T-shirt

T-shirt laid flat, showing its characteristic "T" shape

A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt, usually buttonless, collarless and pocketless, with a round neck and short sleeves, pulled on over the head. There are also long-sleeved T-shirt and sleeveless T-shirt variants.

T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts. This still occurs, but T-shirts are now also frequently worn as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body (except that women usually wear a bra beneath it).

A T-shirt typically extends to the waist, although one fashion is for "oversized" T-shirts. A more recent trend in women's clothing involves tight-fitting "cropped" T-shirts that are short enough to reveal the lower abdomen including the belly button. T-shirt fashions include styles for men and women, and for all age groups, including baby, youth and adult sizes. T-shirts are often decorated with text and/or pictures.

T-shirts are manufactured by the textile industry. They are typically made of cotton or polyester fibers (or a mix of the two), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture.

T-shirt history

An example of a tie-dye t-shirt

The idea of the T-shirt came to the USA during WWI when US soldiers noticed the light cotton undershirts European soldiers were using while the US soldiers sweated in their wool uniforms. Since they were so much more comfortable they quickly became popular among the Americans, and because of their design they got the name T-shirt. During WWII the T-shirt had become standard issue underwear in both the U.S. Army and Navy.

After WWII the T-shirt started appearing without a shirt covering it. John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean all wore them on national TV. At first the public was shocked but by 1955 it had become acceptable. The T-shirt became cool when James Dean wore it in the film Rebel Without a Cause.

T-shirt decoration

T-shirts with bold slogans were popular in the UK in the 1980s

In the 1960s, the Ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. People also started to tie-dye and screen-print the basic T-shirt and variants such as the tank top, "wife beater", muscle shirt, scoop neck, V-neck etc. became popular.

Since then T-shirts have become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and even photographs on display.

Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or Dye sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts.

The most common form of t-shirt printing is silk-screening. In silk screening, a design is seperated into "cmyk" or "rgb" colors and ink is transerred onto the garment through a silk screen. These colored inks are transfered through the screen into a design on the garment. This can be done manually or a using semi-automated machine.

In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed colour when subjected to heat. This brand of T-shirt, Global Hypercolour, was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years, but has since mostly disappeared. These were very popular in the United States as well in the late 80's among teens. These kind of T-shirts are still being produced and are available to buy over the internet.

Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent brand-name logos have been popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. These garments allowed consumers to flaunt their taste in designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. While critics claim that wearing such logos serve only to advertise for clothing designers without being paid, brand-name T-shirts remain popular. Examples: Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, The Gap

The late 1990s saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs, with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. The trend has only increased in this decade; embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston').

The story of the message tee embraces the modern phenomenon of “personal branding” (indicating, in this case, the wearer’s sense of humor), as well as a climate in which statements—political or personal—are generally preferred to be catchy than true . Notable was the popularity of political slogans and messages on T-shirts coinciding with the presidential election.

Further reading

  • Scott Fresener, Earl Smith, Nancy Hall (1995). The T-Shirt Book, Gibbs Smith Publisher. ISBN 087905686X.

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Notable was the popularity of political slogans and messages on T-shirts coinciding with the presidential election. Suborder Pleurodira. The story of the message tee embraces the modern phenomenon of “personal branding” (indicating, in this case, the wearer’s sense of humor), as well as a climate in which statements—political or personal—are generally preferred to be catchy than true . Suborder Cryptodira. The trend has only increased in this decade; embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston'). Suborder Paracryptodira (extinct)
. The late 1990s saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs, with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. While the issue is far from resolved, most scientists now lean towards a Diapsid origin for turtles.

Examples: Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, The Gap. Re-analysis of prior phylogenies suggests that they classified turtles as anapsids both because they assumed this classification (most of them studying what sort of anapsid turtles are) and because they did not sample fossil and extant taxa were broadly enough for constructing the cladogram. While critics claim that wearing such logos serve only to advertise for clothing designers without being paid, brand-name T-shirts remain popular. All molecular studies have strongly upheld this new phylogeny, though some place turtles closer to Archosauria. These garments allowed consumers to flaunt their taste in designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. More recent phylogenetic studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids, slightly closer to Squamata than to Archosauria. Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent brand-name logos have been popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. However, it was recently suggested that the Anapsid-like turtle skull may be due to convergent evolution rather than to anapsid descent.

