Crédit Lyonnais

The bank may be most known for its sponsorip of the Tour de France as many will remember the corporate brand on the sides of the maillot jaune (yellow jersey) that Lance Armstrong and many other phenomenal cyclists have earned over the years. See also Webpage (Graphics), PDF (Layers), Mapquest, Google Maps, Google Earth or Yahoo! Maps. Calyon Houston specializes in providing key financing for the Energy sector. Navy SEALs and Counter-Strike, that players choose to compete on, as a synonym for level. they are New York, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Houston. The word "map" has also been used to describe places within video games, such as SOCOM II: U.S. Calyon Investment Bank maintains five offices in the U.S. For example:.

In the United States, Crédit Lyonnais is now known as Calyon, whereas in France, Crédit Agricole and Crédit Lyonnais maintain their separate entitites somewhat. From the computer scientist's standpoint, zooming in entails one or a combination of:. At the same time, the CDR had to pay back 135 millions Euros to Bernard Tapie (or rather to his creditors), the controversial former billionaire, after a scandal concerning the sale of Adidas. In-car satellite navigation systems are computerised maps with route-planning and advice facilities which monitor by satellite the position of the user. In 2005, Crédit Lyonnais became LCL (for Le Crédit Lyonnais), probably in order to remove obvious references to its troubled recent history. Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to zoom in or zoom out (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centred where possible on the same point. Crédit Lyonnais continues to exist as a nationwide retail consumer bank. Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.

In 2003, the bank was bought by Crédit Agricole and its investment banking business was spun off to an existing subsidiary of Crédit Agricole, Crédit Agricole Indosuez, which was renamed Calyon. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering survey level, has been subsumed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In 2001, Denis Robert and Ernest Backes book, Revelation, showed that Crédit Lyonnais was one of the many banks to detain unpublished accounts in Clearstream, a Luxembourg-based transaction clearing company, which has been accused by the authors of being a huge international money-laundering machine. From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the cartographer has been the computer. The CDR is a highly controversial creation, as many do not believe that the French government should have bailed out the bank. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart. The CDR notably agreed to pay £525 million US to California's Department of Insurance in order head off a lawsuit concerning the Executive Life insurance scandal. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines.

The bank's finances were saved from disaster by moving its debts and liabilities into a new state-owned company, Consortium de Réalisation (CDR). Airplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a Lambert conformal conic projection, in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The fire burned for over 12 hours and two-thirds of the building was destroyed, along with crucial bank archives and computer data. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the Mercator Projection, originally designed as a form of nautical chart. The fire began in the main trading room of the bank and was one of the worst fires to damage a Paris building in 25 years. Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a projection, a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two-dimensional picture. Much of Crédit Lyonnais' Paris headquarters was destroyed in a major fire on May 5, 1996. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures.

Crédit Lyonnais notably owned the MGM movie studio for a few years, during which time Giancarlo Parretti was the chief of the studio. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. The bank's motto of the time was "Le pouvoir de dire oui", or "the ability to say 'yes'", and saying 'yes' was indeed something which the bank did rather too often. Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. This was caused by directors exaggerating investments and by problems with the bank's subsidiary companies. For example, a road map may or may not show railroads, and if it does, it may show them less clearly than highways. During the 1990s, the bank was the subject of numerous financial scandals, contributing to a huge debt of around 150 billion French francs (nearly 23 billion Euros). With the end-user similarly in mind, cartographers will censor the content of the space depicted by a map in order provide a useful tool to that user.

Founded in 1863 in Lyon by Henri Germain, Crédit Lyonnais was nationalised in 1945. In fact, most commercial navigational maps, such as road maps and town plans, sacrifice an amount of accuracy in scale to deliver a greater visual usefulness to its user, for example by exaggerating the width of roads. It has been the subject of various financial scandals, which almost led to its bankruptcy in 1993. The simple maps shown on some directional road signs are further examples of this kind. It was, at one point, the largest French bank, and it was state-owned. This is not a cartogram (since there is no consistent measure of distance) but a topological map that also depicts approximate bearings. Crédit Lyonnais is a French bank. A famous example of a map without scale is the London Underground map, which best fulfils its purpose by being less physically accurate and more visually communicative to the hurried glance of the commuter.

Maps which use some quality other than physical area to determine relative size are called cartograms. For example, maps designed for the hiker are often scaled at the ratio 1:24,000, meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds to 24,000 of that same unit in reality; while maps designed for the motorist are often scaled at 1:250,000. A larger scale shows more detail, thus requiring a larger map to show the same area. Many but not all maps are drawn to a scale, allowing the reader to infer the actual sizes of, and distances between, depicted objects.

If the map is prepared on a table, to be attached to the ceiling, then on the table it is a mirror image of a normal map. Occasionally a map is on a ceiling, correctly showing directions; in that case, looking up we have in clockwise direction forward, left, backward, and right. For a vertically positioned map representing a horizontal area true orientation is not possible, of course, but it is sometimes approximated by putting the forward direction up. The practice of navigating in this way is orienteering.

If a person is located at an identifiable point within the area of such a map, then the map can be oriented in such a way that every point on the map lies in the same direction as the corresponding point in reality. Maps that don't put north at the top:. Conventionally, on most geometrically accurate maps text is upright when the map is oriented with the north up, hence north is identified with the top of a sheet. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).

In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Community maps, including GreenMaps, are growing in importance. Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. This conceit is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares, generally known in English as "On Exactitude in Science".

A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". Lewis Carroll made this point humorously in Sylvie and Bruno with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. Because maps are abstract representations of the world, they are not neutral documents and must be carefully interpreted.

Harley, Mark Monmonier, and Denis Wood. Even today, maps can be powerful rhetorical tools beyond their purely practical value, and this has been the source of much fruitful map criticism over the last twenty years, notably in the works of J.B. By contrast, navigational (or "Portolan") charts of the Mediterranean from the same period are remarkably accurate. Medieval "T-O" maps, for example, show Jerusalem at the centre of the world, and in some cases related the "body" of the Earth to the body of Christ.

Pre-modern maps, and mapping traditions outside the Western tradition, often merge geography with non-scientific cosmography, showing the relationship of the viewer to the universe. While we tend to think of maps today as products of a rationalistic, scientific world-view, maps also have a mythic quality. 142]. [Harvey 2000, p.

One of the oldest surviving maps is painted on a wall of the Catal Huyuk settlement in south-central Anatolia (now Turkey); it dates from about 6200 BC. Map-making dates back to the Stone Age and appears to predate written language by several millennia. . The science and art of map-making is cartography.

Most usually a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representation of a three-dimensional space. A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html. Andrews University, 2002.

Scotland : St. Robertson, The History of Cartography. and E.F. O'Connor, J.J.

Mark Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps, [ISBN 0226534219]. [ISBN 0767908260, cited above; also ISBN 0375501517]. New York : Random House, 2000. Miles Harvey, The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime.

David Buisseret, ed., Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, [ISBN 0226079872]. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies. The map may also have layers which are partly raster graphics and partly vector graphics. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.

Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. (1) may apply to the text (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building. The increase in detail is, of course, limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines or arcs of circles.

Typically (2) applies to a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. A variation of this method is that interpolation is performed. enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the quality of one's vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separate, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an LCD, but may apply for a cathode ray tube), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. enlarging the same map without enlarging the pixels, hence show more detail.

replacing the map by a more detailed one. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem, with East at the top. Labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the "top," but also at the centre, of the map.

Other modern maps put south on top, generally either out of a sense of playful confusion or to make a political statement about the North-South divide. These are primarily intended as novelty and tourist maps. To someone used to seeing the map the other way around, this map may appear to be "upside down". Some rectangular maps produced in Australia show the south pole at the top.

Dymaxion maps. Polar maps.