Todd Bertuzzi

Bertuzzi was selected to play on the Canadian national men's hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. [3]. Steve Moore's Toronto-based lawyer, Tim Danson, has publicly stated that Moore is skating and doing regular workouts, but continues to suffer concussion-related symptoms.[7]. Noted personalities such as Daniel Baal and Lance Armstrong have denounced probable doping. It's been some tough times, but I've got good family and good friends and good peers in the league that have helped me get over the hump and move forward and come through it." [6]. They attribute those speed increases to better performance-enhancing drugs, possibly not detected by current anti-doping investigations. I know I wish that day never happened. Many commentators have remarked that the average speed at which the Tour is run has continued to rise, whereas improvements in training methods, bicycles etc., on a fairly mature sport, should only yield marginal improvements.

"I'm sure just like Steve Moore and his family, it's been difficult for both parties. Although they intend to test the samples once the new test is ready, it is not clear what actions will be taken if the tests come back positive. On 15 August 2005, Todd broke his 17 month long silence by admitting to his mistake and expressing a desire to move on with his life. However the samples were not tested for EPO, as the test was not ready for use and would not be until after the race completed. This would make him inelligible to file a claim in Canada, as he has given evidence that he does not maintain a primary Canadian residence. In 2004, the UCI introduced a somewhat more rigorous testing program, taking urine samples a few times during the race. The potential second suit may not be heard, as Moore's sworn testimony lists his primary residence to be in Denver, Colorado. Furthermore, it is claimed that EPO is already passé and that other potent blood replacement products that do not increase the hematocrit rates are already in use in the cycling world.

The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge felt that British Columbia was a better venue for the suit.[5] Moore plans to appeal the lawsuit, and file a similar suit against Bertuzzi in British Columbia. This fear is surfacing in other sports, as Major League Baseball and track and field have been dogged by steroid controversies as well in recent years. Also named were Brad May, Brian Burke (the Canucks' general manager at the time of the incident), and the Canucks team. The UCI appears to be too afraid to lose popular Tour riders, and would rather operate under continued controversy than lower participation. On 17 February 2005, Bertuzzi was named in a lawsuit filed by Steve Moore. The UCI has done little to address these problems, taking a sort of "don't ask, don't tell" attitude, and running only a small and semi-voluntary drug testing program that is considered trivial to beat. [3] In the league's decision, they cited many reasons for ending the suspension, such as:. Some claim that EPO use is almost universal.

On 8 August 2005, the NHL announced that Bertuzzi would be allowed to play hockey again at the start of the 2005-06 NHL season. In particular there is continued controversy over the use of EPO, a hormone that increases the amount of red blood cells in the blood and thus offers increased cardiovascular endurance. It was felt that in the gentler European leagues, Bertuzzi would have drawn too much negative publicity. Professional cycling in general has a reputation for being one of the most doped sports. This meant that Bertuzzi could not play hockey in Europe during the lockout. However, during the official announcement of the 2006 Tour route in October 2005, an event that typically highlights the previous year's winner, the Tour management scrubbed all mention of Armstrong from the program. Although Bertuzzi had played in a charity game in Vancouver that was arranged during the 2004-05 NHL lockout, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) had extended his suspension to cover their jurisdiction. Armstrong denied using EPO, and because there was no "counter-sample" to test, the UCI would not sanction him.

The Vancouver Canucks were also fined $250,000 USD, on 11 March 2004 for "...failure to prevent the atmosphere that may have led to [the incident].". This claim was based on a newer test on frozen urine samples that had been kept at the French national dope testing laboratory. Bertuzzi was suspended indefinitely by the NHL, and lost approximately $500,000 USD in pay. In late August 2005, one month after Armstrong's seventh consecutive victory in the Tour, the French sports newspaper L'Equipe claimed to have uncovered evidence that Lance Armstrong used EPO in 1999, before any EPO test had yet been invented. Under Canadian law, if Bertuzzi successfully completes the probation then the criminal record of the incident will be expunged.[2]. While Armstrong had been subjected to urine testing after nearly every stage he raced in the Tour, a urine test for EPO was not available until 2002, and even then the test was unable to detect EPO usage after more than a few days. Bertuzzi was able to arrange a plea bargain with prosecutors, and was given a conditional discharge and one year's probation. Armstrong, wearing the yellow jersey at the time, took umbrage.

