BornholmBornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea. It also refers to Bornholm Regional Municipality, the municipality (Danish, kommune) which covers the entire island, and has county privileges. The island is located to the east of Denmark, the south of Sweden, and the north of Poland (on the map of Denmark to the right, it is not shown in its true location; see the map at the bottom of the article). The main industries on the island include fishing, pottery using locally worked clay, clockmaking and dairy farming. Tourism is important during the summer. The small islands Ertholmene are located 18 km to the north-east of Bornholm. Strategically located in the Baltic Bornholm has been a bone of contention usually ruled by Denmark, but also by Lübeck and Sweden. The castle ruin Hammershus on the northwestern tip of the island gives testimony to its importance. MunicipalityUnofficial flag of Bornholm.Bornholm Regional Municipality is the municipality (Danish, kommune) which covers the entire island, and it has county privileges. It comprises the five former municipalities on the island (Allinge-Gudhjem, Hasle, Nexø, Rønne and Aakirkeby) and the former county. The municipality covers an area of 588 km², and has a total population of 43,347 (2005). Regional mayor is Thomas Thors, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Rønne. Ferry service connects the municipality at the town of Rønne to Świnoujście (Poland), Sassnitz (Germany), Køge (Denmark), and Ystad (Sweden). Coat of arms of the former Bornholm County.Bornholm Regional Municipality will not be merged with other municipalities by January 1, 2007 as the result of nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). HistoryMap of Denmark, Bornholm is to the far rightIn the Old Icelandic sources, its name is Burgundarholm, and Alfred the Great uses the form Burgenda land. Some scholars believe that the Burgundians are named after Bornholm; the Burgundians were a Germanic tribe which moved west when the western Roman Empire collapsed, and occupied and named Burgundy in France. The island was originally part of Scania (Skåneland). When the eastern provinces of Denmark were ceded to Sweden in 1658, Bornholm was returned to Denmark-Norway two years later (along with Trøndelag and Anholt). Bornholm, as a part of Denmark, was captured by Germany relatively early in the Second World War, and served as a lookout post and listening station during the war. The island's perfect central position in the Baltic Sea meant that it was an important "natural fortress" between Germany and Sweden, effectively keeping submarines and destroyers away from Nazi occupied waters. Several concrete coastal installations were built during the war, some of which had tremendous range, but none of them were ever used, and only a single test shot was fired during the occupation. These remnants of Nazi rule has since then fallen into disrepair and are mostly regarded as a novelty. Many tourists visit the ruins each year, providing a useful supplement income to the tourist industry. As it was true about the rest of Denmark, the inhabitants of Bornholm quickly came to accept the Germans. "They don't bother us, we don't bother them" was the unspoken rule of the agreement between commoners and soldiers. German soldiers acted more like tourists than occupants during their stay, and the rough German discipline meant that only few incidents of violence was reported on the island. (No noteworthy resistance from the natives was ever reported by the German officials). On the 22nd of August 1943 a rocket (numbered V83) crashed on Bornholm as part of a test - the warhead was a dummy made of concrete. This was photographed (? Some sources only mention sketches?) by the Danish Naval Officer-in-Charge on Bornholm, Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen. Although this rocket was probably launched from a Heinkel III, this was the first sign British Intelligence saw of Germany's aspirations to develop the flying bombs and rockets - which were to become known as V1 and V2. Bornholm was heavily bombarded by Soviet forces in May 1945. Von Kamft, the German superior officer in charge of the island garrison refused to surrender to Soviet forces, as his orders were to surrender to the Allied Forces. The Germans sent several telegrams to Copenhagen requesting that at least one single British soldier should be transferred to Bornholm, so that the Germans could surrender to the western allied forces instead of the Russians. When Von Kamft failed to provide a written capitulation as demanded by Russian HQ, Soviet aircraft relentlessly bombed and destroyed more than 800 civilian houses, with roughly 3000 more being seriously damaged on the 7th and 8th of May 1945. Eventually, the German garrison did surrender to the Soviet forces, which occupied the island until April 5, 1946. As a result, quite a few natives of Bornholm to this day regard Russians with some suspicion and contempt. As the Russian forces made their presence felt for a whole year while looting and ravaging the Bornholm countryside. In newer times NATO radar installations have been placed on the island. A Russian (Soviet) declaration after World War II states that foreign (read: NATO) soldiers on Bornholm would be a declaration of war against Russia. This has caused diplomatic problems at least twice; once when an American helicopter landed outside the city of Svaneke due to engine problems in a NATO drill over the Baltic Sea, and once (somewhere between 1999 and 2003) when the Danish government suggested total shut down of Almegårdens Kaserne, the local military facility, since "the island could quickly be protected by troops from surrounding areas and has no strategic importance after the fall of the Iron Curtain". Other islands in the Baltic Sea
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This has caused diplomatic problems at least twice; once when an American helicopter landed outside the city of Svaneke due to engine problems in a NATO drill over the Baltic Sea, and once (somewhere between 1999 and 2003) when the Danish government suggested total shut down of Almegårdens Kaserne, the local military facility, since "the island could quickly be protected by troops from surrounding areas and has no strategic importance after the fall of the Iron Curtain". The villain of the week in the anime version of Sailor Moon are called youma, or "monster". A Russian (Soviet) declaration after World War II states that foreign (read: NATO) soldiers on Bornholm would be a declaration of war against Russia. The monster par excellence is the dragon. In newer times NATO radar installations have been placed on the island. It also almost always implies that the creatures are powerful and hostile to the hero (and consequently evil), and must be defeated to progress. As the Russian forces made their presence felt for a whole year while looting and ravaging the Bornholm countryside. "Monster" often, but not always, implies that these creatures are larger than or equal to human size. As a result, quite a few natives of Bornholm to this day regard Russians with some suspicion and contempt. They are also a mainstay of role-playing and video games in general. Eventually, the German garrison did surrender to the Soviet forces, which occupied the island until April 5, 1946. The monsters of Monsters Inc. scare to create the energy to run their secret world, and the furry monsters of Sesame Street live as complete equals to their fellow humans and animals. When Von Kamft failed to provide a written capitulation as demanded by Russian HQ, Soviet aircraft relentlessly bombed and destroyed more than 800 civilian houses, with roughly 3000 more being seriously damaged on the 7th and 8th of May 1945. Occasionally, monsters are depicted as friendly or misunderstood creatures. The Germans sent several telegrams to Copenhagen requesting that at least one single British soldier should be transferred to Bornholm, so that the Germans could surrender to the western allied forces instead of the Russians. Since that era, although the type of monster has changed, it has not disappeared as it did in the late 1940s. Von Kamft, the German superior officer in charge of the island garrison refused to surrender to Soviet forces, as his orders were to surrender to the Allied Forces. At this time, the earlier Universal films were shown on US television by independent stations (rather than being scheduled by a network) by mocking announcers, and these together gained a large number of young fans. Bornholm was heavily bombarded by Soviet forces in May 1945. The British studio of Hammer brought color to the human-sized monster in the late 1950s. Although this rocket was probably launched from a Heinkel III, this was the first sign British Intelligence saw of Germany's aspirations to develop the flying bombs and rockets - which were to become known as V1 and V2. In this age as well, the monster type of the fish-man was developed in the series Creature from the Black Lagoon. This was photographed (? Some sources only mention sketches?) by the Danish Naval Officer-in-Charge on Bornholm, Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen. The tantalizing proximity of other planets brought the notion of alien monsters from outer space to the screen; some were huge, but cheaper movies had those of a more human scale. On the 22nd of August 1943 a rocket (numbered V83) crashed on Bornholm as part of a test - the warhead was a dummy made of concrete. But later there were Japanese, British, and even a Scandinavian giant monster attacking cities. (No noteworthy resistance from the natives was ever reported by the German officials). The first was American: The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms was a dinosaur that attacked a seaport. German soldiers acted more like tourists than occupants during their stay, and the rough German discipline meant that only few incidents of violence was reported on the island. After World War II, however, giant monsters returned to the screen in a pattern that has been causally linked to the invention of nuclear weapons. "They don't bother us, we don't bother them" was the unspoken rule of the agreement between commoners and soldiers. The "monster" cycle eventually played itself out becoming comedic in Abbott & Costello meet Frankenstein of 1948. As it was true about the rest of Denmark, the inhabitants of Bornholm quickly came to accept the Germans. As for giant monsters, the serial Flash Gordon had a man in a monster suit, who played a huge dragon by attacking a doll dressed like the title character. Many tourists visit the ruins each year, providing a useful supplement income to the tourist industry. Gogol, transplanted hands that embodied a malevolent temperament, which would then re-animate in Mad Love, which became another genre. These remnants of Nazi rule has since then fallen into disrepair and are mostly regarded as a novelty. His mad surgeon, Dr. Several concrete coastal installations were built during the war, some of which had tremendous range, but none of them were ever used, and only a single test shot was fired during the occupation. Frankenstein was played by Peter Lorre. The island's perfect central position in the Baltic Sea meant that it was an important "natural fortress" between Germany and Sweden, effectively keeping submarines and destroyers away from Nazi occupied waters. Mummies also became a fearsome type of monster, and a variant of Dr. Bornholm, as a part of Denmark, was captured by Germany relatively early in the Second World War, and served as a lookout post and listening station during the war. The entire notion of the werewolf was introduced by the movies in this era, and a similar type of person afflicted with traits said to come from an animal was presented in Cat People. When the eastern provinces of Denmark were ceded to Sweden in 1658, Bornholm was returned to Denmark-Norway two years later (along with Trøndelag and Anholt). They also made many lesser films, such as Lon Chaney, Jr.'s portrayal of an electrified zombie in Man-Made Monster. The island was originally part of Scania (Skåneland). During the sound era, the film studio Universal specialized in monsters, offering Bela Lugosi's portrayal onscreen of his role in the stage play, Dracula, and Boris Karloff as Frankenstein's monster. Some scholars believe that the Burgundians are named after Bornholm; the Burgundians were a Germanic tribe which moved west when the western Roman Empire collapsed, and occupied and named Burgundy in France. A few dinosaurs were presented by stop-motion animated models, something that was carried over into RKO's King Kong, the first giant monster of the sound era. In the Old Icelandic sources, its name is Burgundarholm, and Alfred the Great uses the form Burgenda land. The film Siegfried featured a dragon that was a giant puppet on tracks. Bornholm Regional Municipality will not be merged with other municipalities by January 1, 2007 as the result of nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). During the age of silent movies, representations of monsters were the size of a person played by an actor in a costume: Frankenstein's monster, the Golem, and vampires are the most well-known ones. Ferry service connects the municipality at the town of Rønne to Świnoujście (Poland), Sassnitz (Germany), Køge (Denmark), and Ystad (Sweden). by Charles Wolfe (London, 2005; and http://www.monstersandphilosophy.com). The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Rønne. Monsters also occur in a variety of philosophical works (Aristotle, Augustine, Montaigne, Locke, Leibniz, Diderot ...); see Monsters and Philosophy, ed. Regional mayor is Thomas Thors, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. Contemporary philosophers such as Lorraine Daston have written at length about the relationship between how society depicts monsters and the role of science in that society. The municipality covers an area of 588 km², and has a total population of 43,347 (2005). Some traces of this classic relation to monsters can be found in the popularity of tabloid newspapers such as the Weekly World News. It comprises the five former municipalities on the island (Allinge-Gudhjem, Hasle, Nexø, Rønne and Aakirkeby) and the former county. This change corresponded with a decline in the popularity of science among the general public. Bornholm Regional Municipality is the municipality (Danish, kommune) which covers the entire island, and it has county privileges. Hyde and Frankenstein. . Jekyll and Mr. The castle ruin Hammershus on the northwestern tip of the island gives testimony to its importance. Notable examples include Dr. Strategically located in the Baltic Bornholm has been a bone of contention usually ruled by Denmark, but also by Lübeck and Sweden. The relationship between science and monstrosity became an important theme in many Victorian-era horror novels, where science was often depicted not merely as studying monsters, but as producing them. The small islands Ertholmene are located 18 km to the north-east of Bornholm. One example is Grendel from Beowulf. Tourism is important during the summer. The hero goes to the monster and slays it. The main industries on the island include fishing, pottery using locally worked clay, clockmaking and dairy farming. They are often a threat which kills victims mercilessly. The island is located to the east of Denmark, the south of Sweden, and the north of Poland (on the map of Denmark to the right, it is not shown in its true location; see the map at the bottom of the article). There is a pattern which many monsters in mythology follow. It also refers to Bornholm Regional Municipality, the municipality (Danish, kommune) which covers the entire island, and has county privileges. Some well known examples are King Kong or the Horta in the Star Trek episode, "The Devil in the Dark". Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea. Occasionally, there are monsters who act out of legitimate motives and their monstrous appearance leads to serious misunderstandings. Åland. The first so-named monstra were the showpieces in traveling carnival freakshows, people afflicted with body deformities or diseases like elephantiasis. Wolin. Ancient peoples considered the birth of "freaks" representations of the wrath of the gods, a demonstration, as it were. Saaremaa, Hiiumaa. Ragnarok in Norse mythology was the final battle between the gods of Asgard and the many monsters of the world. Rügen, Usedom. Many Eastern religions such as Hinduism, as well as ancient religions such as Greek mythology and Norse mythology, depict monsters as the enemies of the gods. Gotland, Öland. Similarly, the monstrous was an important concept on aesthetics during the enlightenment, often closely associated with the wondrous and the sublime. In the Enlightenment, the cabinet of curiosities would often include monsters in amongst the scientific instruments and toys. Monsters were seen as scientific puzzles; things science needed to understand. This connection between monsters and the unknown meant that the monster was an important concept in the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, as Western society began to use science and other academic disciplines to try to understand the unknown. For instance, historically, unexplored areas on maps would be marked indicating that monsters such as dragons lived there. Monsters were often associated with unknown lands and unknown things. Monsters were generally composed under a group that befell humans. At one time, the monster was an important social concept. . The word originates from the medieval vulgar Latin verb monstrare (plural monstrum), which translates as either "to exhibit" or "to point out". Monster is a term for any number of legendary creatures that frequently appear in mythology, legend, and horror fiction. |