Daylight saving time

Nevertheless, the form "daylight savings time" appears without remark as to its nonstandardness in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary. Similarly Geoffrey of Monmouth traces the legendary kings of Britain to a supposed descendant of Aeneas called Brutus. Most compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time," too, is nonstandard. The most famous is undoubtedly that promulgated by Virgil in the Aeneid, tracing the ancestry of the founders of Rome, and more specifically the Julio-Claudian dynasty, to the Trojan prince Aeneas. In the standard form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a participle) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time. Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, it is nonstandard and appears rarely in edited writing. Such was the fame of the Trojan story in Roman and medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various legends of national origin. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires. For many years also the site was unguarded and was thoroughly looted.

For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. The archaeological site itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin," because the site has been frequently excavated, and because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive: in his conviction that the city of Priam would be found in the earliest layers, he demolished many interesting structures from later eras, including all of the house walls from Troy II. Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. The visitor sees a highly commercialised site, with a large wooden horse built as a playground for children, then shops and a museum. Another common mnemonic of equal meaning is "spring ahead, fall behind.". A large number of tourists visit the site each year, mostly coming from Istanbul by bus or by ferry via Çanakkale, the nearest major town about 50 km to the north-east. This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English. The archaeological site is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps.

The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). Today there is a Turkish town called Truva in the vicinity of the archaeological site, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. Even though Homer was Ionian, the Iliad reflects the geography known to the Mycenaean Greeks, showing detailed knowledge of the mainland but not extending to the Ionian islands or Anatolia, which suggests that the Iliad reproduces an account of events handed down by tradition, to which the author did not add his own geographical knowledge. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. Linguistically, a few verses of the Iliad suggest great antiquity, because they only fit the meter if projected back into Mycenaean Greek, suggesting a poetic tradition spanning the Greek Dark Ages. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like. Such a historical background gives a credible explanation for the geographical knowledge of Troy (which could, however, also have been obtained in Homer's time by visiting the traditional site of the city) and otherwise unmotivated elements in the poem (in particular the detailed Catalogue of Ships).

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. Much legendary material would have been added during this time, but in this view it is meaningful to ask for archaeological and textual evidence corresponding to events referred to in the Iliad. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. In this view, the poem's core could reflect a historical campaign that took place at the eve of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Another view is that Homer was heir to an unbroken tradition of epic poetry reaching back some 500 years into Mycenaean times. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. The identification of the hill at Hissarlik as Troy is, in this view, a late development, following the Greek colonisation of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC.

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. In this view, no historical city of Troy existed anywhere: the name derives from a people called the Troies, who probably lived in central Greece. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. In recent years scholars have suggested that the Homeric stories represented a synthesis of many old Greek stories of various Bronze Age sieges and expeditions, fused together in the Greek memory during the "dark ages" which followed the fall of the Mycenean civilization. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric stories, but say that in the absence of independent evidence it is not possible to separate fact from myth in the stories. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. Some archaeologists and historians maintain that none of the events in Homer are historical.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. It may be possible to establish connections between either story and real places and events, but these always risk to be subject to selection bias. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. In both cases, an ancient writer's story is now seen by some to be true, by others to be mythology or fiction. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. The ostensible historicity of Homer's Troy faces the same hurdles as with Plato's Atlantis. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. No scholars assume that the individual events in the tale (many of which centrally involve divine intervention) are historical fact; on the other hand, no scholars claim that the scenery is entirely devoid of memories of Mycenaean times: it is rather a subjective question of whether the factual content is rather more or rather less than one would have expected.

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. The story of the Iliad is not an account of the war, but a tale of the psychology, the wrath, vengeance and death of individual heroes that assumes common knowledge of the Trojan War to create a backdrop. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. The more we know about Bronze Age history, the clearer it becomes that it is not a yes-or-no question but one of educated assessment of how much historical knowledge is present in Homer. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. The dispute over the historicity of the Iliad was very heated at times. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. Historical Wilusa was one of the Arzawa lands, in loose alliance with the Hittite Empire, and written reference to the city is therefore to be expected in Hittite correspondence rather than in Mycenaean palace archives.

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. The Mycenaean Greeks of the 13th century BC had colonized the Greek mainland and Crete, and were only beginning to make forays into Anatolia, establishing a bridgehead in Miletus (Millawanda). (Stats from this article). A name Wilion or Troia does not appear in any of the Greek written records from the Mycenean sites. $28 million in traffic costs. But even if that is accepted, it is of course no positive proof of identity with Homeric (W)ilion. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. Our emerging understanding of the geography of the Hittite Empire makes it very likely that the site corresponds to the city of Wilusa.

When the U.S. A single seal of a Luwian scribe has been found in one of the houses, proving the presence of written correspondence in the city, but not a single text. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). This is probably due to the planification of the former hillfort during the construction of Hellenistic Ilium (Troy IX), destroying the parts that most likely contained the city archives. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. No text or artifact has been found on site itself which clearly identifies the Bronze Age site. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. The events described in Homer's Iliad, even if based on historical events that preceded its composition by some 450 years, will never be completely identifiable with historical or archaeological facts, even if there was a Bronze Age city on the site now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War.

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. The identifications of Wilusa with archaeological Troy and of the Achaeans with the Ahhiyawa remain controversial, but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered a majority opinion. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. Hittite texts mention a water tunnel at Wilusa, and a water tunnel excavated by Korfmann, previously thought to be Roman, has been dated to around 2600 BC. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. Recent evidence adds weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. Trevor Bryce in 1998 championed them in his book The Kingdom of the Hittites, citing a recovered piece of the so-called Manapa-Tarhunda letter, which refers to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the Seha (known in classical times as the Caicus) river, and near the land of Lazpa (the Isle of Lesbos).

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. These identifications were rejected by many scholars as being improbable or at least unprovable. One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. This people have been identified with the Homeric Greeks (Achaeans). Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. 1320 BC wrote a letter to the king of the Ahhiyawa, treating him as an equal and implying that Miletus (Millawanda) was controlled by the Ahhiyawa, and also referring to an earlier "Wilusa episode" involving hostility on the part of the Ahhiyawa. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). The Hittite king Mursili II in ca.

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. He further noted that the name of Alaksandus, king of Wilusa, mentioned in one of the Hittite texts is quite similar to the name of Prince Alexandros or Paris of Troy. The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. In the 1920s the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer claimed that placenames found in Hittite texts — Wilusa and Taruisa — should be identified with Ilium and Troia respectively. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. Korfmann died on 11 August 2005, and since the digging permit was tied to his person, it is uncertain how and when the excavations will continue. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. Possible evidence of a battle was also found in the form of arrowheads found in layers dated to the early 12th century BC.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once have marked the outer defences of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. In August 2003 following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. The question of Troy's status in the Bronze Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian Frank Kolb in 2001/2002.

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. In 1988 excavations were resumed by a team of the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. These excavations have shown that were at least nine cities built one on top of each other at this site. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. After Schliemann, the site was further excavated under the direction of Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1893/4) and later Carl Blegen (1932-8). Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time.

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. In the 1870s (in two campaigns, 1871-73 and 1878/9), however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a hill, called Hissarlik by the Turks, near the town of Chanak (Çanakkale) in north-western Anatolia. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to the realms of legend. Hawaii does not observe DST. In Byzantine times the city declined gradually, and eventually disappeared.

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. The last city on this site, Hellenistic Ilium, was founded by Romans during the reign of the emperor Augustus and was an important trading city until the establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. 1020 BC) appear to have been destroyed by fires. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. 1120 BC) and Troy VIIb₂ (ca. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. Troy VIIb₁ (ca.

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. However, only small portions of the city have been excavated, and the finds are too scarce to clearly favour destruction by war over a natural disaster. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. Three bronze arrowheads were found, two in the fort and one in the city. Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. Partial human remains were found in houses and in the streets, and near the north-western ramparts a human skeleton with skull injuries and a broken jawbone. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States. Until the 1988 excavations, the problem was that Troy VII seemed to be a hill-top fort, and not a city of the size described by Homer, but later identification of parts of the city ramparts suggests a city of considerable size.