On 24 June 2004, the criminal justice branch of the British Columbia Ministry of the Attorney General announced that Bertuzzi was formally charged with assault causing bodily harm. While he stopped short of directly accusing Armstrong of doping, Christophe Bassons (who is widely cosidered to be one of the few members of the 1998 Festina team who did not dope, and a known opponent of doping) wrote a newspaper diary during the 1999 Tour in which he implied that it was impossible to win the Tour without doping. Moore suffered three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial cuts. Other athletes have suggested that Armstrong's performances are unnatural without doping. At this point, Moore's Colorado teammates retaliated against Bertuzzi, jumping on and around the ensuing pile. Simeoni's defamation suit against Armstrong is currently scheduled to be argued in the Spring of 2006. Bertuzzi then either intentionally or accidentally fell forward, his momentum driving Moore into the ice. Although Simeoni has since signed with the Amore e Vita team, the team that also signed Jesus Manzano, it appears unlikely that he will again ride on a major ProTour team.

Moore was instantly knocked unconscious. Simeoni and Armstrong then rejoined the peloton. When Moore ignored him, Bertuzzi punched Moore blindly in the side of the head. Having the race leader in an early break dooms their chances, so the members of the leading group pleaded with Simeoni to return to the peloton and, by implication, to take Armstrong with him. During another Vancouver-Colorado game three weeks after the Naslund hit, on 8 March 2004, Bertuzzi began following Steve Moore down the ice attempting to instigate a fight. In a highly unusual move for a wearer of the yellow jersey, Armstrong himself chased Simeoni and they rode together to join the break. Canucks general manager Brian Burke criticized Moore after the game, calling him "a marginal player", and accusing him of "headhunting"[1]. Shortly thereafter, during the 18th stage of the 2004 Tour, Simeoni broke free of the peloton in an attempt to join a "break" that was up the road.

Canucks head coach Marc Crawford publicly criticized the non-call by the referees on the incident. In a 2003 interview with the French paper Le Monde, Armstrong said that Simeoni was a liar ("menteur absolu"), eventually leading to Simeoni suing him for defamation. This drew the ire of many Vancouver Canucks as their captain was sidelined with a concussion for three games. Armstrong had admitted to using Ferrari's services just before Simeoni's disclosure, leading to questions about whether Armstrong had used EPO. The attending referee's opinion was that the hit was legal and required no penalty, though this was later reviewed by NHL officials, who upheld his decision. He also stated that Ferrari had developed a program for EPO use that would remain undetected. On 16 February 2004, during a Vancouver-Colorado game, Moore injured Vancouver Canucks team captain Markus Näslund with a hard open-ice bodycheck. Michele Ferrari as his source of EPO.

Bertuzzi is one of the league's largest and most feared players, renowned for his thunderous checks. In 2002, Italian cyclist Filippo Simeoni, while under suspension for doping, began to cooperate with prosecutors and implicated Dr. consisting of himself, Markus Näslund, and Brendan Morrison. Controversy continues to surround Lance Armstrong. Bertuzzi plays on the top line of the Vancouver Canucks, sometimes referred to as the West Coast Express. Other members of Cofidis were also implicated by the testimony of fellow rider Philippe Gaumont, who told investigators and the press that doping with steroids, human growth hormones, EPO, and amphetamines was systematic on the team. (Linden has since returned to Vancouver.) Bertuzzi's best season was 2002-2003, when he had 97 points. Millar later admitted to doping with EPO before the 2003 World Championships -- his title was stripped from him, and he was suspended from professional cycling for two years.

Bertuzzi was drafted in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Islanders, but was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in 1998 along with Bryan McCabe for Trevor Linden. In 2004, British cylist David Millar of Cofidis, then the reigning time trial World Champion, was taken in for questioning by French police. . Kelme had refused to renew Manzano's contract after the 2003 season, citing both lack of results and behavioral problems -- Manzano had been kicked out of the 2003 Vuelta a Espana by Kelme, ostensibly for having a girl in his room during the race. 2 February 1975 in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada) is a professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League (NHL), playing for the Vancouver Canucks. In the Spring of 2004, Jesus Manzano, a Spanish rider who had ridden for Kelme from 2000 to 2003, told Madrid sports newspaper As that he had been forced by his former team to take banned substances, and went into considerable technical detail about how riders avoid detection. Todd Bertuzzi (b. Use of prescriptions unmotivated by medical needs, particularly external corticoids which cannot be distinguished from (prohibited) injected ones, has been described by some cycling insiders as a widespread trick.

2004 - Played in NHL All-Star Game. However, sports authorities decided not to apply this article and cleared Armstrong. 2003 - Played in NHL All-Star Game. Although the amount detected both was well below the "positive" threshold and was consistent with the amount that would be used for a topical skin cream, prescriptions must be shown to sports authorities in advance of use (UCI Rules Title XIV Chapter 4 Article 43). 2003 - NHL First All-Star Team. Armstrong explained he had used an external "cortisone" ointment in order to treat a saddle sore, and produced a prescription for it. 1995 - OHL Second All-Star team. An accusation was made against Lance Armstrong during the 1999 Tour, when a glucocorticosteroid was detected in his urine.

Bertuzzi is genuinely remorseful and apologetic for his actions. While Virenque was not sentenced (but had penalties imposed on him by sports authority), the management of Festina, the aides, the doctors, and some pharmacists were found guilty and handed down fines and suspended jail sentences. The commissioner's belief that Mr. During the trial, he confessed to doping himself. Significant uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain caused to Bertuzzi's family. In 2000, he and the management of the Festina team were tried. Lost endorsements (approximately $350,000.00 USD). This denial sounds as convoluted in French as it does in English, and the mock news show Les Guignols de l'Info quickly catapulted the phrase into French popular culture.

Bertuzzi's forfeited salary ($501,926.39 USD). Richard Virenque denied doping himself and said that if he had been doped, it was not willfully (literally, "à l'insu de mon plein gré"). Moore personally. (Daniel Baal, Droit dans le mur). Bertuzzi's repeated attempts to apologize to Mr. Polemics ensued, especially alleging the weakness of UCI's measures compared to the measures decided by the French cycling federation. Bertuzzi serving the 2nd longest, and arguably the most severe suspension in NHL history (13 regular season games, 7 playoff games; a total of 17 months, including the NHL lockout) [4]. In the end the "Tour of Shame" continued after the UCI backed down and promised to limit the heavy-handed actions, although several teams were forced to withdraw from the race.

Weight: 111 kg (245 lb). UCI, the international sport body for cycling, promised tough measures. Height: 190 cm (6 ft 3 in). The Spanish teams quit the Tour in a show of solidarity led by the ONCE team. Shoots: Left. In response the riders started a "sit-down strike" and refused to ride, thereby putting millions of dollars of endorsements and advertising revenue in jeopardy. Position: Right Wing. On July 23, 1998, French police forces acting on search warrants raided several teams in their hotels and found significant quantities of doping products in the hotel and cars of the TVM (cycling team) team.

The team's lawyer was Thibault de Montbrial. Well-known riders on the 1998 Festina team included Laurent Brochard, Christophe Moreau, Didier Rous, Richard Virenque, and Alex Zülle. It was argued that doping was generalized inside the cycling world, at least for racers who wanted to achieve major results. In the 2000 criminal trial that ensued, it became apparent that the management of the Festina team had deliberately organized doping inside the team, including the hiring of a physician (Doctor Eric Rijkaert) because, the director sportif of the team Bruno Roussel later said, it was thought safer for the athletes than if they were left to their own individual doping schemes without competent medical advice.

He later revealed many common practices of the cycling world in his book, Massacre à la Chaîne. On July 8, 1998, a major scandal erupted when French Customs arrested Willy Voet, one of the soigneurs for the Festina cycling team, for the possession of illegal quantities of prescription drugs and narcotics, including erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone and amphetamines. The 1998 Tour de France was perhaps the most scandal-ridden Tour in recent memory. On July 13, 1967, British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux following excessive usage of amphetamines, probably complicated by the now defunct practice of limiting daily water intake to only four bidons, circa 2 litres.

As time went by, riders began using substances as a means of increasing performance rather than dulling the senses, and organizing bodies such as the Tour and the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as government bodies, enacted policies to combat this practice. Early tour riders have been said to have consumed alcohol and used ether among other substances as a means of dulling the agonizing pain of competing in endurance cycling. Analysis of the 2005 competitors shows that:. That said, even a rider who is chosen to ride but does not finish the race will have had to have been very fit to be selected.

To finish the Tour de France, a cyclist must be in a very good physical state. In terms of nationality, riders from France have won most Tours (36), followed by Belgium (18), United States (10), Italy (9), Spain (8), Luxembourg (4), Switzerland and the Netherlands (2 each) and Ireland, Denmark and Germany (1 each). Gino Bartali holds the record of longest time span between titles, having earned his first and last Tour victories 10 years apart (in 1938 and 1948 respectively). Three other riders have managed to win the Tour three times:.

Four other riders have managed to win the Tour five times:. Lance Armstrong (United States) holds the record as the only rider to have won the Tour seven times (consecutively 1999–2005); he retired after the 2005 Tour.
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For the upcoming tour, a route description is given. For previous tours this includes detailed results. Note: Hyperlinked tour numbers point to more information on that particular tour. Terms specific to the Tour de France include:.

