Cuisine

A cuisine (from French cuisine, meaning "cooking; culinary art; kitchen"; itself from Latin coquina, meaning the same; itself from the Latin verb coquere, meaning "to cook") is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a place of origin. Religious food laws can also exercise a strong influence on cuisine. A cuisine is primarily influenced by the ingredients that are available locally or through trade. (For example, the "Asian" dish chop suey clearly reflected the adaptation of Chinese immigrant cooking styles to the different ingredients available in North America.)

Introduction

The last century or so has produced enormous improvements in food production, preservation, storage and shipping. Today almost every locale in the world has access to not only its traditional cuisine, but also to many other world cuisines, as well. New cuisines are constantly evolving, as certain aesthetics rise and fall in popularity among professional chefs and their clientele.

In addition to food, a cuisine is also often held to include beverages, including wine, liquor, tea, coffee and other drinks. Increasingly, experts hold that it further includes the raw ingredients and original plants and animals from which they come. The Slow Food movement is a global effort to preserve local plants, animals, and techniques of food preparation. It has 70,000 adherents in 50 countries.

There are also different cultural attitudes to food, for example:

  • In India, consumption of food is regarded as an offering, a Yajna. Thus the stomach is considered to be a homagunda (holy fire) and all the food consumed is an offering to the holy fire.
  • In Japan, Tea drinking is a fine-art and there is an elaborate ceremony about it. Not drinking tea in the right way is considered to be an act of barbarism.

The following section is an overview of world cuisines. It is incomplete. It is organized roughly by geographical area, starting in the Western hemisphere and working Eastward and from North to South. Please help complete it.

Cuisines of the Americas

Cuisines of the Americas are based on the cuisines of the countries from which the immigrant peoples came, primarily Europe. However, the traditional European cuisine has been adapted to a greater or lesser degree and many local ingredients and techniques have been added to the tradition.

Cuisines of Canada

See also: Canadian cuisines

  • Atlantic Canada
  • Canadian Chinese cuisine
  • Fast food
  • First Nations
  • Fusion
  • Québécois
  • Toronto
  • Vancouver
  • Vegetarian

Cuisines of the United States (including Puerto Rico)

See also: Cuisine of the United States

  • Chinese American
  • Barbecue
  • California
  • Euro-asian cuisine (a type of Fusion cuisine)
  • Fast food
  • Floribbean
  • Kentucky
  • Hawaii
  • Midwest
  • Native American
  • New England
  • New York City
  • Pennsylvania Dutch
  • Puerto Rico
  • Southern
    • Cajun
    • Creole
    • Soul food
  • Southwest
    • Tex-Mex

Cuisines of the Caribbean

See also: Cuisine of the Caribbean

  • Cuba
  • Dominican republic
  • Jamaica
  • Puerto Rico

Cuisines of Latin America

See also: Latin American cuisine, Cuisine of South America

  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Colombia
  • Costa Rica
  • Cuba
  • Mexico
  • Nicaragua:
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • Cuisine of El Salvador
  • Uruguay
  • Venezuela
  • Andes Region
  • Native American

Cuisines of Europe

See also: Cuisine of Europe

Cuisines of Northern Europe

  • Austrian
  • Belgium
  • British
    • Modern British
  • Denmark
  • Germany
  • Finland
  • French
    • Provencal
  • Norway
  • Hungary
  • Polish
  • Russian
  • Slovakia
  • Sweden

Cuisines of the Mediterranean

See also: Cuisine of the Mediterranean

  • Portugal
  • Spain
    • Catalonia
  • Italy excluding Sicily
  • Sicily
  • Lebanon
  • Cuisines of the Balkans
    • Albania
    • Bulgaria
    • Croatia
    • Greece
    • Romania
    • Turkey
    • Serbia
  • Armenia

Cuisines of Africa

See also: Cuisine of Africa

  • West Africa
  • Ethiopia
  • Morocco
  • South Africa

Cuisines of the Middle East

See also: Cuisine of the Middle East

  • Arab cuisine
  • Assyrian cuisine
  • Kosher cuisine
  • Lebanon
  • Persian cuisine

Cuisines of the Indian Subcontinent

Cuisines of the Indian subcontinent includes cuisines from the peninsular region of South Asia, which includes India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, usually also Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. One characteristic component of the cuisines of these regions is rice and curry dishes. See also: Cuisine of India

  • India
    • North Indian cuisines
      • Punjabi cuisine
      • Kashmiri cuisine
      • Benarasi cuisine
    • South Indian cuisines
      • Kerala cuisine
      • Andhra cuisine
      • Karnataka cuisine
      • Tamil cuisine
    • West Indian cuisines
      • Maharashtrian cuisine
      • Malvani cuisine
      • Goan cuisine
      • Rajasthani Cuisine
      • Gujarati cuisine
    • East Indian Cuisines
      • West Bengali Cuisine
      • Assamese cuisine
      • Bihari Cuisine
      • Oriya Cuisine
      • Anglo-Indian Cuisine
  • Bangladesh
    • Bangladeshi cuisine
  • Pakistan
    • Pakistani cuisine
  • Sri Lanka
    • Sri Lankan cuisine

Cuisines of East Asia

See also: Cuisine of Asia

  • Cambodia
  • China
    • Chinese Buddhist
    • Cantonese
    • Chiuchow
    • Hakka
    • Hunan
    • Islamic
    • Mandarin
    • Shanghai
    • Szechuan
    • Taiwanese
  • Indonesia
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Laos
  • Malaysia
    • Penang
    • Ipoh
  • Mongolia
  • The Philippines
  • Singapore
  • Thailand
  • Tibet
  • Vietnam

Cuisines of Oceania

  • Australia
  • Hawaii
  • Fiji
  • New Zealand
  • Polynesia
  • Nauru

Non-regional cuisines

  • Fast Food, and its nemesis Slow Food which preserves regional cuisines
  • Fusion cuisine
  • Jewish cuisine
  • Living foods diet
  • Vegan cuisine
  • Vegetarian cuisine

This page about cuisine includes information from a Wikipedia article.
Additional articles about cuisine
News stories about cuisine
External links for cuisine
Videos for cuisine
Wikis about cuisine
Discussion Groups about cuisine
Blogs about cuisine
Images of cuisine

See also: Cuisine of Asia. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds[5]. See also: Cuisine of India. Congress cut off funding for this braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. One characteristic component of the cuisines of these regions is rice and curry dishes. The braille version includes all the written words in the non-braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. Cuisines of the Indian subcontinent includes cuisines from the peninsular region of South Asia, which includes India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, usually also Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a braille edition of Playboy since 1970[4].

See also: Cuisine of the Middle East. In September 2005, Playboy launched the online edition of the magazine Playboy Digital. See also: Cuisine of Africa. The growth of the internet also prompted the magazine to develop a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials & videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls as well as archives of past Playboy articles and interviews. See also: Cuisine of the Mediterranean. The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions[2] (formerly called News Stand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls[3] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection. See also: Cuisine of Europe. (starting at the accompanying date, or during the accompanying date range).

See also: Latin American cuisine, Cuisine of South America.
. See also: Cuisine of the Caribbean. TELEVISION:. See also: Cuisine of the United States. SPORT:. See also: Canadian cuisines. MUSIC:.

However, the traditional European cuisine has been adapted to a greater or lesser degree and many local ingredients and techniques have been added to the tradition. FILM:. Cuisines of the Americas are based on the cuisines of the countries from which the immigrant peoples came, primarily Europe. Some of them are:. Please help complete it. Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. It is organized roughly by geographical area, starting in the Western hemisphere and working Eastward and from North to South. For a full listing, please see list of people in Playboy 2000-present and its accompanying pages..

It is incomplete. However, in the 50th Anniversary issue, this picture was printed in its original, unedited state. The following section is an overview of world cuisines. Similarly, in Rena Mero's ("Sable") first Playboy shoot, one photo of Mero lying on her back was edited to add extra pubic hair over her genitalia. There are also different cultural attitudes to food, for example:. In reprints in later "Newsstand Specials" as well as a poster-sized print, Pamela had been "defeminized," this area having been painted over in the color of the object in front of which she was standing. It has 70,000 adherents in 50 countries. In Pamela's original Playboy appearance in the issue of February 1990, there was a rear-view photo with her legs slightly apart and her labia majora plainly visible.

The Slow Food movement is a global effort to preserve local plants, animals, and techniques of food preparation. One example was the case of Pamela Anderson and the "disappearing labia". Increasingly, experts hold that it further includes the raw ingredients and original plants and animals from which they come. Some readers say that this kind of photo-editing takes away from authenticity and makes photographs look unnatural. In addition to food, a cuisine is also often held to include beverages, including wine, liquor, tea, coffee and other drinks. There is some controversy over airbrushing (or, in recent times, Photoshopping) that is done on the photos featured in the magazine. New cuisines are constantly evolving, as certain aesthetics rise and fall in popularity among professional chefs and their clientele. and Netscape for trademark infringement.

Today almost every locale in the world has access to not only its traditional cuisine, but also to many other world cuisines, as well. The suit originally started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. The last century or so has produced enormous improvements in food production, preservation, storage and shipping. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s (PEI) trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected even in Internet searches that prompt pop-up advertisements. . On the January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. (For example, the "Asian" dish chop suey clearly reflected the adaptation of Chinese immigrant cooking styles to the different ingredients available in North America.). Apparently, the whole Australian edition of Playboy is discontinued as well.

A cuisine is primarily influenced by the ingredients that are available locally or through trade. Playboy is not sold in the State of Queensland, Australia. Religious food laws can also exercise a strong influence on cuisine. In some others, it is only sold in liquor & beer stores, and as for counties where such stores are forbidden, it is likely that Playboy is also. A cuisine (from French cuisine, meaning "cooking; culinary art; kitchen"; itself from Latin coquina, meaning the same; itself from the Latin verb coquere, meaning "to cook") is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a place of origin. In many counties in the United States, Playboy is not sold in any stores. Vegetarian cuisine. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003.

Vegan cuisine. In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine from its stores. Living foods diet. A local Moslem Organization is also opposed to Playboy being published on the grounds that it is pornography. Jewish cuisine. Even the publisher said that the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition but the government was trying hard to ban it by using pornographic rules since the Indonesian government can't ban any media. Fusion cuisine. An Indonesian Edition of Playboy launched in March 2006 but the controversy started before the first issue was published.

Fast Food, and its nemesis Slow Food which preserves regional cuisines. Also, Japan has its own edition of Playboy, where according to Japanese custom, the pubic areas of the models are not shown. Nauru. However, it is sold in Hong Kong. Polynesia. In additon, its sale and distribution is banned in almost all Muslim countries in Asia and Africa, such as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. New Zealand. In many parts of Asia, including China, South Korea, India, Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and Brunei, the sale and distribution of Playboy is banned.

Fiji. It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.[1]. Hawaii. Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Soderberg) became a standard image for testing image processing algorithms. Australia. Artist Jack Niland designed the cover to embody the principles of Dharma Art as taught by the Tibetan meditation master Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Vietnam. The best-selling Playboy edition was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies.

Tibet. Clarke, Yasir Arafat, Steve Jobs, Stephen Hawking, Larry Ellison, Shintaro Ishihara, Robert De Niro, and Carl Sagan. Thailand. Over the years they have conducted interviews with Jimmy Carter, John Lennon, Fidel Castro, Ayn Rand, Malcolm X, George Lincoln Rockwell, Kurt Vonnegut, Bertrand Russell, Salvador Dali, Martin Luther King Jr., Jean-Paul Sartre, George Wallace, Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Orson Welles, Ralph Nader, Arthur C. Singapore. "Playboy Interview" started with Miles Davis in September 1962 (Volume 9, Number 9). The Philippines. The interviewers employed have included Alex Haley and Alvin Toffler.

Mongolia. A typical interview would range from 7 to 10 hours long. Ipoh. The “Playboy Interview”, a monthly interview of someone prominent, has become famous for its confrontational style and in-depth process. Penang. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commerate this event. Malaysia

    . The magazine celebrated its 50th Anniversary with the January 2004 issue.

    Laos. Christie Hefner, a daughter of Hugh Hefner, became the CEO of Playboy in 1988 and is now also the Chairman of the Board. Korea. In response Playboy has attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35 male demographic it once controlled through slight changes to its content and focussing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience—such as hip-hop artists being featured in the Playboy Interview. Japan. Since reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy has seen a decline in circulation and cultural relevance because of increased competition in the field it founded— first from Penthouse, Oui, and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. Indonesia. The stars, which ranged in number between zero and twelve, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing.

    Taiwanese. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. Szechuan. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had a number of stars printed in or around the letter. Shanghai. An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmates of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. Mandarin. Hefner said that he chose the rabbit as a mascot for its “humorous sexual connotation”, and because the image was “frisky and playful”.

    Islamic. The famous Playboy logo, depicting the stylized profile of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was designed by art designer Art Paul for the magazine's second issue and has appeared on every issue since; a running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. Hunan. Copies of the first issue in Mint to Near Mint condition fetched over $5,000 in 2002. Hakka. The cover price was 50¢. Chiuchow. Known circulation was 53,991 (Source: Playboy Collector's Association Playboy Magazine Price Guide).

    Cantonese. The first issue was an immediate sensation; it sold out within a matter of weeks. Chinese Buddhist. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used had originally been taken for a calendar, rather than for Playboy. China

      . The first issue, published in December 1953, did not carry a date, as Hefner was unsure whether there would be a second issue. Cambodia. Sellers, whose mother had worked for the short-lived Playboy Automobile Company in Chicago, suggested the name "Playboy".

      Sri Lankan cuisine. Hefner and co-founder and executive vice president Eldon Sellers met to discuss the problem and to seek a new name. Sri Lanka

        . Playboy's original title was to be "Stag Party," but an unrelated outdoor magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him that they would legally protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name. Pakistani cuisine. . Pakistan
          . Playboy's use of "tasteful" nude photos is often classified as “softcore” in contrast to the more “hardcore” pornographic magazines that started to appear in the 1970s in response to the success of Playboy's more explicit rival, Penthouse.

          Bangladeshi cuisine. The magazine has been known to express liberal opinions on most major political issues. Bangladesh

            . Clarke as well. Anglo-Indian Cuisine. The magazine is published monthly and features photographs of nude women, along with various articles on fashion, sports, consumer goods, and public figures, and often short fiction by top literary writers, such as Arthur C. Oriya Cuisine. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide.

            Bihari Cuisine. Playboy is one of the world's best known brands. Assamese cuisine. Playboy is an adult entertainment magazine, founded in 1953 by Hugh Hefner and his associates, which has grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., reaching into every form of media. West Bengali Cuisine. Ukraine (2005—). East Indian Cuisines

              . Turkey (1986–1995).

              Gujarati cuisine. Taiwan (1990–2003). Rajasthani Cuisine. Sweden (1998–1999). Goan cuisine. Spain (1978—). Malvani cuisine. South Africa (1993–1996).

              Maharashtrian cuisine. Slovenia (2001—). West Indian cuisines

                . Slovakia (1997–2002, 2005—). Tamil cuisine. Serbia (2004—). Karnataka cuisine. Russia (1995—).

                Andhra cuisine. Romania (1999—). Kerala cuisine. Poland (1992—). South Indian cuisines

                  . Norway (1998–1999). Benarasi cuisine. The Netherlands (1983—).

                  Kashmiri cuisine. Mexico (1976–1998, 2002—). Punjabi cuisine. Japan (1975—). North Indian cuisines

                    . Italy (1972–2003). India
                      . Indonesia (2006—).

                      Persian cuisine. Hungary (1989–1993, 1999—). Lebanon. Hong Kong (1986–1993). Kosher cuisine. Greece (1985—). Assyrian cuisine. Germany (1972—).

                      Arab cuisine. France (1973—). South Africa. Czech Republic (1991—). Morocco. Croatia (1997—). Ethiopia. Bulgaria (2002—).

                      West Africa. Brazil (1975—) - see specific article. Armenia. Australia (1979–2000). Serbia. Argentina (1985–1995, 2006—). Turkey. Peta Wilson (July 2004).

                      Romania. Gena Lee Nolin (December 2001). Greece. Brooke Burke (May 2001 & November 2004). Croatia. Shari Belafonte (September 2000). Bulgaria. Women of Baywatch (June 1998).

                      Albania. Farrah Fawcett (December 1995 and July 1997). Cuisines of the Balkans

                        . Shannen Doherty (March 1994 and December 2003). Lebanon. Charisma Carpenter (June 2004). Sicily. Claudia Christian (October 1999).

                        Italy excluding Sicily. Linda Evans (July 1971). Catalonia. Christy Hemme (April 2005). Spain

                          . Amy Acuff (September 2004). Portugal. Sable (Rena Mero) (April & September 1999).

                          Sweden. Torrie Wilson (March 2003 & May 2004). Slovakia. Kiana Tom (May 2002). Russian. Gabrielle Reece (January 2001). Polish. Joanie Laurer (November 2000 and January 2002).

                          Hungary. John (November 1999). Norway. Mia St. Provencal. Tanja Szewczenko (April 1999 German Edition). French

                            . Katarina Witt (December 1998).

                            Finland. Willa Ford (March 2006). Germany. Debbie Gibson (March 2005). Denmark. Lutricia McNeal (October 2003 German Edition). Modern British. Tiffany (April 2002).

                            British

                              . Belinda Carlisle (August 2001). Belgium. Carmen Electra (May 1996 and December 2000). Austrian. Geri Halliwell (May 1998). Native American. Linda Brava (April 1998).

                              Andes Region. Nancy Sinatra (May 1995). Venezuela. LaToya Jackson (March 1989 & November 1991). Uruguay. Bai Ling (June 2005). Cuisine of El Salvador. Teri Polo (February 2005).

                              Peru. Denise Richards (December 2004). Paraguay. Daryl Hannah (November 2003). Nicaragua:. Tia Carrere (January 2003). Mexico. Kristy Swanson (November 2002).

                              Cuba. Carré Otis (June 2000). Costa Rica. Charlize Theron (May 1999). Colombia. Drew Barrymore (January 1995). Brazil. Dorothy Stratten (June 1980).

                              Bolivia. Mara Corday (October 1958). Argentina. Marilyn Monroe (December 1953). Puerto Rico. First issue with identical triplets in the centerfold, The Dahm Triplets: December, 1998. Jamaica. First national magazine with Web site: August 1994.

                              Dominican republic. First issue without staple in the centerfold: October 1985. Cuba. First issue with Playmate data sheet: July 1977. Tex-Mex. First issue with signed centerfold: October 1975. Southwest

                                . January 1974 (Nancy Cameron).

                                Soul food. First issue with a double sided centerfold (the reverse side was a rear view). Creole. First issue with identical twins in centerfold: October 1970 - (Mary and Madeleine Collinson). Cajun. First issue with an African-American Playmate: March 1965 (Jennifer Jackson). Southern

                                  . First issue with an Asian-American Playmate: August 1964 (China Lee).

                                  Puerto Rico. First issue with a Playmate without any pubic hair: September 2001 (Dalene Kurtis). Pennsylvania Dutch. First issue with a Playmate showing pubic hair: January 1971 (Liv Lindeland). New York City. First issue to show female pubic hair: August 1969 (dancer Paula Kelly). New England. First issue with Playboy Interview: September 1962 (with Miles Davis).

                                  Native American. First issue with Playboy Advisor column: September 1960. Midwest. First issue with Ian Fleming story: March 1960. Hawaii. First issue with a Vargas girl: March 1957. Kentucky. First issue with Leroy Neiman's Femlin: August 1955.

                                  Floribbean. Fast food. Euro-asian cuisine (a type of Fusion cuisine). California.

                                  Barbecue. Chinese American. Vegetarian. Vancouver.

                                  Toronto. Québécois. Fusion. First Nations.

                                  Fast food. Canadian Chinese cuisine. Atlantic Canada. Not drinking tea in the right way is considered to be an act of barbarism.

                                  In Japan, Tea drinking is a fine-art and there is an elaborate ceremony about it. Thus the stomach is considered to be a homagunda (holy fire) and all the food consumed is an offering to the holy fire. In India, consumption of food is regarded as an offering, a Yajna.