Argentina

It is also home to one of the largest mosques in Latin America, serving Argentina's small Muslim community. [24]. The country also hosts the largest Jewish population in Latin America, about 395,379 strong. He has since plead guilty to five counts of wire fraud and one count of filing a false tax return related to embezzlement and theft from Wal-Mart while serving as a member of its board. Traditional Protestant communities are also present. Former members of the board of directors of Wal-Mart include Hillary Clinton (1985-1992), who also worked for Wal-Mart as a lawyer, [22] and Tom Coughlin, who went on to be vice chairman [23]. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) number over 330,300, the seventh largest concentration in the world[3]. The presence of unions and the difficulty obtaining building permits are two possible reasons for this lack of success.

Evangelical churches gained a place in Argentina especially since the 1980s and now number more than 3.5 million or 10%. In Germany, however, after eight years in the market, Wal-Mart's yearly revenue is still less than one-tenth of the leading retailer, EDEKA. Roman Catholicism is supported by the state, as stipulated in the Constitution. ASDA in the United Kingdom is the largest of the international businesses by sales. The majority of Argentina's population (80%) is at least nominally Roman Catholic. Dollars):. Argentina is an overwhelmingly Christian country. Current store counts and revenue for Fiscal Year Ending January 31, 2005 (revenue amounts in U.S.

The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, with most speakers located in the basin of the Río de la Plata. Wal-Mart operates 5 major retail formats under 3 retail divisions:. Argentina is the largest Spanish-speaking community that employs voseo (the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú, associated with some alternate verb conjugations). He believes that Wal-Mart is merely a symbol of capitalism and success that leftists attack in order to associate capitalism with "exploitation" and "unfairness" to further their own big government/socialists objectives. There are, for example many Welsh-speaking villages in Patagonia and German-speaking cities in Córdoba and Buenos Aires. He compares this criticism to the same attacks upon Hummer SUVs while ignoring the issues with many other gas guzzling competitors like old cars the poor could only afford. The only official language is Spanish, although some immigrants and indigenous communities have retained their original languages in specific points of the country. According to Jay Nordlinger of the National Review, criticism of Wal-Mart is more about what Wal-Mart represents; the sucess of capitalist enterprise and how Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in the world rather than what it actually does.

Also see the list of people from Argentina. Specific areas of controversy include the company's product selection; treatment of suppliers, competitors, and employees; impact on local communities, and effects on world trade and globalization. For the traditional Buenos Aires dance, see tango. Some praise Wal-Mart for benefiting consumers, while other criticise it for being harmful to employees, the community, the economy, and the environment. For a prevalent custom among Argentines, see mate. [20]. See also the articles on the cuisine, the music, and the football of Argentina. [19] And, this savings has the largest effect on the poor since the average Wal-Mart customer earns $35,000 a year, compared with $50,000 at Target and $74,000 at Costco.

Musicians such as Martha Argerich and composers like Lalo Schifrin have become internationally famous. However, that $4.7 billion is overwhelmingly offset by the $263 billion it has saved Americans from spending from 1985 to 2004, ($2,329 per houshold) according to a Global Insight study. European classical music is well-considered in Argentina, with the Colón Theater one of the best opera houses in the world. The efficiencies created 210,000 jobs that would not otherwise exist, but at the same time reduced take-home pay for all retail workers (including the company’s competitors) by $4.7 billion. Buenos Aires is also considered the techno/electronica country in Latin America, that started with little raves, and nowadays is home of important events such as Creamfields (which has the world record of 65,000 people), South American Music Conference and many more. Wal-Mart increased net consumer purchasing power by $118 billion in 2004. First during the 1970s and then again at the mid 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, national rock and roll and pop music experienced bursts of popularity, with many new bands (such as Soda Stereo and Sumo) and composers (like Charly García and Fito Páez) becoming important referents of national culture. Additional findings from the Global Insight study include: Wal-Mart increased the US economy's overall productivity by three-quarters of a percent by highly efficient distribution systems and pressure on suppliers to be more efficient.

