer was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law Philip L. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. It was purchased in a bankruptcy auction in 1933 by a member of the Federal Reserve's board of governors, Eugene Meyer, who restored the paper's health and reputation.

When the U.S. Ned went to court and broke the trust, quickly driving the paper to ruin. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). When John died in 1916 he put the paper in trust, having little faith in his playboy son Edward "Ned" McLean with his inheritance. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. In 1905 Washington McLean and his son John Roll McLean, owners of the Cincinnati Enquirer, purchased a controlling interest. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. Berryman's illustration Remember the Maine.

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. In 1899, during the Spanish-American War, the Post printed Clifford K. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. to publish daily. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. The paper was founded in 1877 by Stilson Hutchins and in 1880 became the first newspaper in Washington, D.C. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. .

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. While its circulation (like almost all newspapers) has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily. One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. As of September 2004, its average daily circulation was 707,690 and its Sunday circulation was 1,007,487, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, making it the fifth largest newspaper in the country by circulation, behind The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. The majority of its readership is in the District of Columbia, as well as in the suburbs of Maryland and northern Virginia. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). Unlike the Times and the Journal, however, it sees itself as a strictly regional newspaper, and does not print a national edition for distribution away from the East Coast.

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. government. The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. The Post, unsurprisingly, has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress, and other aspects of the U.S. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. It is generally considered among the best daily American newspapers along with the The New York Times, which is known for its general reporting and international coverage, The Wall Street Journal, which is known for its financial reporting, and The Los Angeles Times. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. It gained worldwide fame in the early 1970s for its Watergate investigation by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, which played a major role in the undoing of the Nixon presidency.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. Eugene Meyer. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. King. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. Colbert I.

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. Hills. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. Stephen P. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion. Fred Hiatt.

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. Philip Graham. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. Katharine Graham. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. Donald Graham. Hawaii does not observe DST. Leonard Downie, Jr.

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. Jackson Diehl. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. Milton Coleman. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. Ben Bradlee. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. Philip Bennett.

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. Mike Grunwald (writer). In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. Steve Coll (editor). Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. Colman McCarthy (columnist). An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States. Robin Wright (writer).

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. Bob Woodward (writer). (See this article, for example.). Will (columnist). There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. George F. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Michael Wilbon (writer).

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. James Russell Wiggins (editor). The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. Gene Weingarten (writer). Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. Joel Achenbach (writer). In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. Tom Toles (cartoonist).

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. Howard Simons (editor). The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Tom Shales (writer). Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. Ken Ringle (writer). federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. William Raspberry (writer).

The U.S. Shirley Povich (writer). This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). Dana Milbank (writer). States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. Mary McGrory (writer). federal law did not address daylight saving time. Charles Lane (writer).

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. Howard Kurtz (media critic). This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. Charles Krauthammer (columnist). Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. Tony Kornheiser (writer). Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Colbert King (writer).

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. Alex Hummer (writer). state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. Jim Hoagland (writer). The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. Meg Greenfield (editor). Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. Dan Froomkin (columnist).

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. Michel duCille (photo editor, photographer). Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. (editor). Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Leonard Downie, Jr. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. Dionne (writer).

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. E.J. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. Janet Cooke (writer). (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. Richard Cohen (writer). Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long. Coe (theatre critic/writer).

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. Richard L. The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. Art Buchwald (writer). In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Tina Brown (writer). rules (The Calgary Sun). David Broder (writer).

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. Herb Block (cartoonist). In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. Carl Bernstein (writer). Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. Anne Applebaum (writer). The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively.

In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST.

Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. (See also: European Summer Time). from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October.

In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March.

See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. Some states/territories implement it and some do not. In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. It has not used DST since then.

Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). Iran uses the Persian calendar. India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China.

The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October.

With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. state in the tropics, does not observe DST.

Hawaii, the only U.S. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919.

Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916.

It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. .

Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months.

Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. et al.

^  Ferguson, S.A. Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST.

77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST.