Solifugae |
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A Solifugid (plural form Solifugae) is an arachnid belonging to the order Solifugae, latin for They flee from the sun. The order is also known by the names Solpugida, Solifugae, Solpugides, Solpugae, Galeodea, and Mycetophorae. The order includes 900 known species, whose common names include "windscorpion", "sun spider", and "camel spider".
Most solifugae live in tropical or semitropical regions where they inhabit warm and arid habitats, but some species have been known to live in grassland or forest habitats. The most distinctive feature of solifugae is their large chelicerae. Each of the two chelicerae are composed of two articles forming a powerful pincer; each article bears a variable number of teeth. Males in all families but Eremobatidae possess a flagellum on the basal article of the chelicera. Solifugae also have long pedipalps, which function as sense organs similar to insects' antennae. Pedipalps terminate in eversible adhesive organs.
Solifugae are carnivorous or omnivorous, with most species feeding on termites, darkling beetles, and other small arthropods. Prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. The prey is then liquified and the liquid ingested through the pharynx. Reproduction can involve direct or indirect sperm transfer; when indirect, the male emits a spermatophore on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female's genital pore.
As indicated by their name, Solifugae are mostly nocturnal, and seek shade during the day. It is this behavior which led coalition soldiers in the 2003 invasion of Iraq to think these arachnids were attacking them. In reality, they were merely moving toward the newly available shade provided by the soldiers' presence. The absence of shade sends them away.
Solifugae are the subject of many myths and exaggerations about their size, speed, behavior, appetite, and lethality. They are not especially large, the biggest having a legspan of perhaps 5 inches, and although they are fast on land compared to other invertebrates, the fastest can run perhaps 10 miles per hour, a common running speed for many humans. Members of this order of Arachnidae have no venom and do not spin webs. In the Middle East, it is common belief among American soldiers stationed there that Solifugae will feed on living human flesh. The story goes that the creature will inject some anesthetizing venom into the exposed skin of its sleeping victim, then feed voraciously, leaving the victim to awaken with a gaping wound. Solifugae, however, do not produce such an anesthetic, and, like most creatures with any sort of survival instinct, they do not attack prey larger than themselves unless they feel they must, such as situations of defense or protection of young. Due to their bizarre appearance and the fact that they produce a hissing sound when they feel threatened, many people are startled or even afraid of them. However, the greatest threat they pose to humans is their bite in self-defense when one tries to handle them. There is no chance of death directly caused by the bite, but, due to the strong muscles of their chelicerae, they can produce a proportionately large, ragged wound which is prone to infection. While one species, Rhagodes nigrocinctus, does appear to possess venom, its bite is not known to be dangerous to humans.
There are thirteen families belonging to the order Solifugae:
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There are thirteen families belonging to the order Solifugae:. Nelson. While one species, Rhagodes nigrocinctus, does appear to possess venom, its bite is not known to be dangerous to humans. The Gospel according to Oprah by Marcia Z. There is no chance of death directly caused by the bite, but, due to the strong muscles of their chelicerae, they can produce a proportionately large, ragged wound which is prone to infection. Oprah has many books written about her such as. However, the greatest threat they pose to humans is their bite in self-defense when one tries to handle them. Many staffers have said off the record that she can be egotistical and difficult to work with. Due to their bizarre appearance and the fact that they produce a hissing sound when they feel threatened, many people are startled or even afraid of them. For instance, Harpo Productions makes employees sign contracts prohibiting them from disclosing anything about their time employed with her. Solifugae, however, do not produce such an anesthetic, and, like most creatures with any sort of survival instinct, they do not attack prey larger than themselves unless they feel they must, such as situations of defense or protection of young. Winfrey is also charged with being too self-focused and also very insecure. The story goes that the creature will inject some anesthetizing venom into the exposed skin of its sleeping victim, then feed voraciously, leaving the victim to awaken with a gaping wound. Some have said that this trivializes and degrades the various causes they help by turning them into vessels for marketing and have even suggested that it verges on exploitation, especially when children are involved. In the Middle East, it is common belief among American soldiers stationed there that Solifugae will feed on living human flesh. It has also been noted that the occasions on which various guest celebrities on her show "reach out" and