Since the 1970s rock and roll is also widely appreciated in Argentina. The study indicates that "nominal wages are 2.2% lower, but given that consumer prices are 3.1% lower, real disposable income is 0.9% higher than it would have been in a world without Wal-Mart." (Global Insight Study). Tango lyrics can be considered a kind of poetry. Also in that time period, it is responsible for the creation of 210,000 net jobs for the economy. It must be noted that while tango refers mostly to a particular dancing music for foreigners, the music together with the lyrics (often sung in a kind of slang called lunfardo) are what most Argentinians primarily mean by tango. From 1985-2004, Wal-Mart "can be associated with a cumulative decline of 9.1% in food-at-home prices, a 4.2% decline in commodities (goods) prices, and a 3.1% decline in overall consumer prices" and, that this has saved consumers $263 billion in that time frame ($2329 per household). In modern Argentina, tango music is enjoyed in its own right, especially since the radical Astor Piazzolla redefined the music of Carlos Gardel. economy (Several notable economists oversaw the study, including both political conservatives and liberals [18]).

The best-known element of Argentine culture is probably their music and dance, particularly tango. A 2005 study by Global Insight, the world's largest economics organization, that was commission by Wal-mart found that the company has had a positive net economic impact on the U.S. The city of Mar del Plata organizes its own festival dedicated to this art. In 2004, the University of California, Berkeley published a study which asserted that Wal-Mart's low wages and benefits resulted in an increased burden on the social safety net, costing California taxpayers $86 million.[17]. Even low-budget productions, however, have obtained prizes in cinema festivals (such as Cannes). Basker's study did not distinguish between low-paying and high-paying jobs. Argentine cinema has achieved international recognition with films such as "The Official Story" and "Nine Queens", though it has only rarely been taken into account by mainstream popular viewers who prefer Hollywood-type movies. Basker concluded that the net change in the number of jobs was not significant.

Buenos Aires is undeniably the most European city in South America, due both to the prevalence of people of Italian and Spanish descent and to conscious imitation. Basker found an average decrease of 30 retail jobs in neighbouring counties and 25 wholesale jobs in the entered county. Argentine culture has been primarily informed and influenced by its European roots. Half of this increase disappeared as other retail establishments closed over a five-year period. There was a substantial immigration from other Latin American countries during the 1990s from Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile number about 2,000,000 and 4,000,000. Basker found that Wal-Mart's entry into a county increased net retail employment in that county by 100 jobs in the short term. There are also smaller numbers of people from the Indian subcontinent. A 2002 study[16] by Emek Basker of the University of Missouri examined the impact of Wal-Mart on local employment.

The first Asian-Argentines were of Japanese descent, but Koreans, Vietnamese, and Chinese soon followed. The next largest employer employed the parents of less than 800 children in the program.[15]. Small numbers of people from Far East Asia have also settled Argentina, mainly in Buenos Aires. More than 10,000 children who qualified for the program had parents working at Wal-Mart. Middle Eastern immigrants, including Syrians, Lebanese, Turks, number about 500,000, mainly in urban areas. In 2002, the state of Georgia's survey of children in the state's subsidized health care system, PeachCare, found that Wal-Mart employed more of the parents of these children than any other employer. It is the largest Jewish community in Latin America and fifth largest in the world. Dean found that point out that though Wal-Mart openings cause some small businesses to close by offering lower prices, it also creates opportunities for other small businesses and that as a result, "the process of creative destruction unleashed by Wal-Mart has no statistically significant impact on the overall size of the small business sector in the United States" (the researchers also claim that the Stone study is flawed) [14].

The overwhelming majority of Argentina's Jewish community, numbering about 395,379 [2], also derives from immigrants of Northern and Eastern European origin — Ashkenazi Jews. Sobel and Andrea M. Other important immigrant groups came from Germany (German colonies were settled in the provinces of Entre Ríos, Misiones, Formosa, Córdoba and the Patagonian region, as well as in Buenos Aires itself), France (mostly settled in Buenos Aires city and province), Scandinavia (especially Sweden) the United Kingdom and Ireland (Buenos Aires and Patagonia) and Eastern European nations, such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine and the Balkans region (especially Croatia and Serbia) and others. In 1997, Stone found that small towns "lose up to 47 percent of their retail trade after 10 years of Wal-Mart stores nearby."[12] In [2003], Stone collaborated with collaborated with Georgeanne Artz, also of Iowa State University and Albert Myles of Mississippi State University to show that there "are both positive and negative impacts on existing stores in the area where the new supercenter locates."[13] A study by Russell S. The Patagonian Chubut Valley has a significant Welsh-descended population and retains many aspects of Welsh culture. Stone of Iowa State University has published several studies on Wal-Mart. Waves of immigrants from European countries arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kenneth E.

