William Henry Harrison

This article is about the general and president. For the congressman, see William H. Harrison (1896-1990).

William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He served as the first Governor of the Indiana Territory and later as a U.S. Representative and Senator from Ohio. Harrison first gained national fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and earning the nickname "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe"). As a general in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed.

When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the oldest man to be elected President, a record that stood for 140 years, until Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980. Harrison died exactly one month into his term—the briefest presidency before or since. He was also the first U.S. president to die in office.

Early years and military career

Harrison was born into a prominent political family at the Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, the third son of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Basset. His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777), signed the Declaration of Independence (1776), and was Governor of Virginia (1781–1784). William Henry Harrison's brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, later became a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Virginia.

Statue of Harrison on horseback in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Harrison briefly attended several colleges, including Hampden-Sydney College, with the intention of becoming a physician. His father's death in 1791 left Harrison without money for further schooling and so, at the age of 18, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Army. He was sent to the Northwest Territory, where he spent much of his life. Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier. Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, which brought the Northwest Indian War to a close. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by white Americans.

This portrait of Harrison originally showed him in civilian clothes as the Congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1800, but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812.

Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and acted as governor when Governor Arthur St. Clair was absent. In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first delegate representing the Northwest Territory in the Sixth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the Harrison Land Act, which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory. Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, a post he held for twelve years, until 1813.

A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to Native American lands so that white settlement could expand in the area. Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day Indiana from Native American leaders. Tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, in which Harrison secured the purchase of more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of Indian land. An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing around the Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"). Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian confederation (see "Tecumseh's War"). In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at Prophetstown next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the Army of the Northwest. He won victories in Indiana and Ohio before invading Canada and crushing the British at the Battle of the Thames.

Post-war political career

After the war, he was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from October 8, 1816, to March 3, 1819. He was defeated as a candidate for governor of Ohio in 1820, but served in the Ohio State Senate from 1819 to 1821. In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until May 20, 1828, when he resigned to become Minister to Colombia from 1828 to 1829. Harrison was a tall man, and when in Congress he was referred to by fellow westerners as a Buckeye, as were other tall pioneers on the Ohio frontier, as a term of endearment in respect of the Buckeye chestnut tree.

Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for President in 1836, but lost the election to Martin Van Buren. He was the candidate again in the 1840 election, winning a landslide victory largely because of his heroic military record and the fact that the United States had suffered a severe economic downturn. His vice president was John Tyler, and their campaign was marked by exaggeration of both Harrison's military exploits and of his connections to the common man. Their campaign slogans of "Log Cabins and Hard Cider" and "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" are among the most famous in American politics.

Short presidency

Harrison's tomb and memorial in North Bend, Ohio.

As Harrison arrived in Washington he focused on showing that he was still the stalwart hero of Tippecanoe he had campaigned as. He was to take the oath of office on March 4, 1841, an extremely cold and windy day. Nevertheless, he faced the weather without his overcoat, delivering the longest inaugural address in American history, at nearly two hours (his friend and fellow Whig, Daniel Webster, had edited it for length). He subsequently caught a cold, which developed into pneumonia and pleurisy. His doctors tried everything to cure him, opium, castor oil, petroleum jelly, Virginia snakeweed, even actual snakes. But the treatments only made Harrison sicker and weaker until he went into delirium. He passed away a month later at 12:30 a.m. on April 4, 1841 of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice , and overwhelming septicemia, becoming the first American president to die in office. His last words were "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president, a total of only 32 days and 12 hours and 30 minutes. John Tyler succeeded him shortly thereafter. According to later legends, Harrison's death was brought about by a curse placed on him by Tecumseh in his dying breath.

Harrison's son, John Scott Harrison, was also elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio from 1853 to 1857. Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison of Ohio, became the 23rd president in 1889, making them the only grandparent-grandchild pair of presidents to date. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison gave his inaugural address in the rain. Understanding his grandfather's mistakes, he asked his outgoing predecessor (and later his successor), Grover Cleveland, to hold an umbrella above his head, delivering the longest inaugural address since his grandfather's.

Cabinet


Reference

  • Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939.

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. Edward Norton also played a young Nelson Rockefeller in 2002 film Frida. Understanding his grandfather's mistakes, he asked his outgoing predecessor (and later his successor), Grover Cleveland, to hold an umbrella above his head, delivering the longest inaugural address since his grandfather's. Rockefeller's command to destroy Diego Rivera's controversial mural Man at the Crossroads is one of the films major climactic events. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison gave his inaugural address in the rain. A young Nelson Rockefeller was depicted in the 1999 period film Cradle Will Rock (played by John Cusack). Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison of Ohio, became the 23rd president in 1889, making them the only grandparent-grandchild pair of presidents to date. Nelson Rockefeller was worth approximately $1 billion at the time of his death.