perform charitable acts (such as performing for sick children) seem to nearly always coincide with a release of a project in which they have a prominent role (such as starring in a movie or releasing a music album). Members of this order of Arachnidae have no venom and do not spin webs. Winfrey removed the references to Frey's work on the main page of her webpage but left references in the Oprah's Book Club section earlier in the week. They are not especially large, the biggest having a legspan of perhaps 5 inches, and although they are fast on land compared to other invertebrates, the fastest can run perhaps 10 miles per hour, a common running speed for many humans. She also expressed dismay with the publisher for not telling her about the embellishments. Solifugae are the subject of many myths and exaggerations about their size, speed, behavior, appetite, and lethality. While Winfrey initially supported Frey, she reversed only ten days later, confronting him on her show with barely concealed outrage. The absence of shade sends them away. In a more recent controversy, Winfrey's selection of the drug rehab book A Million Little Pieces is under scrutiny, with the online publication The Smoking Gun arguing that its author James Frey is guilty of subterfuge and deceit in composing his allegedly autobiographical memoir. In reality, they were merely moving toward the newly available shade provided by the soldiers' presence. ." he said in a www.Powells.com interview. It is this behavior which led coalition soldiers in the 2003 invasion of Iraq to think these arachnids were attacking them. "She's picked some good books, but she's picked enough schmaltzy, one dimensional ones that I cringe. As indicated by their name, Solifugae are mostly nocturnal, and seek shade during the day. Most notably, one of its attempted selectees, Jonathan Franzen objected to his book The Corrections being chosen, believing that its selection as an Oprah's Book Club book would demean his literary reputation. Reproduction can involve direct or indirect sperm transfer; when indirect, the male emits a spermatophore on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female's genital pore. Oprah's Book Club has occasionally chosen books which have proven to be modestly controversial. The prey is then liquified and the liquid ingested through the pharynx. Some critics say Winfrey makes inadequate reference to women who cheat or may only make cursory comments. Prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. Those about infidelity, for example, often focus either on cheating men or on cheated-on wives. Solifugae are carnivorous or omnivorous, with most species feeding on termites, darkling beetles, and other small arthropods. Some believe there to be a gender bias in some of Winfrey's shows. Pedipalps terminate in eversible adhesive organs. After the trial, she received a postcard from Rosie O'Donnell reading, "Congratulations, you beat the meat!". Solifugae also have long pedipalps, which function as sense organs similar to insects' antennae. After a trial spanning over two months in an Amarillo, Texas court in the thick of cattle country, the jury found on February 26 that Winfrey was not guilty, did not act with malice, and was not liable for damages. Males in all families but Eremobatidae possess a flagellum on the basal article of the chelicera. During a show about mad cow disease with Howard Lyman (aired on April 16, 1996), Winfrey exclaimed, "It has just stopped me cold from eating another burger!" Texas cattlemen sued her and Lyman in early 1998 for "false defamation of perishable food" and "business disparagement," claiming that Winfrey's remarks subsequently sent cattle prices tumbling, costing beef producers some USD$12 million. Each of the two chelicerae are composed of two articles forming a powerful pincer; each article bears a variable number of teeth. Either way, there seems to be no slowing down for Oprah whose followers seem to support her no matter what. The most distinctive feature of solifugae is their large chelicerae. Some feel as if Oprahs influence is irresponsible. Most solifugae live in tropical or semitropical regions where they inhabit warm and arid habitats, but some species have been known to live in grassland or forest habitats. Such heavy influence upon both America and the world has led many to become conscious of her effect on culture. The order includes 900 known species, whose common names include "windscorpion", "sun spider", and "camel spider". Many of her guests have become instant celebrities. The order is also known by the names Solpugida, Solifugae, Solpugides, Solpugae, Galeodea, and Mycetophorae. Oprah's show often contributes to the fabric of American pop culture. A Solifugid (plural form Solifugae) is an arachnid belonging to the order Solifugae, latin for They flee from the sun. Being recognized by Oprah often means a million additional book sales for an author. Solpugidae. The book club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey introduced a new book as her book-club selection, it instantly became a best-seller (known as the Oprah Effect); for example, when she selected the classic John Steinbeck novel East of Eden, it soared to the top of the book charts. Rhagodidae. The segment focused on new books and classics, and often brought obscure novels to popular attention. Mummuciidae. In the late 1990s, Winfrey introduced a new segment on her television show: Oprah's Book Club. Melanoblossidae. Winfrey's prominence as a media personality has led her to be highly influential, both intentionally and unwittingly. Karschiidae. Reportedly, she has recently purchased several properties on Maui, Hawaii. Karschiidae. Oprah's show is based in Chicago, Illinois, so she spends time there but otherwise resides in California. Hexisopodidae. The Angel Network. Gylippidae. Oprah personally covers all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised go to charity programs. Galeodidae. To date, Oprah's Angel Network has raised more than (US)$27,000,000. Eremobatidae. Accordingly, Oprah's Angel Network supports charitable projects and provides grants to nonprofit organizations around the world that share this vision. Daesiidae. In 1998, Oprah began Oprah's Angel Network, a charity aimed at encouraging people around the world to make a difference in the lives of underprivileged others. Ceromidae. "I want you to know, it's really over, whatever you thought was happening," said Winfrey. Ammotrechidae. The episode was hailed by some as the "television event of the decade" and helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers.[7] Although a much-rumored feud was said to have been the cause of the rift, both Winfrey and Letterman balked at such talk. On December 1, 2005, Oprah appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman to promote the new Broadway musical The Color Purple, of which she was a producer, joining the host for the first time in sixteen years. In a later show, Winfrey changed her report of the event and no longer claimed she was denied entrance on account of her race. Winfrey felt she could enter the store after closing time, but when told that they were indeed closed, she claimed she was mistaken for a poor black woman and denied entrance because the store had been "having problems with North Africans lately." In September 2005, Hermès USA CEO Robert Chavez was a guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show and sincerely apologized for not catering to "O" on behalf of the store. Winfrey arrived fifteen minutes after the store's closing time, and the doors were locked while the last of the shoppers were being attended to. In June 2005, Winfrey was allegedly denied access to the Hermès company's flagship store in Paris, France. The jury voted to convict the man of murder.[5] [6]. The trial was held in Chicago, Illinois, and involved a man accused of murder after an argument over a counterfeit fifty-dollar bill. Her celebrity status notwithstanding, the billionaire Winfrey served on the jury of a murder trial jury in 2004. While most people are convinced the relationship is genuine, some speculate that it is more likely a matter of public relations, and, in fact, Graham is the co-founder and owner of his own public relations firm. The relationship of Oprah and Stedman has been documented through the years with numerous romantic tabloid articles often accompanied by color spreads of the couple at home and on lavish vacations. Winfrey has never married but it is widely assumed that she has lived with her partner Stedman Graham for almost twenty years. Winfrey also owns a house in Lavalette, New Jersey. Rumors state that Winfrey was at a party the previous owners were throwing and so fell in love with the estate that she was reported to have purchased it by writing a personal check for $50,000,000 USD, although it was not for sale. She currently lives on "The Promised Land", her 42 acre (170,000 m²) ocean view estate in Montecito, California, outside of Santa Barbara. Oprah Winfrey is believed to own a net worth over $1.3 billion USD according to the 2005 Forbes Magazine Issue. This has fueled a rumour that Winfrey and Cooper are planning to make a movie together. Recently, Winfrey has been interviewed several times by Anderson Cooper, with whom she has completed several side projects. Winfrey's latest television project will be developing and producing a new talk show for popular Food Network celebrity chef, Rachael Ray, which will begin airing sometime in 2006. The book club has since grown to over 800,000 members. Oprah.com averages more than 100 million page views and more than three million users per month. Since then, Winfrey has also used Oprah.com to continue her crusade to help those in need and against pedophiles by raising over 3 million dollars for Katrina victims and helping to capture 3 convicted child predators. That same year, Oprah.com also launched Live Your Best Life, an interactive multimedia workshop based on her sold-out national speaking tour that features Oprah's personal life stories and life lessons along with a workbook of thought-provoking exercises. In 2003, Winfrey relaunched Oprah's Book Club with an online component and it quickly became the largest book club in the world, attracting more than 670,000 members. In addition, the website has unique original content, including Oprah's Book Club, which offers free in-depth reading guides for each book selection, online discussion groups and Q&A sessions with literary experts. It provides comprehensive resources related to The Oprah Winfrey Show and exclusive interactive content based on O, The Oprah Magazine. Oprah.com is a premiere women's lifestyle website, offering advice on everything from the mind, body and spirit to