Much of the terminology used to describe the Tour de France is frequently used in bicycle racing across the world. As the Tour becomes ever more international and commercial, it remains to be seen whether the customs of the past will continue to be observed. Other riders may just be ill or slightly injured and unwillingly end up as the lanterne rouge. Thus, in the past many riders have attempted to engineer themselves into last place by artificial means.

The money a rider can generate through publicity is much greater if he finishes last than second from last. The rider may just be a lowly domestique, but such is the sympathy of the French public that finishing last is actually very prestigious. The lanterne rouge is the rider ranked last in the general classification, who may wind up in Paris with an overall time five or more hours longer than that of the winner. Unless the final stage is a time trial--or in the case of Pedro Delgado attacking the yellow jersey of Stephen Roche in 1987 on the Champs-Elysées--riders generally do not launch attacks on the leader of the tour on the final stage, giving the leader one final day to bask in the glory of winning the yellow jersey.

One does not attack a leading rider who has suffered a mechanical breakdown or other misfortune, one who is eating in the feed zone or one who is enjoying un besoin naturel (roughly translated to a natural need, the practice of answering nature's call). Whenever reasonably possible, one allows a rider to lead the peloton when the race passes through his home village or on his birthday, and it often happens that the winner of the stage held on Bastille Day is French. The riders, unlike some of their fans, have traditionally tempered their competitiveness and enthusiasm with an elaborate but unwritten code of honor. As word passes that the riders are approaching, the fans begin to encroach on the road until they are often just an arm’s length from the riders.

Any amateur rider or, in fact, just about anyone, is free to attempt the course on his bicycle in the morning, and after that there begins a garish cavalcade of advertising vehicles blaring music and tossing hats, souvenirs, sweets and free samples of all sorts. In the hours before the riders pass, a carnival atmosphere prevails. Millions of spectators line the route every year to see the Tour first-hand, some of them having encamped a week in advance to get the best views. It is said that any rider who has worn the yellow jersey, even for a day, will never go hungry or thirsty again in France.

Any Frenchman who has won the Tour becomes an object of public adoration in his native land. The Tour is immensely popular and important in France, not only as a sporting event but also as a matter of national identity and pride. The Tour alternates between starting inside and outside France; traditionally, the first few stages are in a neighbouring country. In some years, like 2005, there is no prologue.

Usually one town will host the prologue (which is too short to go between towns) and also the start of stage 1. The prologue and first stage of the Tour are particularly prestigious to host. Sometimes the Tour will jump very long distances between stages, requiring a rest day to allow riders to be transported. Whereas formerly each stage would start at the preceding stage's finish line, making a continuous course for the race, nowadays each stage can often start some distance from the previous day's finish, to allow more towns to share in the glory.

To host a stage start or finish brings prestige, and a lot of business, to a town. The Tour usually features only one of these two climbs in a year. Another famous mountain stage is the climb of the Mont Ventoux, often claimed to be the hardest climb in the Tour due to the harsh conditions there. This seems less likely to be repeated, following complaints from the riders.

In 2004, in another experiment, the mountain time trial ended at Alpe d'Huez. The particularly tough climb of Alpe d'Huez is a favourite, providing a stage finish in most Tours. It is unlikely that this would be repeated in the future. Most famously, the final stage of the 1989 Tour saw Greg LeMond overtake Laurent Fignon's overall lead by just 8 seconds, the closest winning margin in the Tour's history.

In recent years the Tour organisers have experimented with holding the final time trial as the final, rather than as the penultimate, stage. (In fact he was caught, he and Roche both finished in the peloton, and Roche thereby won the Tour.). In 1987, with Stephen Roche leading Pedro Delgado by only 40 seconds after the final time trial, Delgado broke away from the peloton on the Champs-Elysées, threatening to snatch victory at the last minute. There have been exceptions, however.

This stage is not usually competitive in terms of the overall lead since it is a flat sprinters' stage, and the leader is likely to have a sufficiently large margin to be unchallengeable. The race takes multiple turns over the avenue, which is lined with enormous spectator crowds. Since 1975, the final stage always finishes on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, which, being cobbled, is an unpleasant surface to cycle on, though not as much as the famous Paris-Roubaix. Jan Ullrich on Team Bianchi in the 2003).

There is, however, no evidence that indicates this is true, and it is more reasonable to conclude that the new rules are simply designed to limit how much time any legitimate contender for the overall win could lose in the TTT stage due to being on a weak team (e.g. Some people speculate that the motivation behind the TTT rule change was an attempt by the race organisers to "Lance-proof" the Tour, limiting how much time Lance Armstrong could gain in this stage. If they finished in sixth place (still assuming two minutes behind the winning team), they would lose only one minute (per the table). However, if they finished two minutes behind (still assuming 14th place), they would only lose the two minutes.

For example, riders on a team that finished in 14th place, six minutes behind the winning team, would lose only two minutes and 20 seconds in the General Classification relative to the winners of the TTT. The following table indicates the time penalty added to the winning team's time that a member finishing with his team will receive, according to his team's placing, if their actual time is greater than the winning team's time plus this penalty. However, since the 2004 Tour, the only riders that necessarily receive actual time are those on the winning team; members on trailing teams (who finish ahead of or with the fifth member of their team) receive either the fifth member's actual time, or a computed time based on the winning team's time plus a penalty based on their team's placing in that stage, whichever is lower. Traditionally, riders received the actual time recorded by the fifth member of their team in that stage.

Members who finish clearly behind the fifth member of their team receive their individual actual time for the stage. Each member of the team who crosses the finish line ahead of or with the fifth (or last, if the team has less than five riders) member of the team is credited with the time of the fifth (last) team member to cross the finish line; this is the middle member of a nine-person team. Often in the first week of the Tour there is a team time trial (TTT). Although other riders had used aerodynamic aids in previous tours, LeMond's aero handlebars and helmet were considered a major factor in his victory.

Fignon wore the yellow jersey for the final stage, with a narrow lead of 50 seconds, and was beaten by LeMond's superior time trial performance. The most recent occasion on which this was done, in 1989, yielded the closest ever finish in Tour history, when Greg LeMond beat Laurent Fignon by eight seconds overall. On a few occasions, the race organisers made the final stage into Paris a time trial. Traditionally the final time trial has been the penultimate stage, and effectively determines the winner before the final ordinary stage which is not ridden competitively.

One of these may be a team time trial (see below). There are usually three or four time trials during the Tour. The purpose of the prologue is to decide who gets to wear yellow on the opening day, and provide a large and prestigious spectacle for one lucky city. Here, riders start in reverse order of race number, meaning the weakest rider on the lowest ranked team will be first off, with the final rider being the defending champion, wearing Number 1.

The first stage of the tour is often a time trial, known as a prologue. In an individual time trial each rider rides individually. With the exception of the now traditional finish at the Champs-Elysées all famous stages, like Alpe d'Huez and Mont Ventoux, are mountain stages, and these often bring out the most spectators who line up the roads by the thousands to cheer and encourage the cyclists and support their favorites. The so called mountain stages are often the deciding factor in determining the winner of the Tour de France.

On ordinary stages that do not have extended mountain climbs, most riders can manage to stay together in the peloton all the way to the finish; during mountain stages, however, it is not uncommon for some riders to lose 40 minutes to the winner of the stage. Some ordinary stages take place in the mountains, almost always causing major shifts in the General Classification. The final kilometre is indicated in the race course by a red triangular pennant - known as the flamme rouge - raised above the road^[2]. A crashed sprinter inside the final kilometre will not win the sprint, but avoids being penalised in the overall classification.

This prevents riders from being penalised for accidents that do not accurately reflect their performance on the stage as a whole given that crashes in the final kilometre can be huge pileups that are hard to avoid for a rider farther back in the peloton. Riders who crash within the last kilometer of the stage are credited with the finishing time of the group that they were with when they crashed. These bonuses generally are a maximum of 20 seconds, and can allow a good sprinter to qualify for the Yellow Jersey early in the Tour. Time bonuses are awarded at some intermediate sprints and stage finishes to the first three riders who reach the specified point.

It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a single group, taking some time to cross the line, but being credited with the same time as the stage winner. This avoids what would otherwise be dangerous mass sprints. While only finishers are awarded sprint points, all riders finishing in an identifiable group (with no significant gap to the rider in front, as determined by race officials) are deemed to have finished the stage in the same time as the lead rider of that group for overall classification purposes. In the first week of the Tour, this usually leads to spectacular mass sprints.

The one who crosses the finish line first wins. The latter is called drafting and is an essential technique. Riders are permitted to touch (but not push or nudge) and to shelter behind each other, in slipstream ^[1]. The real start (départ réel) usually is some 2 to 5 km away from the starting point, and is announced by the Tour director in the officials' car waving a white flag.

In an ordinary stage, all riders start simultaneously and share the road. Its King of the Mountains wears a green jersey. The Giro d'Italia notably differs in awarding the overall leader a pink jersey, having been organized and sponsored by La Gazzetta dello Sport, an Italian sports daily newspaper with pink pages. For example, the Tour of Britain has yellow, green, and polka-dot jerseys with the same meaning as in the Tour de France.

The Tour's jersey colours have been adopted by other cycling stage races, and have thus come to have meaning within cycling generally, rather than solely in the context of the Tour. No jerseys are exchanged in this situation. Sometimes a rider takes the overall lead during a stage and gets sufficiently far ahead of the yellow jersey wearer such that his current time lead is greater than his time deficit to the yellow jersey in the general classification; when this happens, this rider may be referred to as being "the yellow jersey on the road". They also get a high-quality jersey to keep as a souvenir: the ones that are worn get dirty and are sometimes damaged by the day's cycling.

Overnight, a high-quality jersey is printed to be worn the next day. The jersey bears their team logo, and the copy that they are awarded immediately after the stage end must have the logo attached in a matter of minutes, so this is done by a rapid process that can be done in the field but which yields an inferior jersey. A rider who leads a classification for a stage of the Tour gets three copies of the coloured jersey. At the end of the tour an award is given to the rider who was thought to be the most aggressive bike racer throughout the entire three week tour.

While this is usually is given to the winner of the previous stage, it is not always, especially during a mass sprint. Not an actual jersey, a red number is given to and worn by the rider who a panelist of judges deemed the most aggressive bike racer the day before. In this case the leading rider will wear the yellow jersey and the rider placed second in the points competition will wear the green jersey. For example, in the first week it is common for the overall classification (yellow jersey) and points (sprint) competition (green jersey) to be led by the same rider.

Where a single rider leads in the competition for more than one jersey, they wear the most prestigious jersey to which they are entitled, and the second-placed rider in each of the other classifications becomes entitled to wear the corresponding jersey. Jerseys are awarded in a ceremony immediately following the stage, sometimes before trailing riders have finished the stage. The rider leading a classification at the end of a stage is required to wear the corresponding jersey during the next stage. Often, therefore, national championship titles are held by domestiques or young, "up-and-coming" riders.

National championships are held the weekend before the tour starts, and many of the tour favourites and team leaders do not compete in them. National time-trial champions are allowed to wear their national jerseys in time-trial stages only. As in all road races, current national road race champions can wear their national jerseys in "ordinary stages"; the current world champion can wear the rainbow jersey. This was abolished in the same year as the red jersey.

The jersey design was a patchwork, with areas resembling each individual jersey design. There also used to be a combination jersey, scored on a points system based on standings for the yellow, green, red, and polka-dot jerseys. The red jersey was abolished in 1989. The sprints remain, with all these additional effects, the most significant now being the points for the green jersey.

These sprints also scored points towards the green jersey and bonus seconds towards the overall classification, as well as cash prizes offered by the residents of the area where the sprint took place. Historically, there was a red jersey for the standings in non-stage-finish sprints: points were awarded to the first three riders to pass two or three intermediate points during the stage. The team classification is not associated with a particular jersey design. The Tour currently has 21 teams of 9 riders each (when starting), each sponsored by one or more companies - although at some stages of its history, the teams have been divided instead by nationality.

For this classification, the time of the first three riders from each team is added after each stage. Finally, there is a team classification. The rider with most points in total gets a white-on-red (instead of a black-on-white) identification number. Each day, a group of judges awards points to riders who made particularly attacking moves that day.

Two lesser classifications are that for the maillot blanc (white jersey), which is like the yellow jersey, but only open for young riders (those who are less than 25 years old on January 1 of the year the Tour is ridden), and that for the "fighting spirit" award which goes to the most combative rider. See also: Climbing specialist (cycling)
. Two riders have won the "King of the Mountains" six times: Federico Bahamontes (Spain) in 1954, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964; and Lucien Van Impe (Belgium) in 1971, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983; while Richard Virenque (France) won his record-breaking seventh title in 2004 (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004). The colours were decided by the then sponsor, Poulain Chocolate, to match a popular product.

Although the best climber was first recognized in 1933, the distinctive jersey was not introduced until 1975. Additionally beginning in 2004, points scored on the final climb of the day were doubled if said climb was at least a second category climb. Further points over a fourth category climb are only for the top three places while on a hors category climb the top ten riders are rewarded. In 2004, the scoring system was changed such that the first rider over a fourth category climb was awarded 3 points while the first to complete a hors category climb would win 20 points.

A fifth category, called Hors categorie (outside category) is formed by mountains even more difficult than those of the first category. The climbs are divided into categories from 1 (most difficult) to 4 (least difficult) based on their difficulty, measured as a function of their steepness and length. At the top of each climb in the Tour, there are points for the riders who are first over the top. The "King of the Mountains" wears a white jersey with red dots (maillot à pois rouges), referred to as the "polka dot jersey".

See also: Cycling sprinter
. The German rider Erik Zabel has won the most green jerseys with six consecutive wins from 1996 through 2001. Additional points are available at intermediate sprint contests, usually occurring 2 or 3 times in each stage at pre-determined locations; currently 6, 4 and 2 points are available to the first 3 riders at each sprint. Points are also awarded for individual time trial stages: 15 for the winner down to 1 for the 10th rider.

This is because, generally speaking, the more mountainous a stage is, the less likely the chance of a sprint finish between many riders. The number of points for each place and the number of riders rewarded varies depending on the type of stage - flat stages give the winner 35 points down to 1 point for the 25th rider; medium mountain stages give the winner 25 points down to 1 point for the 20th rider; high mountain stages give the winner 20 points down to 1 point for the 15th rider. At the end of each stage, points for this jersey are gained by the riders who finish first, second, etc. The maillot vert (green jersey) is awarded for sprint points.

The colour of the leader's jersey was originally a reference to the newspaper which sponsored the race, which had yellow pages.
. However, these bonuses are rarely significant enough to cause major upset in the classement géneral (general classification). As of 2005, the first 3 places to finish are awarded bonuses of 20, 12 and 8 seconds respectively, while the first 3 places at intermediate sprints are awarded 6, 4 and 2 seconds. Additional time bonuses, in the form of a number of seconds to be deducted from the rider's overall time, are available to the first 3 riders to finish the stage or cross an intermediate sprint (see below).

Desgrange added the yellow jersey in 1919 because he wanted the race leader to wear something distinctive and because the pages of his magazine, L'Auto, were yellow. The rider with the lowest total time is the leader, and at the end of the event is declared the overall winner of the Tour. It is awarded by calculating the total combined race time up to that point for each rider. The maillot jaune (yellow jersey), worn by the overall time leader, is most prized.

If a single rider is entitled to wear more than one jersey (for example, both overall leader and King of the Mountains), he wears the most prestigious one with the second place holder in the category wearing the other. The current holder of the prize is required to wear the jersey when racing. Generally a colored jersey is associated with each prize. Since 1984 there has been a Tour de France for women, La Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale or simply Le Tour Féminin.

The Giro d'Italia, Tour de France and World Cycling Championship constitute the Triple Crown of Cycling. Other major stage races include the Giro d'Italia (Tour of Italy) and the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain). (A notable exception in recent years being the late Marco Pantani, the winner in 1998, who was a mountain climbing specialist.). Although the tour is often won in the mountain stages, the length and variety of terrain ensures that only an all-round rider can win the race.

The most famous mountains are those in the hors-categorie (peaks where the difficulty in climbing is beyond categorization), including the Col du Tourmalet, Mont Ventoux, Col du Galibier, the Hautacam and Alpe d'Huez. Next year's race can be expected to visit those two mountain ranges in the reverse order.) Some of the visited places, especially mountains and passes, recur almost annually and are famous on their own. (For example, the most recent Tour (2005) was a clockwise direction Tour - visiting the Alpes first and then the Pyrenees. The itinerary the race changes each year and alternates between clockwise and anti-clockwise direction around France.

With the variety of stages, sprinters may win stages, but the overall winner is almost always a master of the mountain stages and time trials. The remaining stages are held over relatively flat terrain. During the Tour, various stages occur, including a number of mountain stages, individual time trials and a team time trial. The traditional finish is in Paris on the Champs-Élysées.

This was scrapped in 2005, with the presumption that future editions will see the prologue reinstated. In recent years, the first stage had been preceded by a short individual time trial (1 to 15 km), called the prologue. The three weeks usually includes two rest days, which are sometimes used to transport the riders long distances between stages. Most stages take place in France though it is very common to have a few stages in nearby countries, such as Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany as well as non-neighbouring countries such as the Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom (visited in 1974 and 1994) and the Netherlands.

Even when commercial cycling teams had become commonplace in other events, the Tour was contested by national teams for several years during the 1950s and early 1960s. The Tour is nowadays contested by professional teams backed by commercial sponsors, but the event began as a race for individuals; slipstreaming and other team tactics were initially savagely condemned by Desgrange, and he only accepted their inevitability during the 1920s. The leaders of these competitions are represented by certain coloured jerseys; see below for more information. In addition to the race for the overall win, there are several additional competitions.

