Daylight saving time

Nevertheless, the form "daylight savings time" appears without remark as to its nonstandardness in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary. Bud Grant coached four Vikings losses in the 1970s, Marv Levy coached four consecutive losses with the Buffalo Bills in the 1990s, and Dan Reeves coached four losses between two teams (three with the Denver Broncos and one with the Atlanta Falcons). Most compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time," too, is nonstandard. Don Shula, Bill Parcells, Dan Reeves, Dick Vermeil, and Mike Holmgren all took more than one team to the Super Bowl. In the standard form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a participle) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time. Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, it is nonstandard and appears rarely in edited writing. And recently, Bill Belichick won three with the Patriots. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires. Joe Gibbs also won three Super Bowls with the Washington Redskins.

For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. Bill Walsh won three with the San Francisco 49ers. Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. Chuck Noll won four in the 1970's with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Another common mnemonic of equal meaning is "spring ahead, fall behind.". Tom Landry also coached two winners and three losers with the Dallas Cowboys. This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English. Don Shula coached two different teams: a loss with the Baltimore Colts and two wins and three losses with the Miami Dolphins.

The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers won the first two. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. Super Bowl wins and losses tend to cluster around a few head coaches. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. The most recent is the Philadelphia Eagles, who lost Super Bowl XXXIX to the New England Patriots in the 2004 season (played on February 6, 2005), who posted a 6 wins, 10 losses, no ties record in the 2005 season. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like. There are notable exceptions to this pattern, such as the Buffalo Bills who went to the Super Bowl and lost four years in a row, from XXV to XXVIII.

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. This effect can be traced to the loss of momentum a team has built up, accumulating injuries, losing successful free agents between seasons, and the aging of talented players. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. The season after a Super Bowl loss, a team usually returns with a losing, or mediocre at best, record. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Commentators and sports analysts note a tendency for teams that have made it to the Super Bowl and lost, to collapse the following season. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. With the new television contracts beginning in 2006, NBC, which last telecast Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, will take ABC's place in the network rotation starting with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009.

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. Super Bowl XXXVIII was shown on CBS, Super Bowl XXXIX was shown on FOX, and Super Bowl XL will be shown on ABC, which will be the final NFL game broadcast on that network for the foreseeable future. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. In the United States it is currently shared among three of the four major television networks: ABC, CBS, and FOX. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. The television network showing the game changes from year to year. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. While most home teams in the Super Bowl choose to wear their colored jerseys, only the Cowboys in XIII and XXVII, the Washington Redskins in XVII, and the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL have worn white as the home team.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. The Dallas Cowboys wore their rarely used blue uniform tops in Super Bowl V, and lost to the then-Baltimore Colts, which has led to the widely held belief that the Cowboys do not play well in their blue shirts. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. Prior to that, the home team always wore the dark jerseys. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. The home team is given the choice of either wearing their colored jerseys or their white ones; this started with Super Bowl XIII. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. The designated "home team" alternates between the NFC team in odd-numbered years (the Philadelphia Eagles in 2005), and the AFC team in even-numbered years (the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2006).

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. Neither of these stadiums has ever been a home to an NFL team. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. However, Super Bowl XIV (which involved the then-Los Angeles Rams) was played at nearby Pasadena's Rose Bowl stadium; and Super Bowl XIX (which involved the San Francisco 49ers) was played at the nearby Stanford Stadium on the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. Coincidentally, no NFL team has ever played the Super Bowl on its own home turf. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. Louis, Missouri.

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. The last time the Los Angeles area hosted the game was Super Bowl XXVII in 1993; the area is currently not considered a possible venue after the league's two teams vacated the city in 1995: the Raiders moved back to Oakland, California, and the Rams moved to St. (Stats from this article). After Hurricane Katrina damaged the Louisiana Superdome and the city, the game might never return to New Orleans. $28 million in traffic costs. Miami has been selected to host two future games: Super Bowl XLI in 2007 and Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. Over half of the Super Bowls have been played in one of the following three cities: New Orleans, Louisiana (9 times), Miami, Florida (8 times) and the Greater Los Angeles Area (7 total, 5 times at Pasadena's Rose Bowl stadium and twice at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum).

When the U.S. The only three cold-winter-climate cities to have hosted the Super Bowl are Pontiac, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). To this date, Super Bowls have either been played in cities with mildly warm winter climates, or in domed stadiums where weather is not an issue. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. Cities compete to host the game in a selection bidding process similar to ones used by the Olympic Games and soccer's World Cup. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually 3 to 5 years before the game.

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. This also led to the FCC cracking down on indecency and fining CBS $225,000 for the incident, as well as fining each of CBS's then twenty owned and operated stations. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. The NFL, embarrassed from the incident, permanently banned MTV from doing another halftime show in any capacity. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. It also didn't help matters that the game was airing on CBS, and their then-corporate sister company within Viacom, MTV, produced the halftime show. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. Many conspiracy theorists think that this was done intentionally to get everyone's attention, possibly so that Janet could get the attention away from her brother Michael Jackson, who was facing child molestation charges at the time.

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. In 2004, it was during halftime at Super Bowl XXXVIII that Janet Jackson had her now-infamous wardrobe malfunction after Justin Timberlake "accidentally" ripped off a piece of her top, exposing her right breast with a star-like ring surrounding the nipple. One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. John will perform the national anthem; and The Rolling Stones will play during the halftime show. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. Super Bowl XL in 2006 is scheduled to feature Stevie Wonder, Joss Stone, and John Legend during the pregame ceremonies; Aaron Neville, Aretha Franklin, and Dr. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). Because of the large number of viewers that the Super Bowl generates, a number of popular singers and musicians have performed during its pregame ceremonies, the halftime show, or even just singing the national anthem of the United States, "The Star-Spangled Banner".

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. [5]. The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. If the television show Las Vegas stays on the air when NBC gets their next Super Bowl Broadcast (which will be Super Bowl XLIII in 2009), they may not be allowed to promote the series during the entire block of programming. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. Many groups are denied the chance to run Super Bowl ads on various grounds, but Las Vegas is the only city to be denied in such a fashion; the NFL has stated that it does not want the Super Bowl to be associated with the perception of Las Vegas as a gambling mecca. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. The ban includes the game, as well as the pre-game and post-game shows.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. In recent years, the NFL has denied the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority the opportunity to run Super Bowl ads for the city as a tourist destination. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. Many people tune in to the Super Bowl solely to watch the very creative commercials. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. Prices have increased each year, with reports citing a record $2.5 million (US) for a 30 second spot during Super Bowl XL in 2006. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser "Bud Bowl" campaign, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads.

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. Following Apple Computer's 1984 commercial introducing the Apple Macintosh computer, directed by Ridley Scott, the broadcast of the Super Bowl became the premier showcase for high concept or simply extravagantly expensive commercials. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. [4] Although the proliferation of cable and satellite television has undercut broadcast ratings somewhat in recent years, the game is still so popular that a number of networks actually schedule original programming, such as independently produced halftime entertainment, during the game, simply to take advantage of a large audience already in front of the television. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. Super Bowl XVI is #4 on Nielsen's list of top-rated programs of all time, and 3 other Super Bowls (XII, XVII, XX) made the top 10. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion. The highest rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982 which was watched in 49.1% of households (73 share) or 40,020,000 households at the time.

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. [3]. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. Approximately half of the remaining 2 million worldwide viewers watched from the United Kingdom. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. In actual fact, Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 was watched by 93 million viewers in total, of which 98 percent were in North America [2]. Hawaii does not observe DST. There is a popular urban myth regarding the Super Bowl — that the game is watched in 234 countries by 1 billion people [1], a fact unlikely to be true considering the time of the event, and the lack of popularity American Football has outside of the United States.

