Cancer

If cytotoxic substances (cytostatica or radionuclides) are attached to those polymers therapy of solid tumors shows promising results in some cases.
. Both effects together are coined the EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) effect and leads to accumulation of macromolecules within some solid tumors. Clicking on the "More" tab at the top directs the user to even more Google Services such as Blogger, University Searches, Google products in their Labs section, Help and Alerts. In addition, the lymphatic drainage of tumor tissue is ineffective leading to poor clearance of substances from tumoral interstitium. For users searching for more specific results, at the top of Google pages are additional tabs to more narrowly define a user's search results. Due to (often) damaged vascular structure of tumor supplying blood vessels, intravenously administered large molecules (size differs in various sources, typically M > 25 - 45 kDa, may depend on chemical structure, solubility, charge, etc.) can preferably leave the bloodstream into tumor tissue while normal blood vessels display a significant barrier for those big molecules (this is not true within glomeruli of the kidney). See also List of Google services and tools.

Another approach to target solid tumors is to apply macromolecules. The design of the system also has minor privacy implications that Google does not make explicit on their Video site; namely, Google learns who purchases each movie and what computers they watch it on [40]. RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell (vide supra Radiation therapy). The fact by itself that Google was using DRM was enough to cause criticism by some bloggers, even before Google Video was launched. Radionuclides which are attached to this peptides (e.g. To protect the copyright of these popular shows such as MacGyver and The Twilight Zone, Google created a Google DRM (Digital Rights Management) lock for certain paid content. Targeted therapy can also involve small peptidic structures as ´homing device´ which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Initially this service is restricted to the United States and certain other countries.

Small molecules (such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib and gefitinib) and monoclonal antibodies have proven to be a major step in oncological treatment. Announced on January 6, 2006 at the CES in Las Vegas, the Google Video Store sells copyrighted content at the Google Video website. This constitutes the use of agents specific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells. See Google bomb and Spamdexing. Targeted therapy in the late 1990s was considered a major breakthrough. The system is also susceptible to manipulation and fraud through the use of dummy sites, an issue which does, however, plague all search engines. While understanding of cancer has increased exponentially since the last decades of the 20th century, radically new therapies are only discovered and introduced gradually. It remains unclear whether any process could assert the importance of a page in a way that would draw less criticism than the current PageRank system.

Cancer research is the intense scientific effort to understand disease processes and discover possible therapies. However, it must also be stated that Google's system relies on human oversight, and use of company names on Adwords, or deletion of critical sites from Google results (for example, sites critical of Scientology), is decided by individual human beings according to company policy. Palliative care solutions may include permanent or "respite" hospice nursing. It must be stated in Google's defense that PageRank is a fully automated system which is impartial insofar as it knows no personal bias. In the advanced stages of cancer, many patients need extensive care, affecting family members and friends. Common arguments are that the system is unfairly biased towards large web sites, and that the criteria for a page's importance are not subject to peer review. Progressive and disseminated malignant disease has a substantial impact on a cancer patient's quality of life, and many cancer treatments (such as chemotherapy) may have severe side-effects. Some, such as Daniel Brandt, call it "undemocratic".

Some types of cancer have a prognosis that is substantially better than nonmalignant diseases such as heart failure and stroke. Google's central PageRank system has been criticized. While this certainly applies to certain particular types, the truths behind the historical connotations of cancer are increasingly being overturned by advances in medical care. becoming a serious privacy threat.". Once referred to as "the C-word," cancer has a reputation for being a deadly disease. Chris Hoofnagle, associate director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center in Washington, DC warned that "As courts become more frequent integrators of electronic records, there is a greater risk of Google .. Examples include: American Cancer Society, Lance Armstrong Foundation, BC Cancer Agency, Macmillan Cancer Relief , the Terry Fox Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Canadian Cancer Society, International Agency for Research on Cancer and the National Cancer Institute (US). Other popular email services such as Hotmail also scan incoming email to try to determine whether it is unsolicited spam email (which Gmail also does).

These organizations often are involved in cancer prevention, cancer treatment, and cancer research. Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the account holder, and is only used to improve relevance of advertisements. Many governmental and charitable organizations have been established to help patients cope with cancer. The point is often made that people without Gmail accounts, who have not agreed to the Gmail terms of service, but send email to Gmail users have their correspondence analyzed without permission. Different types of counseling include individual, group, family, self-help (sometimes called peer counseling), bereavement, patient-to-patient, and sexuality. Some users believe the processing of email message content by Google's Gmail service goes beyond proper use. Counseling can also provide emotional support to cancer patients and help them better understand their illness. The use of cookies with such distant expiration dates is common.

While some people are reluctant to seek counseling, studies show that having someone to talk to reduces stress and helps people both mentally and physically. In response Google claims cookies are necessary to maintain user preferences between sessions and offer other search features. Neighborhood organizations, local health care providers, or area hospitals are a good place to start looking. The cookies possess notably distant expiration dates and it is claimed users' searches are recorded without permission for advertising purposes. Support can take the form of support groups, counseling, advice, financial assistance, transportation to and from treatment, or information about cancer. It has been claimed that Google infringes the privacy of visitors by uniquely identifying them using cookies which are used to track Web users' search history. Many local organizations offer a variety of practical and support services to people with cancer. government, or any other government of a country which Google serves.

^[7]. law, Google can be forced to hand over all such information to the U.S. As of October 2005, researchers found that an experimental vaccine for HPV types 16 and 18 was 100% successful at preventing infection with these types of HPV and, thus, are able to prevent the majority of cervical cancer cases. Some have pointed out the dangers and privacy implications of having a centrally located, widely popular data warehouse of millions of Internet users' searches, and how under controversial existing U.S. No cancer vaccines are presently in use, and most of the research is still in its initial stages. The Wikipedia article and Jew Watch are consistently the top two hits, but they often switch positions. Considerable research effort is now devoted to the development of vaccines (to prevent infection by oncogenic infectious agents, as well as to mount an immune response against cancer-specific epitopes) and to potential venues for gene therapy for individuals with genetic mutations or polymorphisms that put them at high risk of cancer. As a reaction, some webloggers launched a Google bomb to put the corresponding Wikipedia article at the top of the search results.

Almost all physicians recommend against using these modalities as sole treatment for potentially fatal conditions such as cancer. [39]. An extensive, explanatory catalog of these treatments is available at Quackwatch ^[6]. Google responded that this was due to the content-neutrality of the PageRank algorithm, and the fact that anti-semites used the specific word "Jew" (as opposed to "Jewish" or "Judaism") more often than others. Collectively they are referred to by skeptics as cancer quackery. In April 2004, Google received complaints that a search for "Jew" on its site listed the anti-Semitic website Jew Watch at or near the top of the list. Some of these treatments meet all the criteria for fraud. Google Somewhat Lifts Oceana Ad Ban.