As of 2001, 2.8% of Argentine households include at least one person that identifies as belonging to an indigenous group. Several studies have been conducted to determined the nature and extent of this effect. The indigenous Amerindian (poorly estimated between 1.5% and 5%) and identifiably mestizo populations (estimated at around 13%) are concentrated in the provinces of the north, northwest and south. As Wal-Mart is an enormously large business, it has a significant impact on economies, especially in the United States. Those who claimed their ancestry as Spanish — or Spanish and another ancestry, such as Spanish-Italian — were most likely to have some remnant Amerindian ancestry; a legacy of the almost complete absorption of colonial Argentina's mestizo majority by the post-colonial mass migratory influx of Europeans. Deaver who formerly worked on behalf of Ronald Reagan, Leslie Dach who worked on behalf of Bill Clinton, and Robert McAdam who worked on behalf of the Tobacco Institute [11]. Recent genetic research suggests that around 56% of Argentinians, however, possess at least some indigenous Amerindian ancestry [1]. Operatives hired include Michael K.

The basic demographic stock (85% of the population) is made up of descendants of the Spanish colonists, augmented by descendants of later Italian, Spanish and other European settlers. Edelman has set up an internal "war room", a rapid-response public relations team, staffed with high-profile political operatives to respond to negative media attention. Unlike most of its neighbouring countries, Argentina's population descends overwhelmingly from Europeans. It was reported in the New York Times on November 1, 2005 that in response to increased criticism the public relations firm Edelman had been retained. Some of them are homeless, and there is at least one small non-profit humanitarian organisation which distributes free food to some of them most days of the week. In 2005, Wal-Mart officials embarked on a public relations campaign to counter some of the criticism it receives, through its public relations website as well as through television commercials which show employees who have had a medical emergency and have been sent by Wal-Mart to the Mayo Clinic. The situation in 2005 is much improved, but there are still large numbers of unemployed people that beg for some money or food, especially in the outskirts of Buenos Aires. Different explanations have been offered for this success:.

The influx of foreign currency from exports created such a huge trade surplus that the Central Bank was forced to buy dollars from the market, which it continues to do at the time, to be accumulated as reserves. Its stock has dropped more than 20% since then, closing under $50 in August 2005. Capital flight decreased, and foreign investment slowly returned. Since then its stock has climbed from 5 cents (split adjusted) to a high of $63 in March 2002. In 2003, import substitution policies and soaring exports, coupled with a lower inflation and expansive economic measures, triggered a surge in the GDP, which was repeated in 2004, creating jobs and encouraging internal consumption. Wal-Mart went public in 1975. However, careful spending control and heavy taxes on now soaring exports gave the state the tools to regain resources and conduct monetary policy. Sam Walton's family's holdings in Wal-Mart if combined would comprise the nation's largest fortune; at $100 billion combined they are significantly ahead of Bill Gates.

By 2002 Argentina had defaulted on its debt, its GDP had shrunk, unemployment was over 18%, the peso had devalued 75% after being floated, and inflation was hitting again. Wal-Mart also does 20 percent of the retail toy business. Inflation dropped and GDP grew, but external economic shocks and failures of the system diluted its benefits, causing it to crumble in slow motion, from 1995 and up to the collapse in 2001. $51 billion). The government then embarked on a path of trade liberalisation, deregulation, and privatisation. Wal-Mart is now the largest grocery chain in the U.S., with 14 percent of all grocery sales -- nearly twice the sales of Kroger ($95 billion vs. dollar and limited the growth in the monetary base. workers.[5] According to Wal-Mart's website, Wal-Mart provides insurance to more than 1 million people.[6].