House of Representatives from Ohio from 1853 to 1857. As of 2004, Forbes estimates that the family fortune could be as much as $9 billion. Harrison's son, John Scott Harrison, was also elected to the U.S. The Rockefeller family is one of the most famous blue-blooded clans in America. According to later legends, Harrison's death was brought about by a curse placed on him by Tecumseh in his dying breath. However there is a good deal of rumour and speculation about all the details of what happened; see the Megan Marshak article for a full discussion of this. John Tyler succeeded him shortly thereafter. It is officially recorded that this occurred during sexual intercourse with his mistress and staff member Megan Marshak.

I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president, a total of only 32 days and 12 hours and 30 minutes. On January 26, 1979 Rockefeller suffered a heart attack and died. I wish them carried out. His 1933 decision to purchase and then destroy Diego Rivera's mural at Rockefeller Center, which included a portrait of Lenin, is still controversial. His last words were "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. The Neuberger Museum, designed by Philip Johnson, hosted several paintings collected by Neuberger and helped popularize several artists. on April 4, 1841 of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice , and overwhelming septicemia, becoming the first American president to die in office. While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New York system, he agreed with his lifelong friend Roy Neuberger to build a museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College.

He passed away a month later at 12:30 a.m. He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern Art and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a first-class museum. But the treatments only made Harrison sicker and weaker until he went into delirium. Rockefeller was a great collector of modern art. His doctors tried everything to cure him, opium, castor oil, petroleum jelly, Virginia snakeweed, even actual snakes. Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977. He subsequently caught a cold, which developed into pneumonia and pleurisy. When questioned by an ABC reporter as to why he didn't join in with Rockefeller, Dole replied "I have trouble with my right arm," reminding them of his injury in World War II.

Nevertheless, he faced the weather without his overcoat, delivering the longest inaugural address in American history, at nearly two hours (his friend and fellow Whig, Daniel Webster, had edited it for length). Senator Robert Dole, who would be the Republican nominee to succeed Rockefeller in the 1976 election, was on hand at the speech. He was to take the oath of office on March 4, 1841, an extremely cold and windy day. A group of hippies started to heckle him, which obviously irritated him, causing him to retaliate by giving the group the finger, in a widely circulated photo. As Harrison arrived in Washington he focused on showing that he was still the stalwart hero of Tippecanoe he had campaigned as. Perhaps the most memorable moment of Rockefeller's Vice Presidency occurred during a public speech at Broome County Airport in Binghamton, New York. Their campaign slogans of "Log Cabins and Hard Cider" and "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" are among the most famous in American politics. Less than a year later however, (on November 3, 1975), he notified President Ford that he would not seek election to the Vice Presidency in 1976, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very difficult time...".

His vice president was John Tyler, and their campaign was marked by exaggeration of both Harrison's military exploits and of his connections to the common man. He became the 2nd Vice President to be appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment — the first being Ford himself. He was the candidate again in the 1840 election, winning a landslide victory largely because of his heroic military record and the fact that the United States had suffered a severe economic downturn. Rockefeller underwent a lengthy series of Congressional hearings but ultimately was confirmed, beginning his service on December 19, 1974. Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for President in 1836, but lost the election to Martin Van Buren. Currently, Rockefeller is the last governor to have served as Vice President. Harrison was a tall man, and when in Congress he was referred to by fellow westerners as a Buckeye, as were other tall pioneers on the Ohio frontier, as a term of endearment in respect of the Buckeye chestnut tree. Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, successor Gerald Ford nominated Rockefeller to serve as the 41st Vice President of the United States.

Senate, where he served until May 20, 1828, when he resigned to become Minister to Colombia from 1828 to 1829. Some analysts speculated that his appointment to the vice presidency by Gerald Ford was calculated to forestall a Rockefeller presidential campaign in 1976. In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Rockefeller left office as governor in 1973 in what was rumored at the time to be a move toward a fourth bid for the presidency; however this never materialized. He was defeated as a candidate for governor of Ohio in 1820, but served in the Ohio State Senate from 1819 to 1821. Rockefeller lost again to Nixon in 1968. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from October 8, 1816, to March 3, 1819. After polls predicted Rockefeller would win the California primary, he lost by a slim margin and dropped out of the race, endorsing Goldwater (but more hesitantly than he had previously supported Nixon).

After the war, he was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. However, Rockefeller's divorce and quick remarriage to a woman (who had until then been married to someone else) twenty years his junior turned many people off. He won victories in Indiana and Ohio before invading Canada and crushing the British at the Battle of the Thames. Rockefeller was considered the front-runner for the 1964 campaign against the more conservative Barry Goldwater of Arizona (Nixon had declined to run after losing to Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election). During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the Army of the Northwest. His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls; after quitting the campaign Rockefeller backed Nixon enthusiastically, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate stances into Nixon's platform. In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at Prophetstown next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Rockefeller's dream was the presidency; he spent millions in attempts in 1960, 1964, and 1968.

Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian confederation (see "Tecumseh's War"). Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, were shifted to support public transport operations. expansion had been growing around the Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"). In taking over control of the Triborough authority, Rockefeller overcame Robert Moses, who controlled several of New York state's public infrastructure authorities. An Indian resistance movement against U.S. He created the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1965, which merged the New York City subway system with the publicly-owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the Long Island Rail Road and Metro North Railroad, which were purchased by the state from private owners. Tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, in which Harrison secured the purchase of more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of Indian land. Rockefeller also reformed the governance of New York City's transportation system.

Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day Indiana from Native American leaders. This occurred on top of a state economy that was in significant decline. A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to Native American lands so that white settlement could expand in the area. The state budget went from US$2.04 billion in 1959-60 (Rockefeller's first year in office) to US$8.8 billion in 1973-74 (at the end of Rockefeller's time in office). Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, a post he held for twelve years, until 1813. Public-benefit authorities (some 230 of them, like UDC, were brought into existence by Rockefeller) were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they had been issued directly by the state. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the Harrison Land Act, which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza) project—the most expensive project that had ever been undertaken by any US state government), his generous pension programs for many public workers in the state (firefighers, many police officers, sanitation workers, and corrections officers), and highest-in-the-nation minimum wage that he was able to push through the legislature (or carry out through some existing public-benefit authority such as the UDC) greatly drove up costs and debt in the state.

In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first delegate representing the Northwest Territory in the Sixth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800. Rockefeller's massive construction programs (not just the aforementioned, but others such as the US$2 billion Albany South Mall (later renamed the Nelson A. Clair was absent. (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation, which forms a unit, along with the formerly independent Job Development Authority, of Empire State Development.). Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and acted as governor when Governor Arthur St. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the unprecedented-in-its-power New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), which could override local zoning, condemn property, and create creative financing schemes to carry out desired development. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by white Americans. He also created many major highways (such as the Long Island, the Southern Tier, the Adirondack, and Interstate 81) which vastly improved road transportation in New York State.

Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, which brought the Northwest Indian War to a close. He was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier. Rockefeller engaged in massive building endeavors that left a profound mark on New York State. He was sent to the Northwest Territory, where he spent much of his life. Compared to other Republicans, Rockefeller was a liberal, and Republicans who hold views similar to his are often referred to as "Rockefeller Republicans". Army. Despite this, he was still considered one of the leaders of the moderate wing of the Republican Party of the United States, and is hailed as an example of one of the chief figures of the "1960s and 1970s Republican" movement.

His father's death in 1791 left Harrison without money for further schooling and so, at the age of 18, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. As governor of New York, he successfully secured the passage of extremely strict laws against the possession and/or sale of drugs; these laws — which became known as the "Rockefeller drug laws" — took effect in 1973 and are still on the books, and rank among the toughest in the United States: The mere possession of four ounces or more of such drugs as heroin and cocaine — or the sale of two ounces or more of the same substances — carries the same penalties as those imposed for second-degree murder. Harrison briefly attended several colleges, including Hampden-Sydney College, with the intention of becoming a physician. He served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 (elected to four terms, he served three and a half). William Henry Harrison's brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, later became a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Virginia. Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on New York state politics, where he served in various capacities before being elected governor (winning with a plurality of over 600,000 in a year mostly dominated by state Democrats). His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777), signed the Declaration of Independence (1776), and was Governor of Virginia (1781–1784). The election of fellow-Republican Dwight Eisenhower to the presidency saw Rockefeller appointed first as chair of the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization and later as an undersecretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Harrison was born into a prominent political family at the Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, the third son of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Basset. After the war he headed the International Development Advisory Board, part of Truman's Point Four Program. . He became an Assistant Secretary of State during World War II, where he ran the propaganda operation for Central and South America. president to die in office. Rockefeller worked for a time in several family-run businesses and philanthropies before entering public service. He was also the first U.S. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1930, where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and the Casque & Gauntlet Society.

Harrison died exactly one month into his term—the briefest presidency before or since. Nelson Rockefeller was born on the same day of the year as his paternal grandfather, and from childhood was the leader of the five Rockefeller brothers, John, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the oldest man to be elected President, a record that stood for 140 years, until Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980. He was also the brother of Governor Winthrop Rockefeller of Arkansas and the uncle of Governor and Senator John Davison Rockefeller, IV of West Virginia. As a general in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed. Aldrich of Rhode Island, for whom he was named. Harrison first gained national fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and earning the nickname "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe"). Rockefeller and Senator Nelson W.

Representative and Senator from Ohio. and the grandson of oil tycoon John D. He served as the first Governor of the Indiana Territory and later as a U.S. Rockefeller, Jr. William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. A member of the prominent Rockefeller family, he was the son of John D. New York: Scribner's, 1939. "Rocky," as he was called, was born in Bar Harbor, Maine.

Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. . Cleaves, Freeman. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was a Governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977.