These kind of T-shirts are still being produced and are available to buy over the internet. Most anapsids became extinct in the late Permian period, except procolophonoids and possibly the precursors of the testudines (turtles). These were very popular in the United States as well in the late 80's among teens. All Anapsid skulls lack a temporal opening, while all other extant amniotes have temporal openings (although in mammals the hole has become the zygoid arch). This brand of T-shirt, Global Hypercolour, was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years, but has since mostly disappeared. It was believed that they are the only surviving branch of the ancient clade Anapsida, which includes groups such as procolophonoids, millerettids, protorothyrids and pareiasaurs. In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed colour when subjected to heat. Their exact ancestry is disputed.

This can be done manually or a using semi-automated machine. The first turtles are believed to have existed in the era of the dinosaurs, 200 million years ago. These colored inks are transfered through the screen into a design on the garment. Turtles have a gelatinous substance in their upper and lower shell, called calipash and calipee respectively, the calipash being of a dull greenish and the calipee of a light yellow color. In silk screening, a design is seperated into "cmyk" or "rgb" colors and ink is transerred onto the garment through a silk screen. The turtles can take up dissolved oxygen from the water through these papillae, in much the same way that fish use gills. The most common form of t-shirt printing is silk-screening. These projections, called "papillae", have a rich blood supply, and increase the surface area of the cloaca.

Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts. Some species have large cloacal cavities lined with many finger-like projections. Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or Dye sublimation transfers. However, aquatic respiration in Australian freshwater turtles is currently being studied. Since then T-shirts have become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and even photographs on display. Although they spend large proportions of their lives underwater, turtles are air-breathing reptiles, and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs with fresh air. became popular. In some species, temperature of the egg during development determines whether an egg develops into a male or a female: a higher temperature causes a female, a lower temperature causes a male.

People also started to tie-dye and screen-print the basic T-shirt and variants such as the tank top, "wife beater", muscle shirt, scoop neck, V-neck etc. Turtle eggs prepared to eat consist mainly of yolk. In the 1960s, the Ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. Their albumen is white and will not coagulate when cooked because of the protein it contains which is different to that of bird eggs. The T-shirt became cool when James Dean wore it in the film Rebel Without a Cause.. The eggs of the largest species are spherical, while the eggs of the rest are elongated. At first the public was shocked but by 1955 it had become acceptable. Sea turtles lay their eggs on dry sandy beaches.

John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean all wore them on national TV. The oldest tortoise on record is Tui Malila, known to have lived at least 188 years. After WWII the T-shirt started appearing without a shirt covering it. Turtles generally live a long time; some individuals are known to have lived longer than 150 years. Army and Navy. The sizes of turtles vary from a few centimetres (forest and jungle species) to two metres (the leatherback turtle and the Galapagos tortoise). During WWII the T-shirt had become standard issue underwear in both the U.S. Pond turtles (terrapins) are usually much smaller, while some land terrapins (tortoises) are as large as sea turtles.

Since they were so much more comfortable they quickly became popular among the Americans, and because of their design they got the name T-shirt. Sea turtles grow to large sizes and live in the oceans in the temperate and tropical regions of Earth. The idea of the T-shirt came to the USA during WWI when US soldiers noticed the light cotton undershirts European soldiers were using while the US soldiers sweated in their wool uniforms. Reference the Rheodytes leukops species. . Some are known to be able to breathe through their rectums as well. They are typically made of cotton or polyester fibers (or a mix of the two), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture. The top part of the shell is called the carapace, the bottom is called the plastron, and the two are connected by a bridge.

T-shirts are manufactured by the textile industry. All turtles have a protective shell around their bodies. T-shirts are often decorated with text and/or pictures. . T-shirt fashions include styles for men and women, and for all age groups, including baby, youth and adult sizes. Some species of turtles are highly endangered. A more recent trend in women's clothing involves tight-fitting "cropped" T-shirts that are short enough to reveal the lower abdomen including the belly button. About 300 species are alive today.

A T-shirt typically extends to the waist, although one fashion is for "oversized" T-shirts. The order of Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. This still occurs, but T-shirts are now also frequently worn as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body (except that women usually wear a bra beneath it). in North America) to refer to all members of the order, including tortoises, which are predominantly land-based. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts. The term is sometimes used (esp. There are also long-sleeved T-shirt and sleeveless T-shirt variants. The term turtle is usually used for the aquatic species, though aquatic fresh water turtles are also called terrapins.

A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt, usually buttonless, collarless and pocketless, with a round neck and short sleeves, pulled on over the head. Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (all living turtles belong to the crown group Chelonia), most of whose body is shielded by a special bony or cartilagenous shell developed from their ribs. ISBN 087905686X.. Superfamily Pelomedusoidea. The T-Shirt Book, Gibbs Smith Publisher. Superfamily Chelonioidea. Scott Fresener, Earl Smith, Nancy Hall (1995). Superfamily Kinosternoidea.

Superfamily Trionychoidea. Superfamily Testudinoidea.