Although the number of stages has varied in the past, recently the Tour has consisted of about 20 stages, with a total length of between 3,000 and 4,000 km (1800 to 2500 mi). Winning a Tour de France stage is considered a great pro cycling achievement, more prestigious than winning most single day races, regardless of one's overall standing in the GC. It is possible to win the overall race without winning any individual stages (which Greg LeMond did in 1990). The overall winner is the one who is ranked first on GC at the end of the final stage.

The ranking of the riders according to accumulated time is known as the General Classification, or GC. The amount of time it takes each rider to complete each stage is noted, recorded and accumulated. The Tour is a "stage race", divided into a number of stages, each being a race held over one day. Today, the Tour is organised by the Société du Tour de France, a subsidiary of Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), which is part of the media group that owns l'Équipe.

The record circulation claimed by Desgrange was 854,000, achieved during the 1933 Tour. Promotion of the Tour de France certainly proved a great success for the newspaper; circulation leapt from 25,000 before the 1903 Tour to 65,000 after it; in 1908 the race boosted circulation past a quarter of a million, and during the 1923 Tour it was selling 500,000 copies a day. L'Auto announced the race on January 19, 1903. The idea for a round-France stage race is also credited to one of his journalists, Géorges Lefèvre, with whom Desgrange had lunch at the Café de Madrid in Paris on 20 November 1902.

The Tour was founded as a publicity event for the newspaper L'Auto (ancestor of the present l'Équipe) by its editor and co-founder, Henri Desgrange, to rival the Paris-Brest et retour ride (sponsored by Le Petit Journal), and Bordeaux-Paris. .
. It is also the world's largest annual pro sporting event, measured in the number of viewers.

Only the best cycling teams in the world are chosen to compete and competitors must have an invitation to enter the race. The Tour de France, in contrast, has long been a household name around the globe, even amongst people who are not generally interested in pro cycling, and is for cycling what the FIFA World Cup is to football (soccer) in terms of global popularity. While the other two European Grand Tours are well-known in Europe and attract many professional cyclists, they are relatively unknown outside the continent, and even the UCI World Cycling Championship is only familiar to cycling enthusiasts. The Tour de France is by far the most prestigious of all cycling competitions in the world.

The most recent Tour was the 2005 Tour de France. It has been held annually since 1903, interrupted only by World War I and World War II. The Tour de France (French for "Tour of France"), often referred to as La Grande Boucle, Le Tour or The Tour, is a long-distance road bicycle racing competition for professionals held over three weeks in July in and around France. The "average" rider in 2005 was 1.79 metres (5 ft 10 in) tall, weighed 71 kg (157 lb, 11 stone 3 lb), and had a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute.

Chris Horner and Laurent Lefevre shared the lowest resting heart rate, 35 beats per minute. The lightest was Leonardo Piepoli at 57 kg (126 lb or 8 stone 14 lb). The heaviest rider was Magnus Backstedt at 95 kg (209 lb or 14 stone 13 lb). The shortest was Samuel Dumoulin at 1.58 metres (5 ft 2 in).

The tallest rider was Johan van Summeren at 1.98 metres (6 ft 5.5 in). French racer Adolphe Helière drowned at the Côte d'Azur during a rest day. 1910: Hors Categorie. 1935: Spanish racer Francesco Cepeda died after plunging down a ravine on the Col du Galibier.

His death prompted tour officials to begin a programme of drug testing. Amphetamines and alcohol were found in Simpson's jersey and bloodstream. 1967: Friday July 13, Stage 13: English rider Tom Simpson died of heart failure on the ascent of Mont Ventoux. Casartelli, not wearing a helmet, received massive trauma to the top of his head from a concrete block and died on the scene.

1995: July 18, stage 15: Italian racer Fabio Casartelli crashed at approximately 88 km/h descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet. Greg LeMond (USA) in 1986, 1989, and 1990. Louison Bobet (France) in 1953, 1954, and 1955;. Philippe Thys (Belgium) in 1913, 1914, and 1920;.

Miguel Induráin (Spain) in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995 (the first to do so in five consecutive years). Bernard Hinault (France) in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985;. Eddy Merckx (Belgium) in 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1974;. Jacques Anquetil (France) in 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964;.

lanterne rouge - meaning "red lantern" (as found at the end of a rail train), the name for the overall last-place rider.

Further information: Tour de France#Culture and Customs

2005 to present Christian Prudhomme. 1989 to 2005 Jean-Marie Leblanc. 1988 to 1989 Jean-Pierre Courcol. 1987 to 1988 Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet.

1962 to 1986 Jacques Goddet and Felix Levitan. 1947 to 1961 Jacques Goddet. 1903 to 1939 Henri Desgrange.