Alternative treatments have included special diets or dietary supplements (e.g., the "grape diet" or megavitamin therapy), electrical devices (e.g., "zappers"), specially formulated compounds (e.g., laetrile, and homeopathic remedies), unconventional use of conventional drugs (e.g., insulin), purges or enemas, physical manipulations of the body, various herbs or herbal preparations such as essiac. Google claimed that their editorial policy states, "that Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations." In 2004 this ban was partially lifted, allowing more positive ads from Oceana to be displayed, however there remains some confusion concerning banning criteria. Proponents of these therapies are unable or unwilling to demonstrate effectiveness by conventional criteria. In February 2003, Google banned the ads of Oceana, a two-and-a-half-year-old non-profit organization, which was protesting the environmental effects of a major cruise ship operation's sewage treatment practices. The appeal of alternative cures arises from the daunting risks, costs, or potential side effects of many conventional treatments, or in the limited prospect for cure. She also refused an offer from Shona Brown, Google Vice President of Business Operations, to reinstate her to a "low-level operations position". A wide range of alternative treatments have been offered for cancer over the last century. After the loss of 3 of her quadruplets, which she claimed was due to the stressful circumstances created by Google, Elwell sued the company.

Other complementary approaches include traditional medicine like Traditional Chinese Medicine. On August 18, 2005, former Google sales executive Christina Elwell, promoted to national sales director at Google in late 2003, accused her supervisor of discrimination against her when he terminated her employment after she informed him of her pregnancy [38]. Many people feel these approaches benefit them, but most have not been scientifically proven and therefore face skepticism. [37]. Common complementary measures include prayer or psychological approaches such as "imaging" or meditation to aid in pain relief, or improve mood. The text of the Justice Department's motion is accessible at FindLaw A court date of Feburary 27th has been set, where a federal court in San Jose, California will hear the case. Some non-conventional treatment methods are used to "complement" conventional treatment, to provide comfort or lift the spirits of the patient, while others are offered as alternatives to be used instead of conventional treatments in hope of curing the cancer. It has since bounced back somewhat.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments are the diverse group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be effective by the standards of conventional medicine. to turn over "a multi-stage random sample of one million URL’s" from Google’s database, and a computer file with "the text of each search string entered onto Google’s search engine over a one-week period (absent any information identifying the person who entered such query)." Noticeably, on January 20, when both the DOW and NYSE fell around a percent, Google stock fell close to 10%. New treatments also may have unknown risks, but if a new treatment proves effective or more effective than standard treatment, study patients who receive it may be among the first to benefit. District Court in San Jose seeking a court order that would compel search engine company Google Inc. Of course, there is no guarantee that a new treatment being tested or a standard treatment will produce good results. Justice Department filed a motion to compel in U.S. They get up-to-date care from cancer experts, and they receive either a new treatment being tested or the best available standard treatment for their cancer. On Wednesday, January 18, 2006, the U.S.

Patients who take part may be helped personally by the treatment(s) they receive. The settlement cost Google around $275 million which resulted in the company posting a net loss in the third quarter of 2004. Studies are done with cancer patients to find out whether promising treatments are safe and effective. Yahoo! had earlier alleged that Google's AdSense program violated a patent held by Yahoo!'s Overture unit. Of course, treatments that work well in the lab or in animals do not always work well in people. Google recently settled a patent infringement lawsuit with Yahoo! by issuing 2.7 million shares. If an approach seems promising, the next step may be testing a treatment in animals to see how it affects cancer in a living being and whether it has harmful effects. In May 2004, the Baltimore Sun interviewed Peri Fleisher, a great-niece of Edward Kasner, the mathematician whose nephew coined the word googol, who said Kasner's descendants were "exploring" legal action against Google due to its name.

The search for new treatments begins in the laboratory, where scientists first develop and test new ideas. A judge subsequently threw out SearchKing's lawsuit in mid-2003 on precisely these grounds. A clinical trial is one of the final stages of a long and careful cancer research process. In its defense, Google stated that its rankings are its constitutionally protected opinions of the web sites that it indexes. Clinical trials test many types of treatment such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy. Google's efforts to refine its database have led to some legal controversy, notably a lawsuit in October 2002 from the company SearchKing which sought to sell advertisements on pages with inflated Google rankings. The goal of this research is to find better ways to treat cancer and help cancer patients. On February 5, 2006, google.com was banned by China Telecom, only use google.cn can be visited, but unfortuntely, the blocking released after several hours.

Clinical trials, also called research studies, test new treatments in people with cancer. Most Chinese Internet users did not express much concern about Google's choice, with one blogger saying that censorship is a fact of life in China and Google could not have done any better.[36]. Pain medication, such as morphine and oxycodone, and antiemetics, drugs to suppress nausea and vomiting, are very commonly used in patients with cancer-related symptoms. [35] Google states on its help pages that it does not censor content, but it does block pages as demanded for in certain jurisdictions, such as DMCA requests in the United States. Although all practicing doctors have the therapeutic skills to control pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage and other common problems in cancer patients, the multidisciplinary specialty of palliative care has arisen specifically in response to the symptom control needs of this group of patients. The company does not plan to give the government information about the users who search for blocked content, and will inform users of restricted categories. Although the control of the symptoms of cancer is not typically thought of as a treatment directed at the cancer, it is an important determinant of the quality of life of cancer patients, and plays an important role in the decision whether the patient is able to undergo other treatments. Google was heavily criticized for the move, yet it claims it is necessary to keep the Chinese government from blocking Google entirely.

Removing or blocking estrogen, testosterone, or TSH, respectively, is often an important additional treatment. The restrictions will apply to thousands of terms and websites.[34] The censored content will appear on a website called google.cn. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast, prostate, and thyroid cancers. In January 2006 Google affirmed its intent to filter certain keywords given to it by the Chinese government. This allows an additional method of treatment for many cancers. In October 2005, Blogger and access to the Google Cache were made available in China; however, in December 2005, some Chinese users of Blogger reported that their access to the site was once again restricted. The growth of nearly all tissues, including cancers, can be accelerated or inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. However, the government remains active in filtering Internet content.

These side effects include temporary (reversible) or permanent side effects (irreversible damage). This complete ban is currently lifted. Thus, as with every form of treatment, radiation therapy is not without its side effects. The mirror search site elgooG has been used by Chinese citizens to get around blocked content. Radiation dose to each site depends on a number of factors, including the radiosensitivty of each cancer type and whether there are tissues and organs nearby that may be damaged by radiation. The People's Republic of China, whose human rights record has been widely criticized by the international community, has in the past restricted citizen access to popular search engines such as Altavista, Yahoo!, and Google. Radiation is also used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. Any data stored on Google is therefore subject to being turned over to any country, including China.

Radiation therapy may be used to treat almost every type of solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas. Google's Terms of Service allow it to comply with the laws of any one country, providing information that was originated (or that Google stores) in another country. Hence, it is given in many fractions, allowing healthy tissue to recover between fractions. Google complies with these laws by banning keyword searches related to these terms. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. According to American law, any copyright owner can require material to be removed via the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, whereas under French and German law, for example, hate speech and Holocaust denial are illegal. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly. In order to comply with the varying laws of these countries, several versions of Google restrict very specific keyword searches.