food, home and relationships. She is also a prolific author. Winfrey publishes her own magazines, O, The Oprah Magazine and O at Home. From that show alone, viewers around the world donated over (US)$7,000,000. Throughout the show, Oprah appealed to viewers to donate money to Oprah's Angel Network for poverty-stricken and AIDS-affected children in Africa, and she personally would oversee where that money is spent. In addition, each child was given a backpack full of school supplies and received two sets of school uniforms for their sex, two sets of socks, two sets of underwear, and a pair of shoes. During the 21-day whirlwind trip, Oprah and her crew visited schools and oprhanages in poverty-stricken areas, and at different set-up points in the areas they visited distributed christmas presents to 50,000 children, with dolls for the girls and soccer balls for the boys. In 2004, Oprah and her team filmed and episode of her show entitled Oprah's Christmas Kindness, in which Oprah, her best friend Gail, Stedman, and some crew members travelled to South Africa to bring attention to the plight of young children affected by poverty and AIDS. Winfrey was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for services to television and film. The made-for-television film Their Eyes Were Watching God was based upon a teleplay by Suzan-Lori Parks, and starred Halle Berry in the lead female role. In 2005, Harpo Productions released another film adaptation of a famous American novel, Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). However, despite major advertising, including two episodes of her talk show dedicated solely to the film, it opened to sour critical reviews and poor box-office results, losing approximately $30 million. In the run-up to filming, and in an attempt to break the only field she hadn't conquered -- film stardom -- Oprah lost a great deal of weight and underwent rejuvenative plastic surgery, becoming the Oprah that the public is now accustomed to seeing. Critics said this would not even come close to the experience. To prepare for her role as Sethe, the protagonist and former slave, Oprah experienced a 24-hour simulation of the experience of slavery, which included being tied up and blindfolded and left alone in the woods. In October 1998, Oprah produced and starred in the film Beloved, based upon Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize winning novel of the same name. The Color Purple has now been made into a Broadway musical and opened late 2005, with Oprah credited as a producer. Many believe this was due in part to the Academy's "anti-Spielberg" bias, thinking the film would have been better directed by an African-American. The following year Winfrey was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, but she lost to Anjelica Huston. She earned immediate acclaim as Sofia, the distraught housewife. In 1985, Winfrey co-starred in Steven Spielberg's epic adaptation of Alice Walker's award-winning novel The Color Purple. She is also the president of Harpo Productions (Oprah spelled backwards). As well as hosting and appearing on television shows, Winfrey co-founded the women's cable television network Oxygen. An unofficial Oprah fanclub, also organized a petition drive [4] in 2005, to nominate Oprah for the Nobel Peace Prize. 23, 2004 by E!. The concert was broadcasted in the United States on Dec. There were musical performances by Patti Labelle, Andrea Bocelli, Joss Stone, Chris Botti, Diana Krall, Tony Bennett and others. The 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Concert was hosted by Oprah and Tom Cruise. [3]. She plans to host 140 episodes per season, until her final season, when it will return to its current number, 130. Winfrey recently made a deal to extend her show until the 2010 – 2011 season, by which time it will have been on the air for twenty-five years. During the show each member of the audience received a new Pontiac G6 Sedan; the 276 cars were donated by Pontiac as part of a publicity stunt. Perhaps Oprah's most famous recent show was the first episode of the nineteenth season of The Oprah Winfrey Show in the fall of 2004. Phil, in 2004, which is produced by Winfrey's production company, Harpo Productions. McGraw appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show for several years before launching his own show, Dr. He accepted the invitation and was a resounding success. Phil made such an impression on Winfrey that she invited him to appear on her show. Dr. to help her analyze and read the jury. Phil McGraw's company Courtroom Sciences, Inc. During a lawsuit against Winfrey (see Influence), she hired Dr. As well as the hour-long regular show, she tapes informal discussions or Q&A sessions with celebrity guests after the show, which are broadcast as Oprah After The Show on her Oxygen network. Oprah's trademark in recent years has been her "Wildest Dreams" tour, which fulfills the dreams of many deserving people, be it a new house, an encounter with a favourite performer, or a guest role on a popular TV show, who have been reported to her producers by loving friends and family. Oprah frequently features the plight of others around the world in her show, and uses the show to promote charitable causes. She often interviews celebrities or other issues that involve the celebrity in some way, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse, although more often she focuses on ordinary people that have done extraordinary things or been involved in important current issues. She overcame numerous difficulties in her childhood, including sexual abuse, which has made her want to be an advocate for children as well as women. The Oprah Winfrey Show is extremely successful and popular, in large part due to the fact that Oprah is able to relate to her audience. Winfrey began to do a lot of charity work, and her show featured people suffering from poverty or the victims of unfortunate accidents. By the mid-1990s the shows adopted a more serious format, addressing issues that Winfrey thought were of direct importance and of crucial consequence to women. Originally, the show followed traditional talk show formats. With Winfrey as the host, the show was so successful that it was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, expanded to a full hour, and broadcast nationally beginning September 8, 1986. Her first episode aired on January 2, 1984. In 1983, Winfrey relocated to Chicago, Illinois to host WLS-TV's low-rated half-hour morning talk show, AM Chicago. She was then recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk show, People Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978. She moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to co-anchor the six o'clock news. Working in local media, she was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's WTVF-TV. But her true media career began at age seventeen, working at her high school radio show. In her youth she played games interviewing her corncob doll and the crows on the fence of her family's property. Winfrey's grandmother has said that ever since Oprah could talk, she was "on stage". At age 18, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. Winfrey became an honors student and received a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, a historically Black institution, where she studied communications. Vernon was strict but encouraging, and made her education a priority. Winfrey gave birth to a premature boy who soon died. Oprah became progressively sexually premiscuous, and at age 14, she became pregnant and her mother sent her to live in better conditions with her father, Vernon, in Nashville, Tennessee. Oprah was raped at age 9, and was repeatedly molested by her mother's cousin's boyfriend. While there, she suffered abuse from her comparitively darker skin, such as being forced to sleep on the porch in the cold and other forms of verbal abuse based on her features. At age six, Winfrey moved in with her mother, who was less supportive and encouraging than her grandmother. As a child, Oprah showed signs of extraordinary intelligence and drive, such as learning to read at age two. Winfrey's grandmother taught her to read and took her to the local church, where she was nicknamed "The Preacher" for her ability to recite Bible verses. After Winfrey was born, her mother travelled north for better job opportunities, and Winfrey spent her first six years living with her grandmother. Her parents were unmarried and still teenagers when Oprah was born. Her mother, Vernita Lee, was a housemaid, and her father, Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner and later a barber. The name on Winfrey's birth certificate is Orpah, after the Moabite woman in the Old Testament Book of Ruth, but her family and neighbours would often transpose the R and the P when pronouncing and writing her name; as a result, Oprah eventually became her accepted name. Winfrey was born Orpah Winfrey in Kosciusko, Mississippi to a moderately wealthy, Baptist family. . She is currently ranked as the most powerful celebrity by Forbes magazine[1] as well as the ninth most powerful woman in the world.[2]She is the first African-American woman to become a billionaire. She is currently involved in many business ventures, but is most identified with her massively popular and eponymous talk show. She is one of the most successful entrepreneurs and television personalities in the world. Oprah Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American talk show host and an Academy Award nominated actress. In The Kitchen With Rosie: Oprah's Favorite Recipes, by Rosie Daley and Oprah Winfrey, 1994; ISBN 0679434046. A Journal of Daily Renewal : The Companion to Make the Connection, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1996; ISBN 0786882158. The Uncommon Wisdom of Oprah Winfrey : A Portrait in Her Own Words, by Bill Adler (ed) and Oprah Winfrey, 1997; ISBN 1559724196. Journey to Beloved, by Oprah Winfrey and Ken Regan, 1998; 0786864583. Make the Connection : Ten Steps to a Better Body and a Better Life, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1999; ISBN 0786882980. The Color Purple (1985). Native Son (1986). Throw Momma from the Train (1987) (Cameo). The Lives of Quincy Jones (1990) (documentary). Beloved (1998). Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives (2003) (documentary) (narrator). Brothers of the Borderland (2004) (short subject) (narrator). Emmanuel's Gift (2005) (documentary) (narrator). Charlotte's Web (2006) (voice) (currently filming). Bee Movie (2007) (voice) (currently in pre-production). The W Brewster Place (1989) (also executive producer). Brewster Place (1990-1991). Lincoln (1992) (documentary) (narrator). There Are No Children Here (1993). Before Women Had Wings (1997) (also producer). |