S. According to an October 2005 article in BusinessWeek, Walmart's health insurance covers 44% or approximately 572,000 of its 1.3 million U.S. In 1991, the government pegged the peso to the U. At some Sam's Club these employees inspect the contents of the shopping carts of exiting customers. Since the late 1970s the country piled up public debt and was plagued by bouts of high inflation. All Wal-Mart stores in the United States have employees referred to as "People Greeters." They welcome people to the store and help prevent shoplifting. Today, while a significant segment of the population is still financially well-off, they stay in sharp contrast with millions who live in poverty or on the brink of it. Wal-Mart refers to its employees as "associates," and encourages managers to think of themselves as "servant leaders." Each shift at every store, club, and distribution center (theoretically) starts with a store-wide meeting where managers discuss with hourly employees daily sales figures, company news, and goals for the day.

The country historically had a large middle class, compared to other Latin American countries, but this segment of the population was decimated by a succession of economic crises. However, this proposal was rejected by the city councillors [4] on June 28, 2005 for several reasons including worry over the possible negative impact to small businesses and a potential increase in traffic as customers drive longer distances to go shopping. Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. This design, too, included wind turbines, geothermal heating and collecting rainwater. Its area is about 2 km², and the population about 200 people. An environmentally-friendly design for a Wal-Mart in Vancouver, BC, Canada was proposed. According to the terms of the agreement, Martín García is to be devoted exclusively to a natural preserve. Critics, such as the Institute for Local Self-reliance [3], while acknowledging that the features in the new stores are an improvement, still contend that Wal-Mart practices increase driving, and that it has a poor record of locating stores on environmentally sensitive sites, especially wetlands.

An agreement reached by Argentina and Uruguay in 1973 reaffirmed Argentine jurisdiction over the island, ending a century-old dispute between the two countries. The buildings also include many other energy and cost-saving technologies. It is situated near the confluence of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, a mere kilometre inside Uruguayan waters, about 3.5 km from the Uruguayan coastline, near the small city of Martín Chico (itself about halfway between Nueva Palmira and Colonia). Recently, Wal-Mart has designed two experimental stores [2], one in McKinney, Texas, the other in Aurora, Colorado, which feature wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, and biofuel-capable boilers. There is one Argentine exclave: the island of Martín García (co-ordinates 34°11′S 58°15′W). The WFF has also donated to advocacy groups promoting school privatization, such as a $3 million donation in 2003 to the Knowledge Is Power Program. The Argentine climate is predominantly temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to arid/sub-Antarctic in far south. From 1998 through 2003, the WFF contributed $25,000 to the Heritage Foundation, $15,000 to the Cato Institute, $125,000 to the Hudson Institute, $155,000 to the Goldwater Institute, $70,000 to the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, $300,000 to the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, $185,000 to the Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, and $350,000 to the Evergreen Freedom Foundation.

The latter two flow together before meeting the Atlantic Ocean, forming the estuary of the Río de la Plata. Also in 2004, Alice Walton donated $2.6 million to the Progress for America PAC, which supported the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. Major rivers include the Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. Walmart's company political action committee, the second largest corporate donor to the GOP, gave away $2.1 million in 2004, compared to $100,000 in 1994. Argentina can roughly be divided into three parts: the fertile plains of the Pampas in the central part of the country, the centre of Argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in the southern half down to Tierra del Fuego; and the rugged Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point being the Cerro Aconcagua at 6,960 m. The Walton Family Foundation (WFF) gave away $106.9 million in 2003, twice as much as in 2000. In descending order by number of inhabitants, the major cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, La Plata, Tucumán, Mar del Plata, Salta, Santa Fe, and Bahía Blanca. According to the November 21, 2005 issue of The Nation, recently both the Arkansas-based company and the Walton family have elevated their charitable giving.

The general layout of the cities is called a damero, that is, a checkerboard, since it is based on a pattern of square blocks, though modern developments sometimes depart from it (for example, the city of La Plata, built at the end of the 19th century, is organised as a checkerboard plus diagonal avenues at fixed intervals). About $1.5 million in emergency aid was given to displaced employees, and employees displaced by the storm were offered work at Wal-Mart locations elsewhere in the country. A cathedral and important government buildings often face the plaza. An emergency contact website was set up by Wal-Mart to help locate displaced persons, accessible by Internet and at every store in the country. Many towns and cities are built like Spanish cities around a main square called a plaza. In addition, an estimated $3 million in merchandise was donated to victims in several states, and in some cases the corporation was able to provide supplies before the federal government. Argentina's urban areas have a European look, reflecting the influence of their European settlers. These donations made it the largest single corporate contributor.

Many slums (villas miseria) sprouted in the outskirts of the largest cities, inhabited by empoverished low-class urban dwellers and migrants from smaller towns in the interior of the country. After the 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster on the United States Gulf Coast, Wal-Mart donated $2 million to the Salvation Army and the American Red Cross and $15 million to the Bush-Clinton Hurricane Katrina Fund for a total of $17 million. dollar exchange rate fixed and low. More than 90 percent of cash donations from Wal-Mart Stores and the Wal-Mart & SAM'S CLUB Foundation target local communities. S. The typical Supercenter channels $30,000 to $50,000 a year to local causes and events. The 1990s saw many rural towns become ghost towns when train services were abandoned and local products manufactured on a small scale were replaced by massive amounts of imported cheap goods, in part because of the monetary policy which kept the U. Unlike most corporate donors, Wal-Mart does not provide a figure for its corporate contributions; instead Wal-Mart's reported contributions include those made by its customers in a larger aggregate figure.

Since the 1930s many rural workers have moved to the big cities. In 2004, cash donations to non-profit organizations by Wal-Mart, its employees, and its customers made through Wal-Mart, the Wal-Mart Foundation and the Sam's Club Foundation totaled more than US$170 million. Most European immigrants to Argentina (coming in great waves especially around the First and the Second World Wars) settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. According to a New York Times story, it is seen by 130 million people a month, making it the fifth largest network in America, behind NBC, CBS, ABC and Fox. Together with their respective metropolitan areas, the second and third largest cities in Argentina, Córdoba and Rosario, each comprise about 1.3 million inhabitants. The Wal-Mart Television Network is an in-store network showing commercials for products sold in the stores, concert clips and music videos for recording artists products sold in the stores, trailers for upcoming movie releases, and news. About 2.7 million people live in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and roughly 11.5 million in Greater Buenos Aires (2001), making it one of the largest urban conglomerates in the world. By focusing on a small number of low-cost products, and siting their retail operations in extremely convenient locations (primarily very small towns which cannot support a Wal-Mart as well as low-income areas of larger metropolitan areas), retailers such as Family Dollar and Dollar General have successfully competed head-to-head with Wal-Mart for home consumer sales.

Though the law was never formally repealed, it has become a mere historical relic, and the project has been forgotten. Due to Wal-Mart's success in selling consumer goods and its necessary focus on more expensive items (and larger population areas) to increase revenue, a niche has been carved out of Wal-Mart's dominance by several shrewd retail corporations ^[1]. Studies were underway when hyperinflation, in 1989, killed off the project. Chief competitors of Sam's Club are Costco, which is slightly larger than Sam's in terms of sales, as well as the smaller BJ's Wholesale Club chain operating mainly on the East Coast. During the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín a law was passed ordering the move of the federal capital to Viedma, a city in the Patagonic province of Río Negro. Wal-Mart's move into the grocery business has also positioned it against major grocery chains such as Kroger, Albertsons, Publix, Giant Eagle, Safeway and dozens of local grocery chains. Buenos Aires has been the capital of Argentina since its unification, but there have been projects to move the administrative centre elsewhere. Wal-Mart's chief competitors in the discount retail space nationally include Sears Holdings Corporation's Kmart chain and Target, Best Buy, along with many smaller regional chains such as Meijer in the midwest.

^* The current official name for the federal district is "Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires". Wal-Mart stock is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol WMT. Argentina is divided into 23 provinces (provincias; singular: provincia), and 1 autonomous city (commonly known as capital federal), marked with an asterisk:. In 2003 McLane Company was sold to Berkshire Hathaway. Argentina is currently prompting the Mercosur as its first external priority. In 1990 Wal-Mart acquired The McLane Company, a foodservice distributor. taylor is very weird. In the past, Wal-Mart operated dot Discount Drugs, Bud's Discount City, Hypermart*USA, OneSource Nutrition Centers, and Save-Co Home Improvement stores.