In addition, they cut off the blood supply to the cancer cells causing them to die in a process called necrosis. Google is a multinational corporation, having offices in over a dozen countries [33]. Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated (the "target tissue") by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. In a concession to general concerns about the nature of their project, Google had announced plans back in August that they would respect the wishes of copyright holders who contacted the company to inform them that they did not want their works included in this digitization project. The effects of radiation therapy are localised and confined to the region being treated. Many commentators in the world of copyright law and technology were not surprised by this development as the Authors Guild has also been involved in attempting to make online publishers pay royalties to writers whose stories appear in any number of online databases without their express consent. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or internally via brachytherapy. Arguments in the case will hinge around the interpretation of the four factors of Fair Use.

Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, X-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. The lawsuit seeks damages and an injunction that will prevent the company from continuing their very ambitious digitization project. The agents are monoclonal antibodies directed against proteins that are characteristic to the cells of the cancer in question, or cytokines that modulate the immune system's response. authors, including a former Poet Laureate of the United States, filed a class action suit in federal court in Manhattan against Google over its unauthorized scanning and copying of books through its Google Library program. These are used in various forms of cancer, such as breast cancer (trastuzumab/Herceptin®) but also in leukemia (gemtuzumab ozogamicin/Mylotarg®). On September 20, 2005, the Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. Immunotherapy is the use of immune mechanisms against tumors. Google could even argue that it "adds value" to AFP's news without harming the French news wholesaler.[32].

A variation upon this method uses allogenic samples (samples donated by a different donor) instead of the patient's own tissue^[5]. The lawsuit's outcome will likely depend on whether Google can successfully argue that its use of AFP's material constitutes "fair use" under copyright law. The samples are expanded using tissue engineering techniques, and are then re-implanted following high dose chemotherapy in order to recolonise the damaged and somewhat destroyed tissue. AFP's lawsuit, if successful, is bound to have a major impact on how news is delivered on the Internet.". These tissues samples are screened to ensure they do not contain cancerous cells. It seems that the basis of the lawsuit is just the abstract notion of copyright without any real damages to justify the action." The article concluded "It would be a sad day for those who look to the Internet for news if AFP is successful in limiting what Google can display.. A novel technique involves taking samples of the patient's tissue before chemotherapy. is now attempting to remove all postings of Agence France-Presse material from its site, although AFP spokesmen say that even if this is done, the lawsuit will continue..

This is called "combination chemotherapy"; most chemotherapy regimens are given in a combination. According to the Canada Free Press, "Google Inc. Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. [31] Still, AFP argues that the headline and first sentence of an article constitutes the "heart" of the work and that reproducing it is copyright infringement. These cells usually repair themselves after chemotherapy. Additionally, "in 2002, a federal appeals court ruled that Web sites may reproduce and post 'thumbnail' or downsized versions of copyrighted photographs," so Google News' thumbnails are likely legal. intestinal lining). It was argued that had AFP wanted to prevent free use of its articles, it should have asked its providers to require subscriptions rather than suing Google.

Hence, chemotherapy has the potential to harm healthy tissue, especially those tissues that have a high replacement rate (e.g. It is possible that AFP will make additional arguments in court that it has not yet made in public, but currently, many pundits are confused by the decision to sue [28][29][30] because Google does not display the full article on its site, provides a link to one of AFP's 600 online clients such as Singapore's Channel NewsAsia (which presumably benefits AFP because more people view the article and advertising), and because the articles are available via the providers' websites regardless of Google's actions. Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific for cancer cells. In March 2005, Agence France-Presse (AFP) sued Google for $17.5 million, alleging that Google News infringed on its copyright because "Google includes AFP's photos, stories and news headlines on Google News without permission from Agence France-Presse." [27] It was also alleged that Google ignored a cease and desist order, though Google counters that it has opt-out procedures which AFP could have followed but did not. with the duplication of DNA or the separation of newly formed chromosomes. The contract says that it will comply with "fair use", an exemption in copyright law that allows people to reproduce portions of text of copyrighted material for research purposes. It interferes with cell division in various possible ways, e.g. of Michigan does make it clear that Google will provide only excerpts of copyright text in a search.

Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with drugs ("anticancer drugs") that can destroy cancer cells. The contract between Google and the U. This is referred to as palliative treatment. Meanwhile, Google claims that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books. Occasionally, surgery is necessary to control symptoms, such as spinal cord compression or bowel obstruction. Also, Google is setting a new precedent by making digital copies of copyrighted material on a wide scale without explicit permission from copyright holders. Staging is a major determinant of prognosis and of the need for adjuvant therapy. There are claims that it is a violation of copyright laws to use copyrighted material for profit by placing search ads beside the search results of these digitized books.

determining the extent of the disease and whether it has metastasized to regional lymph nodes. This contract is part of Google Print's effort to digitize millions of books and make the full text searchable. In addition to removal of the primary tumor, surgery is often necessary for staging, e.g. On June 2005, Google Watch revealed the details of a contract between the University of Michigan and Google to create digitized copies of the copyrighted materials stored at the University's library. For this reason, the pathologist will examine the surgical specimen to determine if a margin of healthy tissue is present, thus decreasing the chance that microscopic cancer cells are left in the patient. However, Google provides mechanisms for requesting that caching be disabled (which Google respects; it also honors the robots.txt file which is another mechanism that allows operators of a website to request that part or all of their site not be included in search engine results). A single cancer cell is invisible to the naked eye but can regrow into a new tumor, a process called recurrence. There have also been complaints that Google's Web cache feature violates copyright.

The goal of the surgery can be either the removal of only the tumor, or the entire organ. Google typically handles this by removing the link as requested and including a link to the complaint in the search results. Examples of surgical procedures for cancer include mastectomy for breast cancer and prostatectomy for prostate cancer. A number of organizations have used the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to demand that Google remove references to allegedly copyrighted material on other sites. When the cancer has metastasized to other sites in the body prior to surgery, complete surgical excision is usually impossible. They also offer a download of Firefox with the Google Toolbar pre-installed. In theory, cancers can be cured if entirely removed by surgery, but this is not always possible. This is confirmed by a job listing posted on Google.

Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases. Google is looking for software engineers to join them in collaborative development on the Firefox browser. Radiation can also cause damage to normal tissue. Google has an unknown partnership with the Mozilla Foundation. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by toxicity to other tissues in the body. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the open source office program OpenOffice.org. Sometimes this can be accomplished by surgery, but the propensity of cancers to invade adjacent tissue or to spread to distant sites by microscopic metastasis often limits its effectiveness. Google also has a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies [26].

Complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body is the goal of treatment. [25]. A number of experimental cancer treatments are also under development. The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). As reported by SearchEnginejournal.com, NASA and Google were said to be planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, bio-info-nano convergence, and encouragement of the entrepreneurial space industry. Cancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or other methods. On Sept 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1-million square foot R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center.

Canine cancer detection has shown promise, but is still in the early stages of research. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase. There is a significant risk of detection of what has been recently called an incidentaloma - a benign lesion that may be interpreted as a malignancy and be subjected to potentially dangerous investigations. This will allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services. Use of medical imaging to search for cancer in people without clear symptoms is similarly marred with problems. [24] As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on video search and offer AOL's premium-video service within Google Video. For these reasons, it is important that the benefits and risks of diagnostic procedures and treatment be taken into account when considering whether to undertake cancer screening. 21, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a $1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.

Moreover, the test itself is easy to perform and relatively cheap. Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on Dec. Cervical cancer screening via the Pap smear has the best cost-benefit profile of all the forms of cancer screening from a public health perspective as, being a cancer, it has clear risk factors (sexual contact), and the natural progression of cervical cancer is that it normally spreads slowly over a number of years therefore giving more time for the screening program to catch it early. The New York Times article was headlined, "Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain" [23]. This is because screening of women in the general population will result in a large number of women with false positive results which require extensive follow-up investigations to exclude cancer, leading to having a high number-to-treat (or number-to-screen) to prevent or catch a single case of breast cancer early. In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other news sources [22] began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. Similarly, for breast cancer, there have recently been criticisms that breast screening programs in some countries cause more problems than they solve. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture and the fun elements.".

Prostate cancer treatment may cause incontinence (inability to control urine flow) and erectile dysfunction (erections inadequate for intercourse). Later Mr. Follow up procedures used to diagnose prostate cancer (prostate biopsy) may cause side effects, including bleeding and infection. In a report given to potential investors, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture. This situation, called overdiagnosis, puts men at risk for complications from unnecessary treatment such as surgery or radiation. Also, it may be more challenging for the company to maintain a collegial atmosphere when approximately 1,000 (30%) of the employees are paper-millionaires. For example: when screening for prostate cancer, the PSA test may detect small cancers that would never become life threatening, but once detected will lead to treatment. Many people have suggested that after Google's IPO the corporate culture will not be able to stay so "fun" and focused on the future.[20] [21] The company may be required to answer to its new shareholders who may press the company to reduce employee benefits and to focus on short term advances.

The controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of screening outweigh the risks of follow-up diagnostic tests and cancer treatments. Some people thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fools Day (as well as the doubling of Gmail's storage space to two gigabytes in 2005) was a joke. Screening for cancer is controversial in cases when it is not yet known if the test actually saves lives. They also offer versions in Pig Latin Elmer Fudd, and Klingon. Prostate cancer can be screened for by a digital rectal exam along with prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood testing. Bork! is the mock Swedish of the Muppet Show's Swedish Chef. Testicular self-examination is recommended for men beginning at the age of 15 years to detect testicular cancer. In the languages list one can find the Bork! Bork! Bork! version.

Over time, such testing has been followed by a dramatic reduction of cervical cancer incidence and mortality. One can find other pranks hidden between Google's pages. Similarly, cervical cytology testing (using the Pap smear) leads to the identification and excision of precancerous lesions. In 2004 it featured Google Lunar which featured jobs on the moon and in 2005 a fictitious, brain-boosting drink termed Google Gulp was announced. Colorectal cancer can be detected through fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy, which reduces both colon cancer incidence and mortality, presumably through the detection and removal of premalignant polyps. In 2002 they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine. Screening by regular mammograms detects tumors even earlier than self-examination, and many countries use it to systematically screen all middle-aged women. Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes such as Google MentalPlex which featured the use of mental power to search the Web.

Breast cancer screening can be done by breast self-examination. The building also offers state-of-the-art bathroom facilities featuring digitally controlled toilets [19] which are similar to Japanese toilets. A number of different screening tests have been developed. In addition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various cereals, gummy bears, toffee, licorice, cashews, yogurt, carrots, fresh fruit, and dozens of different drinks including fresh juice, soda, and make-your-own cappuccino. Early diagnosis may lead to extended life. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus, and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, Foosball, a baby grand piano, a pool table, and ping pong. Screening for cancer can lead to earlier diagnosis. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center.

If signs of cancer are detected, more definitive and invasive follow up tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis. The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Screening tests suitable for large numbers of healthy people must be relatively affordable, safe, noninvasive procedures with acceptably low rates of false positive results. The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, and a real-time projection of current search queries. Cancer screening is an attempt to detect unsuspected cancers in the population. Google's headquarters is called the Googleplex. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry may provide information about future behavior of the cancer (prognosis) and best treatment. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News and Orkut, are said to originate from this possibility.

Together, this information is useful to evaluate the prognosis of this patient and choose the best treatment. The time can be allocated to one day a week, or pooled into a month. The tissue diagnosis indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade and other features of the tumor. Every Google engineer is encouraged to spend 20 percent (20%) of their work time on projects that interest them. Biopsies of other organs are performed under anesthesia and require surgery in an operating room. Google's relaxed corporate culture can also be seen externally through their holiday variations of the Google logo. Many biopsies (such as those of the skin, breast or liver) can be done in a doctor's office. Twice a week there is a roller hockey game in the company parking lot.

Tissue can be obtained from a biopsy or surgery. The company encourages equality within corporate levels. A cancer may be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the definitive diagnosis of most malignancies must be confirmed by histological examination of the cancerous cells by a pathologist. Google's corporate philosophy is based on many casual principles including: "You can make money without doing evil", "You can be serious without a suit" and "Work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun." A complete list of corporate fundamentals is available on Google's Web site [18]. Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item. Google is known for its relaxed corporate culture, reminiscent of the Dot-com boom. Every single item in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Page and Brin, however, had sold $2 billion before some of the largest stock gains.

Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:. In late 2005 Google shares were valued at $400. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which usually requires the opinion of a pathologist. When recorded on the Forbes 400, Google's stock was around $111. Most cancers are initially recognized either because signs or symptoms appear or through screening. But due to the recent surge in stock price (April 2005-June 2005), their net worth is significantly higher. Genetic testing for high-risk individuals, with enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or risk-reducing surgery for those who test positive, is already available for certain cancer-related genetic mutations. According to the Forbes 400 list (2005), the combined net worth of Larry Page and Sergey Brin is $22 billion US.

Other examples of drugs that show promise for chemoprevention include COX-2 inhibitors (which inhibit a cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins). As a result, Google Inc.'s (CGQ®) as of January 2006 is better than 31.7% of Russell 3000 companies and 41.4% of Software & Services companies. Finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, has been shown to lower the risk of prostate cancer. Also, Google has changed some of its board governance practices, and disclosed its executive compensation policies. Cis-retinoic acid also has been shown to reduce risk of second primary tumors among patients with primary head and neck cancer. However, after that ranking came out, ISS revised its CGQ® ranking methodology. Daily use of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, for up to 5 years, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk women by about 50%. [17] The primary contributor of the low ranking was due to how Google's dual class share capital structure was used by ISS to determine the Corporate Governance Quotient (CGQ®) ranking for Google.

In fact, the risk of lung cancer was slightly, but not significantly, increased by beta-carotene, leading to an early termination of the study^[4]. In 2004, Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) ranked Google's corporate governance dead last in the list of members of the Standard & Poor's 500, even though Google is not yet a part of the S&P500. Contrary to expectation, these tests found no benefit of beta-carotene supplementation in reducing lung cancer incidence and mortality. [16] Page, Brin, and Schmidt have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's board of directors. This study provided about 80,000 smokers or former smokers with daily supplements of beta-carotene or placebos. The CEO also agreed to accept an annual base salary of $1 for 2006. This hypothesis led to a series of large randomized trials conducted in both Finland and the United States (CARET study) during the 1980s and 1990s. Founders Brin and Page reportedly earned $1 billion in 2004, but after the IPO in Aug 2004, it became public knowledge via annual SEC filings that their base salary is $1 for 2004, 2005, and now 2006.

This effect was particularly strong in lung cancer. Position: name, age, compensation in USD (as of June 2005). Epidemiologists studying both diet and serum levels observed that high levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, were associated with a protective effect, reducing the risk of cancer. (It is estimated that less than one job offer is made per thousand resumes submitted.) Google reportedly employs one in-house legal recruiter just to assist the legal department in evaluating the high volume of resumes from attorneys seeking to join the corporation. The case of beta-carotene provides an example of the necessity of randomized clinical trials. Beyond monetary compensation, Google's workplace amenities, culture, global popularity, stellar prospects (relative to most Bay Area companies), and strong brand recognition continues to attract far more applicants than there are positions available. Public health recommendations cannot be made on the basis of these studies until they have been validated in an observational (or occasionally a prospective interventional) trial in humans. In 2005 Google has implemented other employee incentives such as the Google Founders' Award, as well making higher salary offers to new employees.

These reports are often based on studies in cultured cell media or animals. Nevertheless, Google's excellent stock performance following the IPO has enabled these early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the corporation's remarkable equity growth. Despite frequent reports of particular substances (including foods) having a beneficial or detrimental effect on cancer risk, few of these have an established link to cancer. For instance, some system administrators earned no more than $33,000 — while $40,000 at that time was considered to be low by Bay Area employment market levels. Studies have shown that immigrants develop the risk of their new country, suggesting a link between diet and cancer rather than a genetic basis. Prior to the IPO offering, typical salaries at Google were considered within the industry to be quite low. gastric cancer is more common in Japan, while colon cancer is more common in the United States). We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build.".

Particular dietary practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. The consensus on diet and cancer is that obesity increases the risk of developing cancer. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include certain sexual and reproductive practices, the use of exogenous hormones, exposure to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, certain occupational and chemical exposures, and infectious agents. During the third quarter 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. Based on epidemiologic evidence, it is now thought that avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, being physically active, and maintaining recommended body weight may all contribute to reductions in risk of certain cancers; however, compared with tobacco exposure, the magnitude of effect is modest or small and the strength of evidence is often weaker. [12].

Examples of modifiable cancer risk include alcohol consumption (associated with increased risk of oral, esophageal, breast, and other cancers), physical inactivity (associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers), and being overweight (associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers). [11] Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on 22 December 2005, the terms of which are confidential. Evidence is now emerging from randomized controlled trials designed to test whether interventions suggested by the epidemiologic studies, as well as leads based on laboratory research, actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China). Much of the promise for cancer prevention comes from observational epidemiologic studies that show associations between modifiable life style factors or environmental exposures and specific cancers. This feud boiled over into the courts when Kai-Fu Lee, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. This can be accomplished by avoiding carcinogens or altering their metabolism, pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention (chemoprevention, treatment of premalignant lesions). Many Microsoft employees who worked on Internet Explorer have left to work for Google.

Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer. This corporate feud is most directly expressed in hiring offers and defections. Similarly, with tobacco smoking becoming more common in various Third World countries, lung cancer incidence has increased in a parallel fashion. Rumors of a Google browser are fueled by the fact that Google is the owner of the domain name "gbrowser.com". Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in China and neighboring countries, most likely due to the endemic presence of hepatitis B and aflatoxin in that population. Some have even suggested that in addition to an Internet Explorer replacement Google is designing its own Linux based operating system called Google OS to directly compete with Microsoft Windows. Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor spread in various countries. Hotmail), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's Virtual Earth competes with Google Earth).

With the increased control over malaria and tuberculosis in some Third World countries, incidence of cancer is expected to rise; this is termed the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiological terminology. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as webmail (Gmail vs. In many Third World countries cancer incidence (insofar as this can be measured) appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury. Microsoft has been touting its MSN Search engine to counter Google's competitive position. In some Western countries, such as the USA^[1] and the UK^[3], cancer is overtaking cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google [10]. Up to half of all cancer cases can be attributed to smoking, diet, and environmental pollution. With Google's increased size comes more competition from large mainstream technology companies.

Further support comes from the fact that lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men. On June 7, 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value. Hundreds of epidemiological studies have confirmed this association. URL accessed on June 1, 2005.) When companies are first listed on the S&P 500 they typically experience a bump in share price due to the rapid accumulation of the stock within index funds that track the S&P. The most consistent finding, over decades of research, is the strong association between tobacco use and cancers of many sites. L.A.Times. Examples are:. (Source: Google Shares Rise on New Price Target.

There are, however, a number of recognised syndromes of cancer with a hereditary component. On the same day, rumors circulated in the financial community that Google would soon be included in the S&P 500. Most forms of cancer are "sporadic", and have no basis in heredity. On June 1, 2005, Google shares gained nearly 4 percent after Credit Suisse First Boston raised its price target on the stock to $350. Nevertheless, carcinoma in situ may develop into an invasive malignancy and is usually removed surgically, if possible. Jessie Stricchiola, president of Alchemist Media, called Google "the most stubborn and the least willing to cooperate with advertisers" when it comes to click fraud. The most severe cases of dysplasia are referred to as "carcinoma in situ." In Latin, the term "in situ" means "in place", so carcinoma in situ refers to an uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in the original location and shows no propensity to invade other tissues. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model."[9] Some have suggested that Google is not doing enough to combat click fraud.

Often such cells revert back to normal behavior, but occasionally, they gradually become malignant. Click fraud is a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Dysplasia is an abnormal type of excessive cell proliferation characterized by loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure. Page says in the prospectus that Google has "a dual class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me." The company has not reported any treasury stock holdings as of the Q3 2004 report. Hyperplasia can be a normal tissue response to an irritating stimulus, for example callus. The actual voting power of the insiders is much higher, however, as Google has a dual class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. This process is considered reversible. The two founders are said to hold almost 30% of the outstanding shares.

Biopsy and microscopical examination can also distinguish between malignancy and hyperplasia, which refers to tissue growth based on an excessive rate of cell division, leading to a larger than usual number of cells but with a normal orderly arrangement of cells within the tissue. In January 2005 the shares outstanding was up 100 million to 273.42 million, 53% of that was held by insiders which made the float 127.70 million (up 110 million shares from the first trading day). Immunohistochemistry and other molecular methods may characterise specific markers on tumor cells, which may aid in diagnosis and prognosis. On August 19, 2004 the number of shares outstanding was 172.85 million while the "free float" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). Among the distinguishing traits are a large number of dividing cells, variation in nuclear size and shape, variation in cell size and shape, loss of specialized cell features, loss of normal tissue organization, and a poorly defined tumor boundary. Since the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization has risen greatly and the stock price has more than quadrupled. Cancer tissue has a distinctive appearance under the microscope. [8].

Cells that divide at a high rate, such as epithelials, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less, for example neurons. Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets". Also, the DNA methylation pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating genes without the usual regulation. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion. The instability can increase to a point where the cell loses whole chromosomes, or has multiple copies of several. On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as π = 3.14159265...) more shares of its stock to raise money. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a point mutation, which leads to a genetic instability of the cell. The company was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG.

This process is called clonal evolution. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owns 2.7 million shares of Google. A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does not usually acquire all these properties at once, but its descendant cells are selected to build them. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires.
Malignant tumors cells have distinct properties:. The IPO gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion. Other mutations enable the tumor to grow new blood vessels to provide more nutrients, or to metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body. The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control.

Telomerase mutations remove additional barriers, extending the number of times a cell can divide. The sale raised $1.67 billion, of which approximately $1.2 billion went to Google. This mutation is associated with poor prognosis, since those tumor cells are less likely to go into apoptosis or programmed cell death when damaged by therapy. Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 = 1.4142135...) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. For example, up to half of all tumors have a defective p53 gene. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share. However, with the help of molecular biological techniques, it is possible to characterize the mutations or chromosomal aberrations within a tumor, and rapid progress is being made in the field of predicting prognosis based on the spectrum of mutations in some cases. After some initial stumbles, Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.

It is impossible to tell the initial cause for any specific cancer. The SEC (Security & Exchange Commission) forbids giving out information pertaining to a company's specifications before an IPO is launched. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly-transforming viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely-transforming viruses, which already carry the viral-oncogene. Before Google initiated its initial public offering, Larry Page & Sergey Brin faced legal action for giving Playboy an interview about themselves and Google. The viral promoter or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The public valued it at $100.34 at the close of the first day of trading which saw 22,351,900 shares change hands. In contrast, in slowly-transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of retroviruses, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The initial offering of shares was sold for $85 a piece.

In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In the run-up to the IPO the company was forced to slash the price and size of the offering, but the process did not run into any technical difficulties or result in any significant legal challenges. The mode of virally-induced tumors can be divided into two, acutely-transforming or slowly-transforming. The smallest required account balances at most authorized online brokers that are allowed to participate in an IPO, however, are around $100,000. Furthermore, many cancers originate from a viral infection; this is especially true in animals such as birds, but less so in humans, as viruses are only responsible for 15% of human cancers. They chose the unconventional way of allocating the initial offering through an auction (specifically, a "Dutch auction"), so that "anyone" would be able to participate in the offering. A mistake made during mitosis can lead to the daughter cells receiving the wrong number of chromosomes, which leads to aneuploidy and may lead to cancer. In May 2004, Google officially cut Goldman Sachs from the IPO, leaving Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse First Boston as the joint underwriters.

Faster rates of mitosis increasingly leave less opportunities for repair enzymes to repair damaged DNA during DNA replication, increasingly the likelihood of a genetic mistake. The deadline imposed by this requirement accelerated our decision." The SEC filing revealed that Google turned a profit every year since 2001 and earned a profit of $105.6 million on revenues of $961.8 million during 2003. These are thought to promote cancers through their stimulating effect on the rate of cell mitosis. By law, certain private companies must report as if they were public companies. Examples of carcinogens that are not mutagens include alcohol and estrogen. As Google stated in the filing, their "growth has reduced some of the advantages of private ownership. Many mutagens are also carcinogens, but some carcinogens are not mutagens. April 29 was the 120th day of 2004, and according to section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, "a company must file financial and other information with the SEC 120 days after the close of the year in which the company reaches $10 million in assets and/or 500 shareholders, including people with stock options.[7] Google has stated in its Annual filing for 2004 that every one of its 3,021 employees, "except temporary employees and contractors, are also equity holders, with significant collective employee ownership", so Google would have needed to make its financial information public by filing them with the SEC regardless of whether or not they intended to make a public offering.

Chromosomal translocations, such as the Philadelphia chromosome, are a special type of mutation that involve exchanges between different chromosomes. On April 29, 2004, Google made an S-1 form SEC filing for an IPO to raise as much as USD $2,718,281,828 (with a touch of mathematical humor as e = 2.718281828...). Other types of mutations can be caused by chronic inflammation, as neutrophil granulocytes secrete free radicals that damage DNA. According to a banker involved in the transaction, the deal would yield an estimated $12 billion market capitalization for Google. In more general terms, chemicals called mutagens and free radicals are known to cause mutations. That IPO (one of the most anticipated in history) was projected to raise as much as $4 billion. Breathing asbestos fibers is associated with mesothelioma. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO.

Prolonged exposure to radiation, particularly ultraviolet radiation from the sun, leads to melanoma and other skin malignancies. In October 2003, while discussing a possible IPO (Initial Public Offering of shares), Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger; no such deal ever materialized. Tobacco smoking is associated with lung cancer. Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital. Particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. After a frantic few weeks, this was topped up to give an initial investment of almost $1 million. Substances that cause these mutations are known as mutagens, and mutagens that cause cancers are known as carcinogens. The first funding for Google as a company was secured in the form of a $100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which didn't yet exist.

Cancer is ultimately due to accumulation of genetic damage, which are fundamentally mutations in the DNA. Products and demos Google Labs, the experimental section of Google.com help Google maximize its relationships with its users by including them in the beta development, design and testing stages of new products and enhancements of already existing ones. Similarly, mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene are linked to adenopolyposis colon cancer, with thousands of polyps in colon while young, while mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to early onset of breast cancer. Frequently, new Google enhancements or products appear in its inventory. For instance, individuals who are heterozygous for p53 mutations are often victims of Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and those who are heterozygous for Rb mutations develop retinoblastoma. Analysts speculate that Google's response to Yahoo! will be to continue to make technical and visual enhancements to personalized searches, using the personal data that is gathering from Orkut, Gmail, and Froogle to produce unique results based on the user. Because mutations in tumor suppressers act in a recessive manner (note, however, there are exceptions), the loss of the normal copy creates the cancer phenotype. The logo is notorious among web users for April Fool's Day tie-ins and jokes about the company.

The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent, and a normal copy from another. Not only may decorative drawings be attached to the logo, but as well the font design may mimic a fictional or humorous language such as the Star Trek Klingon[5] and Leet[6]. Members within these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The Google site includes humorous features such as cartoon modifications [4] of the Google logo to recognize special occasions and anniversaries, known as "Google Doodles". Mutation of tumor suppressor genes that are passed on to the next generation of not merely cells, but their offspring can cause increased likelihoods for cancers to be inherited. This is interpreted by some activists as against the "Don't Be Evil" spirit. This is observed in many p53 mutations. Google.cn search results are filtered so as not to bring any results up on Tianamen Square, the independence movements of Tibet and Taiwan, the Dalai Lama (any results describe him as a troublemaker), Falun Gong and anti-Communist information.

However, cases exist in which one loss of function copy of a tumor suppressor gene can render the other copy non-functional, and this is called dominant negative effect. Some controversy has occurred over Google's decision to participate in the Chinese government's Internet censorship policy, colloquially known as "The Great Firewall of China". Each cell has two copies of a same gene, one from each parent, and under most cases gain of function mutation in one copy of a particular proto-oncogene is enough to make that gene a true oncogene, while usually loss of function mutation need to happen in both copies of a tumor suppressor gene to render that gene completely non-functional. Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't Be Evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "red herring" or "S-1") for their IPO, noting "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served — as shareholders and in all other ways — by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains.". Usually, oncogenes are dominant, as they contain gain of function mutations, while mutated tumor suppressors are recessive, as they contain loss of function mutations. Yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness and today the verb "to google" has entered a number of languages first as a slang verb and now as a standard word meaning, "to perform a web search". Often, because these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to genes themselves, the rate of mutations increase as one gets older, because DNA damage forms a feedback loop. Google lost user share of the search market.

It is only when enough proto-oncogenes have mutated into oncogenes, and enough tumor suppressor genes deactivated or damaged, that the signals for cell growth overwhelm the signals to regulate it, that cell growth quickly spirals out of control. At its peak in early 2004, Google handled upwards of 84.7 percent of all search requests on the World Wide Web through its Web site and through its partnerships with other Internet clients like Yahoo!, AOL, and CNN.[3] In February 2004 Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google in order to provide users at its site independent search results and to maintain their loyalty. A mutation to only one tumor suppressor gene would not cause cancer either, due to the presence of many "backup" genes that duplicate its functions. However, the acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine, Google News. For example, a mutation limited to one oncogene would be suppressed by normal mitosis control and tumor suppressor genes, which was first hypothesised by the Knudson hypothesis. Some analysts considered the acquisition inconsistent with Google's business model. In general, mutations in both types of genes are required for cancer to occur. In February 2003, Google acquired Pyra Labs, owner of Blogger, a pioneering and leading weblog hosting Web site.

The invariable consequence of this is that DNA repair is hindered or inhibited: DNA damage accumulates without repair, inevitably leading to cancer. The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. However, a mutation can damage the tumor suppressor gene itself, or the signal pathway which activates it, "switching it off". Patent 6,285,999 describing Google's ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on September 4, 2001. Canonical tumor suppressors include the p53 gene, which is a transcription factor activated by many cellular stressors including hypoxia and ultraviolet radiation damage. U.S. The functions of such genes is to arrest the progression of cell cycle in order to carry out DNA repair, preventing mutations from being passed on to daughter cells. While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.

Often DNA damage will cause the presence of free-floating genetic material as well as other signs, and will trigger enzymes and pathways which lead to the activation of tumor suppressor genes. The model of selling keyword advertising was originally pioneered by Goto.com (renamed Overture, and now Yahoo! Search Marketing)[2]. Generally tumor suppressors are transcription factors that are activated by cellular stress or DNA damage. It also only cost a very small amount per click to the websites that advertised this way. Tumor suppressor genes code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins that suppress mitosis and cell growth. The ads were text-based in order to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. It is only when they become mutated, that the signals for growth become excessive. This strategy was important for increasing advertising revenue, which is based upon the number of "hits" users make upon ads.

The chance of cancer cannot be reduced by removing proto-oncogenes from the genome as they are critical for growth, repair and homeostasis of the body. In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with the search keyword to produce enhanced search results for the user. When this happens, they become oncogenes, and thus cells have a higher chance to divide excessively and uncontrollably. This appearance, while imitating the early AltaVista, had behind it Google's unique search capabilities. Mutations in proto-oncogenes can modify their function, increasing the amount or activity of the product protein. They were attracted to its simple, uncluttered, clean design — a competitive advantage to attract users who did not wish to enter searches on web pages filled with visual distractions. They often produce mitogens, or are involved in transcription of DNA in protein synthesis, which create the proteins and enzymes is responsible for producing the products and biochemicals cells use and interact with. The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users.

Some are responsible for the signal transduction system and signal receptors in cells and tissues themselves, thus controlling the sensitivity to such hormones. Silicon Graphics leased these buildings to Google. Many can produce hormones, a "chemical messenger" between cells which encourage mitosis, the effect of which depends on the signal transduction of the receiving tissue or cells. After outgrowing two subsequent sites, the company settled into a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, in 2003. Proto-oncogenes, promote cell growth through a variety of ways. Google quickly outgrew its University Avenue home. Typically, a series of several mutations to these genes are required before a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell. This unexpected change alienated part of AltaVista's user base.

Proto-oncogenes are genes which promote cell growth and mitosis, a process of cell division, and tumor suppressor genes discourage cell growth, or temporarily halts cell division from occurring in order to carry out DNA repair. Google received a big break in 1999 when one of the most popular search engines, AltaVista, relaunched itself as a user Web entry point, or portal. In order for cells to start dividing uncontrollably, genes which regulate cell growth must be damaged. In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to a number of other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. They formally incorporated their company, Google Inc., on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. Carcinogenesis (meaning literally, the creation of cancer) is the process of derangement of the rate of cell division due to damage to DNA. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997.

Malignant tumors can invade other organs, spread to distant locations (metastasize) and become life-threatening. Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body or invade other tissues, and they are rarely a threat to life unless they extrinsically compress vital structures. (A small search engine called RankDex was already exploring a similar strategy.) Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). (Contemporary search engines essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page.) It was originally nicknamed BackRub because the system checked backlinks to estimate a site's importance. Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes. They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between Web sites would produce better results than existing techniques.

Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. students at Stanford. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Google began as a research project in January 1996 ^[1] by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor and retinoblastoma, and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer. . Female infants and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, but white infants have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types. See Google platform for more details on their technology.

The remainder consists of Wilms' tumor, lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from muscle), retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma^[1]. While the company does not provide detailed information about its hardware, it was estimated in 2005 that they were using over 100,000 Linux machines. Leukemia (usually ALL) is the most common infant malignancy (30%), followed by the central nervous system cancers and neuroblastoma. Google's services are run on several server farms, each consisting of many thousand low-cost commodity computers running stripped-down versions of Linux. The age of peak incidence of cancer in children occurs during the first year of life. multiplex, cineplex, etc). Cancer can also occur in young children and adolescents, but it is rare. As a further play on this, Google's headquarters are referred to as "the Googleplex" — a googolplex being 1 followed by a googol of zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf.

These statistics vary substantially in other countries. The name "Google" is a play on the word "googol," which refers to the number represented by 1 followed by one hundred zeros. The statistics below are for adults in the United States. Eric Schmidt, formerly chief executive officer of Novell, was named Google's CEO when co-founder Larry Page stepped down. On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. The company employs approximately 5,700 employees and is based in Mountain View, California. In the USA and other developed countries, cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths^[2]. public corporation, first incorporated as a privately held corporation in September 1998, that designed and manages the Internet Google search engine.

neuroblastoma and lymphoma. Google Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOG) is a U.S. This nomenclature is however somewhat inconsistent, since several "malignant" tumor growths also have this suffix in their names, e.g. Catalogs: Catalog Search allows the user to search and browse mail-order catalogs. For instance, a benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus is called leiomyoma (the common name of this frequent tumor is fibroid). Non-peer reviewed material is also included in the index. Benign tumors are named using -oma as a suffix. Scholar: Allows users to search some peer-reviewed, scholarly journals.

Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, resembling normal breast ducts. Although it allows you to search specific blogs, this feature is currently malfunctioning. For instance, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast or mammary ductal carcinoma. Results can be sorted by relevance or by date. For common cancers, the English organ name is used. Blogs: Blog Search allows the user to only search blogs based on RSS feeds. For instance, a malignant tumor of liver cells is called hepatocarcinoma; a malignant tumor of the fat cells is called liposarcoma. See Google Video.

Malignant tumors are usually named using the Latin or Greek root of the organ as a prefix and the above category name as the suffix. Videos: Allows the user to limit a search to videos on the Internet; Use Google to find reviews and showtimes for movies playing somewhere near you. The following general categories are usually accepted:. See Google Talk. Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. Talk: Allows users with Gmail accounts to communicate with each other through instant messaging and have online conversations. The following closely related terms may be used to designate abnormal growths:. See Google Desktop.

Galen used "oncos" to describe all tumours, the root for the modern word oncology.^[1]. Desktop: Allows the user to search their computer for files, folders, and emails. It is Celsus who translated carcinos into the latin cancer, also meaning crab. See Google Earth. Today, carcinoma is the medical term for a malignant tumour derived from epithelial cells. Earth: Allows the user to download a program to have a 3D version of satellite pictures. He later added the suffix -oma, Greek for swelling, giving the name carcinoma. Currently it provides full service only in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., and Ireland.

This strange choice of name probably comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with a roundish hard center surrounded by pointy projections, vaguely resembling the silhouette of a crab. See also Google Maps. He called benign tumours oncos, Greek for swelling, and malignant tumours carcinos, Greek for crab or crayfish. Maps include road maps, medium-resolution satellite images, and "hybrid" maps combining both. Hippocrates described several kinds of cancers. Local: Searches for places (such as shops or other landmarks) in a geographical area, and displays maps and driving directions. . See Froogle.

Some of these can be avoidable, and public health and vaccination programmes are important on a global scale. Froogle: Allows the user to shop online searching websites within a user specified budget. Many forms of cancer are associated with exposure to environmental factors, such as tobacco smoking, alcohol, and certain viruses. Google.com.au allows selection criteria for Australia. Most cancers can be treated and many cured, especially if treatment begins early. The search page provides the option for twenty countries. Cancer is mainly a disease of later years, and is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. News: Brings the user directly to the Google News search page, formatted similar to news websites such as MSNBC or BBC News.

If untreated, cancers may eventually cause death. Groups: Allows the user to create, search and browse groups for discussion. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Images: Allows the user to limit a search to images on the Internet; the images are identified by Google by the image name saved on the webpage and context information about the page. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Washington Post 20 September 2005 "Google library push faces lawsuit by US authors". A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of tissue by a pathologist. The Google Print Library Project: A Copyright Analysis - .pdf.

Cancer may be painless. Scout Report "Authors’ group files lawsuit against Google" Sept, 2005. Cancer can cause many different symptoms, depending on the site and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. Drummond, 42, $776K. Some mutations occur spontaneously, or they can be inherited (germ line mutations.). Counsel: David C. These mutations are often caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens. Development, Secretary and Gen.

Several mutations may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. VP of Corp. This unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that control cell division. VP of Worldwide Sales: Omid Kordestani, 41, $572K. Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue (invasion) or by implantation into distant sites (metastasis). Sr. specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as thrombosis or hormonal changes. Page, 32, $1 see [15].

Systemic symptoms: weight loss, poor appetite and cachexia (wasting), excessive sweating (night sweats), anemia and specific paraneoplastic phenomena, i.e. President of Products: Larry E. Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom. President of Technology: Sergey Brin, 31, $1 see [14]. Symptoms of metastasis (spreading): enlarged lymph nodes, cough and hemoptysis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone pain, fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. CFO: George Reyes, 51, $781K. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice. Schmidt, 50, $1 see [13].

Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. CEO: Eric E. Retinoblastoma in young children is an inherited cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis an inherited mutation of the APC gene that leads to early onset of colon carcinoma. Turcot syndrome (brain tumors and colonic polyposis).

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (various tumors such as osteosarcoma, breast cancer, soft-tissue sarcoma, brain tumors) due to mutations of p53. tumors of various endocrine organs in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN types 1, 2a, 2b). certain inherited mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. ability to promote blood vessel growth (angiogenesis).

ability to build metastases at distant sites. ability to invade neighbouring tissues. no ability for contact inhibition. altered ability to differentiate.

increased cell division rate. insensitivity to anti-growth factors. self-sufficiency of growth factors. unlimited growth potential (immortalitization) due to overabundance of telomerase.

evading apoptosis. Choriocarcinoma: malignant tumors derived from the placenta. germ cell tumours: tumors derived from germ cells, normally found in the testicle and ovary. Glioma: tumors derived from brain cells.

Mesothelioma: tumors derived from the mesothelial cells lining the peritoneum and the pleura. Sarcoma: malignant tumors derived from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells. Lymphoma and Leukemia: malignant tumors derived from blood and bone marrow cells. This group represent the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer.

Carcinoma: malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This is inaccurate since some neoplasms usually do not form tumors, for example leukemia or carcinoma in situ. In common language, however, it is synonymous with 'neoplasm', either benign or malignant. Tumor in medical language simply means swelling or lump, either neoplastic, inflammatory or other.

Because of its overwhelming popularity relative to 'neoplasia', it is used frequently instead of 'neoplasia', even by scientists and physicians, especially when discussing neoplastic diseases as a group. Occasionally, it is used instead of carcinoma, a sub-group of malignant neoplasms. Cancer is a widely used word that is usually understood as synonymous with malignant neoplasm. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.

This group contains a large number of different diseases; the usual classification is listed below. Neoplasia and neoplasm are the accurate, scientific names for this group of diseases as defined in the first paragraph above.