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. It is also estimated that 130-140 million tune into some part of the game. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. This means that on average, 80 to 90 million Americans are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. households, and 60 percent of all homes tuned into television during the game). More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings which usually come in around a 40 rating and 60 share (i.e., on average, 40 percent of all U.S.

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. By any measure, the Super Bowl is one of the most watched television programs of the year. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. Following his death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy, first awarded at Super Bowl V in Miami. Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. The winning team gets the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named for the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States. The game remains his crowning achievement and was an important factor in him being selected by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. His leadership guided them into the merger agreement and cemented the preeminence of the Super Bowl. (See this article, for example.). The NFL commissioner at that time, Pete Rozelle, is often considered the mastermind of both the merger and the Super Bowl. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. As of December 2005, former AFL teams have won 10 Super Bowls, pre-1970 NFL teams have won 23 games, and two games have been won by teams created after 1970. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Since then, the Super Bowl has featured the champions of the AFC and NFC.

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. When the NFL and AFL merged into one combined league for the 1970 season, three NFL teams joined the 10 AFL teams to form the American Football Conference (AFC), and the other 13 teams became the National Football Conference (NFC). The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. One year later, the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL Minnesota Vikings 23-7 and won Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, the last World Championship game played between the champions of two leagues. Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. That all changed with perhaps the biggest upset in American sports history, the AFL's New York Jets defeat of the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. After the NFL's Green Bay Packers convincingly won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger, since many doubted that AFL teams could compete with their NFL counterparts.

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. Starting with the third contest in January 1969, the name "Super Bowl" became official. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Not surprisingly, fans and media tended to use the shorter, unofficial name. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. Not having thought of one, the owners named the contest the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. Hunt only meant his suggested name to be a stopgap until a better one could be found.

The U.S. The name was feasible because postseason college football games had long been known as "bowl games" (the term originates from the Rose Bowl Game, which was in turn named for the bowl-shaped stadium in which it is played). This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). The ball is now on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. During the discussions to iron out the details, AFL founder and Kansas City Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had jokingly referred to the proposed interleague championship as the "Super Bowl." Hunt thought of the name after seeing his daughter playing with a toy called a Super Ball. federal law did not address daylight saving time. One of the conditions of the AFL-NFL Merger was that the winners of each league's championship game would meet in a contest to determine the "world champion of football".

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. The intense competitive war for players and fans led to serious merger talks between the two leagues in 1966. This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. After its inception in 1920, the NFL fended off several rival leagues before the AFL began play in 1960. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. The Super Bowl was created as part of the merger agreement between the National Football League (NFL) and its rival, the American Football League (AFL). Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. .

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. food consumption day next to Thanksgiving. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. This is the largest U.S. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. In addition, many popular singers and musicians have performed during the Super Bowl's pre-game and halftime ceremonies. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. The last true day game (which ended before local sunset) of the series was Super Bowl XI in January 1977.

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. This has caused the starting time of the game to be pushed back later and later, to ensure the Sunday night prime time audience on the East Coast. Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. The Super Bowl is one of the most-watched American television broadcasts of the year, attracting many companies to spend millions of dollars on commercials. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Since then, the game has been played annually on a Sunday following the playoffs, originally early to mid-January, then late January, and in 2002, the first Sunday in February. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. After both leagues merged in 1970, the Super Bowl became the NFL's championship game.

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. The game began in January 1967 as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game in which the NFL championship team played against the champion of the younger, rival American Football League (AFL) for the "World Championship of Professional Football". Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. The game and its ancillary festivities constitute Super Bowl Sunday (sometimes "Super Sunday"), which over the years has almost become a de facto American national holiday. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. In professional American football, the Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL) in the United States. Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long. New Orleans Saints.

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. Jacksonville Jaguars. The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. Houston Texans. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Detroit Lions - NFL championship in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957. rules (The Calgary Sun). Cleveland Browns - NFL championship in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964
(This refers to the team that the league officially views as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 but suspended operations from 1996-1998, and resumed play in 1999.).

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. Arizona Cardinals - NFL champions in 1925 and 1947. In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. NFL league champions prior to Super Bowl I