In 2003, Néstor Kirchner became the president, and started implementing new policies based on re-industrialisation, import substitution, increased exports, consistent fiscal surplus, and high exchange rate. This purchase has been approved by Seiyu Group shareholders and The Seiyu will be consolidated into Wal-Mart International in FYE 2006. The peso's almost 12-year-old link with the dollar was abandoned, resulting in massive currency depreciation and inflation, in turn triggering a spike in unemployment and poverty. in Japan, with a proposed US$597 million to increase its stake to 50%. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. In addition to its wholly-owned international operations, Wal-Mart owns a 42% stake in The Seiyu Co., Ltd. Several new presidents followed in quick succession. Wal-Mart also operates the largest real estate company in the United States, with an entire division devoted to building new stores, selling old stores, and developing shopping centers around its stores.

Next month, amidst bloody riots, President de la Rúa resigned. Internationally, Wal-Mart employs over 410,000 people (excluding Japan) for a company-wide total of 1.7 million employees. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, which led to a total freezing of the bank accounts (the corralito), and culminated in a financial panic in November 2001. Apart from retail locations, it operates 99 Distribution Centers and Transportation Offices in the United States. The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness of exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. Wal-Mart's corporate headquarters are located in Bentonville, Arkansas. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s. As of January 2005, Wal-Mart employed 1.3 million people in the United States.

President Carlos Menem imposed peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation, and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatisation program. Wal-Mart also operates Sam's Club—a "warehouse club" (similar to Costco and BJ's) that sells discounted bulk merchandise to due-paying members. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence caused his early departure. Wal-Mart operates discount retail department stores selling a broad range of non-grocery products, though emphasis is now focused on the "Supercenters" which offer a full line of grocery items. Raúl Alfonsín's Radical government took steps intending to account for the "disappeared", establishing civilian control of the armed forces and consolidating democratic institutions. . Democracy was restored in 1983. retail stores being spent at Wal-Mart.

Economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime. It holds an 8.9 percent retail store market share, with $8.90 out of every $100 spent in U.S. Among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola. It is the largest private employer in the United States, Mexico and Canada. financed School of the Americas. For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2005, Wal-Mart reported net income of US $10.3 billion on US $285 billion of sales revenue (3.6% profit margin). Many of the military leaders that took part in the Dirty War were trained in the U.S. It is the largest retailer in the world and one of the largest companies in the world based on revenue; in 2004 it was the largest, but the recent rise in oil prices has taken at least one oil company past it.

The armed forces repressed opposition using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents were "disappeared", while the SIDE cooperated with the CIA, DINA and other South American intelligence agencies in Operation Condor. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (NYSE: WMT) was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. His wife succeeded him in office, but a military coup removed her from office in 1976, and the armed forces formally exercised power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganisation Process, until 1983. Accessed January 11, 2006. Perón died in 1974. ^  Wal-Mart giant can be tamed The Boston Globe, November 23, 2003. During this period, extremists on the left and right carried out terrorist acts with a frequency that threatened public order. 121; Can't Wal-Mart, a Retail Behemoth, Pay More? The New York Times, May 4, 2005.

When military governments failed to revive the economy and suppress escalating terrorism in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the way was open for Perón's return to the presidency in 1973, with his third wife, María Estela Isabel Martínez de Perón, as Vice President. ^  See Palast, p. In the 1950s and 1960s, military and civilian administrations traded power. ^  Down and Out in Discount America, The Nation, January 3, 2005; Wal-Mart's Welfare Dependency, San Francisco Chronicle by Sally Lieber, November 7, 2003. The Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him. House of Representatives Representative George Miller, Senior Democrat, February 16, 2004; Wal-Marts Cost State, Study Says, San Francisco Chronicle, August 3, 2004.
Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who aimed at empowering the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionised workers. ^ Everyday Low Wages: The Hidden Price We All Pay For Wal-Mart (pdf), A Report by the Democratic Staff of the Committee on Education and the Workforce U.S.

The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930 leading to another decade of Conservative rule. ^  Wal-Mart public relations web page, section regarding Benefits (retreived May 25, 2005). Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the government. ^  Retaliating first, Wal-Mart in Canada, The Economist, Feb 24th 2005; Ex-Wal-Mart Workers Win Battle Globe and Mail, Rhéal Séguin, September 17, 2005. From 1880 to 1930 Argentina became one of the ten wealthiest nations. Coughlin Told Others Bogus Expenses Hid Plot Against Unions Retailer Disputes His Claim, Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2005. In the 1880s the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued or exterminated the remaining native tribes throughout Patagonia. ^  Petty Cash A Wal-Mart Legend's Trail of Deceit Mr.

Foreign investment and immigration from Europe aided the introduction of modern agricultural techniques and integration of Argentina into the world economy in the late 19th century. 119-120; Chinese Workers Pay for Wal-Mart's Low Prices, Washington Post, February 8, 2004; [Wal-Mart faces sweat-shop lawsuit Wal-Mart faces sweat-shop lawsuit], Financial Times (London), September 14, 2005; Suit Says Wal-Mart Is Lax on Labor Abuses Overseas, New York Times, September 14, 2005; Workers Sue Wal-Mart Over Sweatshop Conditions, Reuters, September 13, 2005, Sweatshop Workers on Four Continents Sue Wal-Mart in California Court, Press Release, September 13, 2005; Human cost behind bargain shopping Dateline hidden camera investigation in Bangladesh, Dateline NBC, June 17, 2005. Centralist and federationist groups were in conflict, until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853. ISBN 0745318460., p. Independence from Spain was declared on July 9, 1816. The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: An Investigative Reporter Exposes the Truth About Globalization, Corporate Cons, and High-Finance Fraudsters, Pluto Press. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580, and the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. ^  Palast, Greg (2002).

Europeans arrived in 1502. ISBN 1585424226.. The native people known as Diaguita lived in northwestern Argentina on the edge of the expanding Inca Empire; the Guaraní lived farther east. The United States of Wal-Mart, Tarcher. The area of present Argentina was sparsely populated until it was colonised by Europeans. Dicker, John (2005). The name Argentina was first used in Ruy Diaz de Guzman's 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the Río de la Plata), naming the territory Tierra Argentina (land of silver). ISBN 155369855X..

The Spaniards named the river of Solís, Río de la Plata (River of Silver). Megamall on the Hudson: Planning, Wal-Mart, and Grassroots Resistance, Trafford. The legend of Sierra del Plata — a mountain rich in silver — reached Spain around 1524. Porter, David (2003). Indigenous people gave silver gifts to the survivors of the shipwrecked expedition, who were led by Juan Díaz de Solís. ISBN 0745318460.. The name Argentina derives from the Latin argentum (silver) and the first Spanish conquerors to the Río de la Plata. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, Owl Books.

. Ehrenreich, Barbara (2002). The country is formally named República Argentina (pronunciation) (help·info) (Argentine Republic), while for purposes of legislation the form Nación Argentina (Argentine Nation) is used. ISBN 1580086683.. By area, it is the second largest country of South America after Brazil and the 8th largest country in the world. How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America and the World: And What You Can Do about It (3rd edition). Under the name of Argentine Antarctica, it claims around 1,000,000 km² of Antarctica, overlapping other claims by Chile and the United Kingdom. Quinn, Bill (2005).

It also claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. ISBN 0465023169.. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers' Rights at Wal-Mart. IPA [reˈpuβlika aɾxɛnˈtina]) is a country in South America, situated between the Andes in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. Featherstone, Liza (2004). Argentina (pron. ISBN 1932857249..

. Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, Disinformation Company. Spotts, Greg (2005). ISBN 0385513569.. The Bully of Bentonville: How the High Cost of Wal-Mart's Everyday Low Prices Is Hurting America.

Bianco, Anthony (2006). ISBN 155860684X.. Data Warehousing: Using the Wal-Mart Model. Westerman, Paul (2000).

ISBN 0785261192.. The Wal-Mart Way: The Inside Story of the Success of the World's Largest Company. Soderquist, Don (2005). ISBN 1591840430..

The Wal-Mart Triumph: Inside the World's #1 Company. Slater, Robert (2004). ISBN 1591840066.. The Wal-Mart Decade: How a New Generation of Leaders Turned Sam Walton's Legacy into the World's #1 Company.

Slater, Robert (2003). ISBN 0812963776.. In Sam We Trust: The Untold Story of Sam Walton and Wal-Mart, the World's Most Powerful Retailer. Ortega, Bob (1998).

ISBN 1595580352.. Wal-Mart: A Field Guide to America's Largest Company and the World's Largest Employer, New Press. Lichtenstein, Nelson (2006). ISBN 0471679984..

What I Learned from Sam Walton: How to Compete and Thrive in a Wal-Mart World. Bergdahl, Michael (2004). [26]. Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, a 2005 documentary by Robert Greenwald, the creator of Outfoxed.

Independent America, a 2005 documentary on the larger issue of independent businesses fighting for survival against corpprate chains. Outrageous Fortunes, BBC Three, aired on 26 April 2004, about the workings of Wal-Mart. Featuring interviews with both Wal-Mart top brass and critics, it won a Pulitzer Prize and a Peabody Award for television excellence. The Age of Wal-Mart, a 2004 documentary produced by CNBC.

and China. Frontline: Is Wal-Mart Good for America?, a PBS Frontline documentary on the impact of Wal-Mart in the U.S. Store Wars, a PBS special taking a close look at one community's battle over Wal-Mart. Why Wal-Mart Works & Why That Makes Some People Crazy, a pro-Wal-Mart documentary (not affiliated with Wal-Mart).

Wal-Mart Space a blog run by Bobby Gerry which explores Wal-Mart's financial statements. AlwaysLowPrices.net a blog run by Kevin Brancato (discontinued on November 14, 2005). Wal-Mart political donations. 2004-04-09 10-K.

WMT: Profile for WAL-MART STORES - Yahoo! Finance. Company Profile. Yahoo! - Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price A feature-length documentary.

The New Rules Project(critiques big box development, not limited to Wal-Mart). Wal-Mart Free NYC A group fighting to keep New York City Wal-Mart free. Wal-Mart Wiki Though not strictly critical, this wiki is definitely weighted against Wal-Mart in its current state. Wal-Mart Watchlabor union-funded website.

Wake-Up Wal-Mart website by the United Food and Commercial Workers. Index of numerous studies on Wal-Mart's economic and social impacts from The American Independent Business Alliance. Sprawl Busters, site Al Norman, an activist who helps local "site fights" against big box stores. Rotten Library: Wal-Mart.

Video report of Wal-Mart using child labor, CBC News, November 30, 2005. Wal-Mart caught using child labor, CBC News, November 30, 2005. Maryland's House approved a bill that would require all businesses in the state with more than 10,000 employees to spend at least 8 percent of their payroll on health benefits for workers. Sweet Victory: Maryland Stands Up To Wal-Mart, The Nation, Sunday, April 17, 2005.

Retaliating first, Wal-Mart in Canada, The Economist, Feb 24th 2005. Wal-Marts Cost State, Study Says, San Francisco Chronicle, August 3, 2004. House of Representatives Representative George Miller, Senior Democrat, February 16, 2004. Everyday Low Wages: The Hidden Price We All Pay For Wal-Mart(pdf), A Report by the Democratic Staff of the Committee on Education and the Workforce U.S.

Article argues that the decline of Union Industry jobs and the rise of Wal-Mart is destroying America's middle class. In Wal-Mart's America, Washington Post, August 27, 2003. Up against the Wal-Mart, Business Week, March 13, 2000, Explains union's attempt to unionize Wal-Marts. "Wal-Mart: High Prices for American Workers" file, (PDF February 16, 2004) from the Democratic Staff of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.

California Legislators Call for Oversight of Wal-Mart's Health Benefits (Study of Peachcare). "The Wal-Mart You Don't Know", Fast Company, Issue 77, December 2003, Page 68 Wal-Mart's relentless pressure can crush the companies it does business with and force them to send jobs overseas. "Inside the Leviathan" by Simon Head for The New York Review of Books, December 16, 2004. UC Berkeley report on the community impact of Wal-Mart's lower wages(pdf).

How Costco Became the Anti-Wal-Mart, The New York Times, July 17, 2005. Costco's Dilemma: Is Treating Employees Well Unacceptable for a Public Corporation? The Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2004 Costco's compensation for its employees with comparison to Wal-Mart. Company for the People Seattle Weekly, December 15 - 21, 2004, Article which contrasts Wal-Mart with employee-friendly Costco. The Freedom to Hate Wal-Mart?, Paul Jacob, The Free Liberal, December 5, 2005.

Should We Admire Wal-Mart? Fortune Magazine, March 8, 2004. Economy a study funded by Wal-Mart, determining the net economic impact of Wal-Mart at the national, city, and county level. Measuring the Economic Impact of Wal-Mart on the U.S. of Economics, University of Missouri, 2002.