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. It appears to have been destroyed by a war, and there are traces of a fire. (See this article, for example.). The archaeological layer known as Troy VIIa, which has been dated on the basis of pottery styles to the mid- to late-13th century BC, is the most often-cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no bodily remains. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Troy VI was destroyed around 1300 BC, probably by an earthquake.

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass. The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. The first city was founded in the 3rd millennium BC. Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The layers of ruins on the site are numbered Troy I – Troy IX, with various subdivisions:. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. Once Troy fell, the Trojans on the European shore fled northward and ended up as the Etruscans in Italy.

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. During the Trojan War, the Greeks used a naval blockade to prevent Trojans on the European shore and on Lemnos from coming to the aid of Troy. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. After attacking and destroying the Hittite Empire, they came to control the Straits. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. Dillon argues [7] that the Trojans were originally a steppe people related to the Magyars. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. Historian Kenneth J.

The U.S. Immanuel Velikovsky, while accepting the traditional geography of the Trojan War, argued [6] that the Greek Dark Ages never happened, and that the Trojan War was fought several centuries later than is now generally believed. This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). Dr. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. Neither theory is generally accepted by classicists. federal law did not address daylight saving time. Iman Wilkins has located Troy in England [4], while Felipe Vinci places it in southern Finland [5].

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. A small minority of contemporary scholars dispute the Anatolian location of Homer's Troy. This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topology and accounts of the battle in the Iliad. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia. Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results (see [1], [2], & [3]) of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977.

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. In November 2001, geologists John C. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. Ancient Greek historians placed the Trojan War variously in the 12th, 13th or 14th century BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, Douris to 1334 BC. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. Alexander the Great, for example, visited the site in 334 BC and made sacrifices at the alleged tombs of the Homeric heroes Achilles and Patroclus.

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War, and in the identity of Homeric Troy with the site in Anatolia. Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his work the Aeneid. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Besides the Iliad, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the Odyssey, as well as in other ancient Greek writings. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. The site of the ancient city today is some 15 kilometers from the coast, but the ancient mouths of Scamander, some 3,000 years ago, were some 5 kilometers further inland, pouring into a bay that has since been filled with alluvial material.

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the river Scamander (modern Karamenderes), where they had beached their ships. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. Aeneas landed there and Helenus foretold his future. Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long. Buthrotos (or Buthrotum) was a city in Epirus where Helenus, the Trojan seer, built a replica of Troy.

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. The altar of Panomphaean (‘source of all oracles’) was dedicated to Jupiter the Thunderer (Tonatus) near Troy. The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. Mount Ida ("Mount of the Goddess") in Asia Minor, is where Ganymede was abducted by Zeus, where Anchises was seduced by Aphrodite, where Aphrodite gave birth to Aeneas, where Paris lived as a shepherd, where the nymphs lived, where the "Judgement of Paris" took place, where the Greek gods watched the Trojan War, where Hera distracted Zeus with her seductions long enough to permit the taking of Troy, and where Aeneas and his followers rested and waited until the Greeks set out for Greece. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. This law was adopted by King Dunvallo Molmutius (from Brutus) in his code and is still in effect today in Britain. rules (The Calgary Sun). Gordon allowed queens as well as kings.

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. A Trojan law mentioned by E.O. In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. Pegsis was the naiad of the River Grenikos near Troy. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. The Aisepid nymphs were the naiads of the Trojan River Aisepos. The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively. Some of the Trojan allies were the Hittites and the Amazons.

In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). Kapys, Boukolion, Aisakos, and Paris were Trojan princes who had naias wives. North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. Some famous Trojans are: Dardanus (founder of Troy), Laomedon, Ganymede, Priam, Paris, Hector, Teucer, Aesacus, Oenone, Telamon, Tithonus, Antigone, Memnon, Corythus, Aeneas, Brutus, and Elymus. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. The Persians invaded in 546 BC. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST. The Ionians, Cimmerians, Phrygians, Milesians of Sinope, and Lydians moved into Asia Minor.

Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. Trojan rule in Asia Minor was replaced by the "sons of Herakles" dynasty in Sardis that ruled for 505 years until the time of Candaules. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. The Trojan ships transformed into naiads, who rejoiced to see the wreckage of Odysseus' ship. (See also: European Summer Time). The Maxyans were a west Libyan tribe who said that they were descended from the men of Troy, according to Herodotus. from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October. During his reign, the Mycenaean Greeks invaded and captured Troy in the Trojan War (traditionally dated to 1193 BC-1183 BC).

In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. Priam later became king. All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. One generation before the Trojan War, Heracles captured Troy and killed Laomedon and his sons, except for young Priam. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. Pestilence came and the sea monster snatched away the people of the plain. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March. When Laomedon refused to pay, Poseidon flooded the land and demanded the sacrifice of Hesione to a sea monster.

See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. Poseidon and Apollo built the walls and fortifications around Troy for Laomedon, son of Ilus the younger. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Zeus gave Ilus the Palladium. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. Ilus, son of Tros, founded the city of Ilium (Troy) that he called after himself. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October. Upon Dardanus' death, the Kingdom was passed to his grandson Tros, who called the people Trojans and the land Troad, after himself.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. Eventually Dardanus married Teucer's daughters, and founded Dardania (later ruled by Aeneas). Some states/territories implement it and some do not. Teucer was himself also a coloniser from Attica, and treated Dardanus with respect. In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. Dardanus, the legendary founder of Troy, crossed over to Asia Minor from the insland of Samothrace, where he met Teucer. It has not used DST since then. The Trojan royal family was started by Electra and Zeus, the parents of Dardanus.

Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. Troy was known for its riches, gained from port trade with east and west, fancy clothes, iron production, and massive defensive walls. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. According to Greek mythology, the Trojans were the ancient citizens of the city of Troy in the Troad area, in the land of Asia Minor (or Little Asia, now Turkey). Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. The story of the Trojans first began in myth and legend. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. .

Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). While such an identity is disputed, the site has been successfully identified with the city called Wilusa in Hittite texts; Ilion (which goes back to earlier Wilion with a digamma) is thought to be the Greek rendition of that name. Iran uses the Persian calendar. One of the earlier cities (Troy VII) is often identified with Homeric Troy. India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. Later excavations revealed several cities built in succession to one another. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China. In the 1870s the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated the area.

The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. The Roman city of Celeia (now Celje in Slovenia) has been referred to by some writers as Troia secunda ("the second Troy"). Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople, and declined gradually during Byzantine times. In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). A new city of Ilium was founded on the site that many believed to be the location of the legendary Ilion in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October. Troy (Truva, Hissarlik 39°58′N 26°13′E) is also the name of an archaeological site, the traditional location of Homeric Troy, in Asia Minor or Anatolia, close to the seacoast in what is now northwest Turkey, southwest of the Dardanelles under Mount Ida.

With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. Troy (Turkish: Truva, Greek Τροία Troia also Ἰλιον; Latin: Troia, Ilium) is a legendary city, scene of the Trojan War, part of which is described in Homer's Iliad, an epic poem in Ancient Greek, composed in the 8th or 7th century BC, but containing older material (Iliad means "epic of Ilion"). The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. Troy IX: Hellenistic Ilium, 1st century BC. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. Troy VIII: around 700 BC. state in the tropics, does not observe DST. 950 BC.

Hawaii, the only U.S. Troy VIIb₃: until ca. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. Troy VIIb₂: 11th century BC. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. Troy VIIb₁: 12th century BC. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919. 1300 – 1190 BC, most likely candidate for Homeric Troy.

Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. Troy VIIa: ca. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. Troy VI: 17th – 15th centuries BC. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916. Troy V: 20th – 18th centuries BC.

It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. Troy I – Troy IV: early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. .

Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months.

Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. et al.

^  Ferguson, S.A. Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST.

77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST.