Truck

Conduire un véhicule lourd, Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5.
. Registrations of heavy trucks in South America (2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):. However, Tivos and DVRs are the main competitors with the VHS in home recording. Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically]. It can also be more convenient to use VHS tapes because they can be rewritten easily, and VCRs can be easier than DVD recorders to use. In the Eastern Europe, Škoda, Tatra and GAZ are common, since they were some of the "brands" of the Soviet controlled areas. Despite DVD's better quality, however, VHS is still widely used in home recording of television programs, due to the large installed base and the lower cost of VHS recorders.

Iveco, MAN AG, Mercedes-Benz Trucks, PACCAR (DAF Trucks, Leyland Trucks), Scania AB, and Volvo Trucks (not to be confused with Volvo Automotive, which is now part of Ford Motor Company), are the leading truck manufacturers in Western Europe. Commentators predict that 2006 will be the final year of new releases on VHS, as major studios continue to phase out VHS. But, Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, readily saw the need for these lighter long-distance trucks. Moreover, most television programs released as box sets are for sale in DVD format only. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel-economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Many films released to theaters from 2004 onwards have later been released only on DVD and not on VHS, and many other new feature films are being released solely on DVD. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter-aluminium cab and frame, and traveled longer-straighter distances without stopping. retailers Circuit City and Best Buy stopped selling VHS tapes in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

White, built a new factory in California in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company Consolidated Freightways. Major U.S. While on the West Coast, the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. The DVD format was introduced in 1997 and has since overtaken VHS in sales and rentals. On the East Coast, where routes where traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. In addition, it offers superior audiovisual quality, and the storage of data in digital format on tape makes for improved transfer and editing. There are also regional preferences with truck drivers within the United States. MiniDV has largely replaced 8mm tapes as the de facto camcorder standard in more recent years as it is smaller still (some MiniDV camcorders being no larger than one's hand).

Larger fleet operators and public agencies tend to prefer the lower cost Freightliners, Navistar, and Ford products. 8mm tapes, introduced in the early 1980s, succeeded as a format for camcorders (both in the consumer, and to an extent, professional market), as VHS and Betamax camcorders were unsuitably large and heavy in comparison. Smaller fleet operators, specialized carriers, and owner operators tend to prefer Mack or Peterbilt and Kenworth products. As these cassettes are much more compact in design — which also means the hardware to play and record the tapes has to be more compact than VHS, and therefore more expensive — they are much more suited to portable applications such as camcorders. [1]. Other formats such as 8mm video cassettes and MiniDV have emerged since, but these formats are by no means in complete competition with VHS. Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicle’s, with its Freightliner, Mercedes-Benz, Setra, Sterling (the old Ford Trucks), Western Star, Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus (43%; Japan), and Hyundai Trucks (50%; South Korea), sold between 200,000 and a quarter of a million units worldwide that past few years. Netscape.

The worldwide market share leader is DaimlerChrysler, with its Mercedes-Benz' commercial vehicle group with around a 22% global market share. Windows and Microsoft vs. (major manufacturers ranked by 2003 sales). IBM, Macintosh vs. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line. The format war and the "marketing over technology" claims have taken on a life of their own, and have been used as analogies in the battles of the computer industry, including Apple vs. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. Sony ultimately conceded the fight in the late '80s, bringing out a line of VHS VCRs.

Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by automobile manufacturers. Ultimately Betamax did manage to make up some of the difference on recording time, but this was too little, too late. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a manual transmission is damaging to their knees. The longer tape time is sometimes cited as the defining factor in the format war, as the longer VHS tapes allowed consumers to record entire programs unattended, and arguably created the entire video rental industry by providing sufficient playing time for most feature films to be distributed on a single cassette. The trend in Europe is that more new trucks are being bought with automatic transmissions. Betamax held an early lead in the format war, offering some technical advantages, but by 1980 VHS was gaining due to its longer tape time (3 hours maximum, compared to just 60 minutes for Betamax) and JVC's less strict licensing program. Automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In fact, however, the root causes of VHS' victory are somewhat more complex.

Common North American setups include 10, 13 and 18 speeds. Since Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, it is often stated that VHS' eventual victory was a victory of marketing over technical excellence. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions, which must be built stronger to withstand the torque their engines make. As mentioned, VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format. Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as cars. Conversely, an E-300 tape runs for 300 minutes in PAL-SP, but 200 minutes in NTSC-SP. The only exceptions to this are Volvo Trucks and Mack Trucks, which are available with Volvo and Mack diesel engines, respectively, and Freightliner, which is a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler and are available with Mercedes-Benz and Detroit Diesel engines. For example, a T-120 tape runs for 120 minutes in NTSC-SP, but 180 minutes in PAL-SP.

In the United States, highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel. It can easily be derived by multiplying with 3/2 or 2/3, respectively. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. It is perfectly possible to record and play back a blank T-XXX tape in a PAL machine or a blank E-XXX tape in an NTSC machine, but the resulting playing time will be different than indicated. Most heavier trucks use four stroke turbo intercooler diesel engines, although there are alternatives. In order to avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in:. Small trucks such as SUVs or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America will use gasoline engines. Both NTSC and PAL/SECAM VHS cassettes are physically identical (although the signals recorded on the tape are incompatible.) However, as tape speeds differ between NTSC and PAL/SECAM, the playing time for any given cassette will vary accordingly between the systems.

Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Likewise, S-VHS machines for the Brazilian market record in NTSC and convert to/from PAL-M. There are a few possible cab configurations:. S-VHS machines sold in SECAM markets record internally in PAL, and convert to/from SECAM during record/playback, respectively. Modern cabs feature air conditioning, a good sound system, and ergonomic seats (often air suspended). S-VHS only exists in PAL/625/25 and NTSC/525/30. They can range from a simple 2 to 4 foot (0.6 to 1.2 m) bunk to a 12 foot (3.7 m) apartment-on-wheels. Dedicated multistandard machines can usually handle all standards listed, some high end model can even convert a tape from one standard to another by using a built-in standards converter.

A sleeper is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving. regular VHS machines sold in Europe nowadays can typically handle PAL, MESECAM for record and playback, plus NTSC for playback only. The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. E.g. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. These can handle VHS tapes of more than one standards. It is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminium for a lighter weight. Since the 1990s dual- and multistandard VHS machines have become more and more common.

A truck chassis consists of two parallel U-shaped beams held together by crossmembers. The following signal varieties exist in conventional VHS:. Almost all trucks share a common contruction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, axles, suspension and wheels, an engine and a drivetrain. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals of the country it was sold in. Trucks that never use public roads, such as the biggest ever truck, the Liebherr T 282B off-road mining truck, are not constrained by weight limits. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. Highway-legal trucks are sometimes outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction. VHS can record and play back all varieties of analogue television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised.

In Australia many trailers are connected to make road trains. This format is most notably used by Fox for some of its cable networks. They are mostly used for long-haul purposes, often in semi-trailer configuration. This format is the least expensive format to support a pre-read edit. Heavy trucks are the largest trucks allowed on the road. There is also a JVC-designed component digital professional production format known as Digital-S or (officially) D9 that uses a VHS form factor tape and essentially the same mechanical tape handling techniques as an S-VHS recorder. Local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks) are normally around this size. This development hampered the sales of the Betamax system somewhat, because the Betamax cassette geometry prevented a similar development.

For the UK the cut-off is 7.5 tonnes. The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and uses a gear wheel to advance the tape; the wheel and spool can also be moved by hand. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 6,300 kg (13,000 lb) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion. Medium (or medium-duty) trucks are bigger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. Another variant is VHS-C (C for compact), used in some camcorders. They are comprised of:. W-VHS caters for high definition video.

Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 6,300 kg (13,000 lb)) and are used by individuals and commercial entities alike. Devices have also been invented which directly connect a personal computer to VHS tape recorders for use as a data backup device. Always check up before you go. Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably S-VHS, an improved analog standard, and D-VHS, which records digital video onto a VHS form factor tape. Notice that these hours are different in other jurisdictions. There was a time when higher-end VCRs provided functions for manually removing and adding these index marks — so that, for example, they coincide with the actual start of the program — but this feature has become hard to find in recent models. Violations of these laws are subject to large fines. These are normally written at the beginning of each recording session, and can be found using the VCR's index search function: this will fast-wind forward or backward to the nth specified index mark, and resume playback from there.

Many other rules apply. The control track can additionally hold index marks. Rules are in place for tractor-trailer rigs, regulating how many hours a driver may be on the clock, and how much rest time/sleep time is necessary (11hrs on/10hrs off; 60hrs/7days; or 70hrs/8days). Since good tracking depends on the exact distance between the rotating drum and the fixed control/audio head reading the linear tracks, which usually varies by a couple of micrometers between machines due to manufacturing tolerances, most VCRs offer tracking adjustment, either manual or automatic, to correct such mismatches. This is one reason that UPS vehicles are called 'package cars', because that exempted them from certain tax-rates. Another linear control track, at the tape's lower edge, holds pulses that mark the beginning of every frame of video; these are used to fine-tune the tape speed during playback and to get the rotating heads exactly on their helical tracks rather than having them end up somewhere between two adjacent tracks (a feature called tracking). Partly this is because they are bigger, heavier, and cause more wear and tear on roadways. These advanced features are impossible to find on later-model VCRs due to the rise of digital video formats.

Trucks have often had to pay higher tax rates, and have been subject to extensive regulation. Another high-end feature was manual audio level control, which made the VHS HiFi format much more useful for high-quality audio-only recording purposes as discussed above. In the United States, it took much longer for diesel engines be accepted: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s, while in Europe they had been completely replaced 20 years earlier. (Due to the different ways in which linear and HiFi audio are recorded, these kinds of dubbing were not possible with the HiFi tracks). Although it had been invented in 1890, the Diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1920s. Without the dubbing features, this task would've required the tape to be copied to another tape which would cause generational loss. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market. This was useful, for example, for laying a song over a previously edited-together montage of short video clips that were the same total duration as that song.

The first modern semi-trailers also appeared. These would move the tape past the heads and keep the video unchanged while recording new linear audio or keep the linear audio unchanged while recording new video, respectively. After World War I, several advances were made: pneumatic tires replaced full rubber, electric starters, power brakes, 6 cylinder engines, closed cabs, electric lighting. Some higher-end VHS and S-VHS VCRs once offered "audio dubbing" and "video dubbing" functions. In 1904, 700 heavy trucks were built in the United States, 1000 in 1907, 6000 in 1910 and 25000 in 1914. Of course, for backward compatibility, hi-fi VCRs still write the linear audio track during recording, and can automatically read it during playback if the hi-fi audio is not present. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines could have a carrying capacity 1500 to 2000 kg. The excellent sound quality of hi-fi VHS has gained it some popularity as an audio format in certain applications; in particular, ordinary home hi-fi VCRs are sometimes used by home recording enthusiasts as a handy and inexpensive medium for making high-quality stereo mixdowns and master recordings from multitrack audio tape.

Others, such as Peugeot, Benz and Renault also built theirs. When the video signal is written by the following video head, it erases and overwrites the audio signal at the surface of the tape, but leaves the deeper portion of the signal undisturbed. The first internal combustion engine truck was built in 1898 by Gottlieb Daimler. These audio tracks take advantage of depth multiplexing: since they use lower frequencies than the video, their magnetization signals penetrate deeper into the tape. Steam-powered trucks were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and the beginning of World War II in the United Kingdom. More recent hi-fi VCRs add higher-quality stereo audio tracks which are read and written by heads located on the same spinning drum that carries the video heads, frequency modulated to the unused frequency range in between the chroma and luma signals. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a De Dion steam tractor. In the original VHS format, audio was recorded unmodulated in a single (monaural) linear track at the upper edge of the tape, which was limited in frequency response by the tape speed.

The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The video bandwidth is achieved with a relatively low tape speed by the use of helical scan recording of a frequency modulated luminance (black and white) signal, to which a frequency-reduced "color under" chroma (hue and saturation) signal is added. However, steam trucks were not common until the mid-1800s. The vertical resolution of VHS (and all other analog recording methods) is determined by the TV standard — a maximum of 486 lines are visible in NTSC and a maximum of 576 lines in PAL. Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered "fardier" Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. The frequency modulation of the luminance signal makes higher resolutions impossible within the VHS standard, no matter how advanced the recorder's technology. . VHS tapes have approximately 3 MHz of video bandwidth, and a horizontal resolution of about 240 discernible lines per scanline [1].

for chilled freight, removal vans, etc). An unofficial LP mode with half the standard speed exists on some NTSC machines, but is not part of the VHS standard. A pantech is a truck and/or van with a freight hull made of (or converted to) hard panels (i.e. Because of this, commercial prerecorded tapes were almost always recorded in SP mode. A Pantech truck or van is a word derivation of "pantechnicon" commonly currently used in Australia. Of course, these speed reductions cause corresponding reductions in video quality; also, tapes recorded at the lower speed often exhibit poor playback performance on recorders other than the one they were produced on. Vehicles transporting furniture to and from the building, known as pantechnicon vans, soon came to be known simply as pantechnicons. More recent machines usually allow the selection of longer recording times by lowering the tape speed: LP mode (for PAL and some NTSC machines) halves the tape speed and doubles the recording time, while EP mode (for NTSC and some newer PAL machines, aka SLP mode) drops the tape speed to one-third, for triple the recording time.

The shop soon closed down and the building was turned into a furniture warehouse, but the name was kept. Most cassettes have lower recording times because they use thicker tape, which helps avoid jams; careful users generally avoid the thinnest tapes. It was originally coined in 1830 as the name of a craft shop or bazaar, in Motcomb Street in Belgravia, London; the name is Greek for "pertaining to all the arts or crafts". A cassette holds a maximum of about 430 m of tape at the lowest acceptable tape thickness, giving a maximum playing time of about 3.5 hours for NTSC and 5 hours for PAL at "standard" (SP) quality. Pantechnicon is a disused British word for a furniture removal van. The tape speed is 3.335 cm/s for NTSC, 2.339 cm/s for PAL. In Australia and New Zealand a small truck with an open back is called a ute (short for "utility vehicle"). A VHS cassette contains a ½ inch (12.7 mm) wide magnetic tape wound between two spools, allowing it to be slowly passed over the various playback and recording heads of the video cassette recorder.

Other languages have loanwords based on these terms, such as the Malay lori. . This type of truck is a motor vehicle designed to carry goods, with a cab and a tray or compartment for carrying goods. Most newer VHS machines do not perform this unthreading step, as due to improved engineering, head-tape contact is no longer an impediment to fast winding. The term is most commonly used in American English and Australian English to refer to what earlier was called a motor truck, and in British English is often called a lorry, a Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV), or a wagon (sometimes spelled waggon). Early VHS machines could rewind and fast forward the tape considerably faster than a Betamax VCR since they unthreaded the tape from the playback heads before commencing any high-speed winding. They come in all sizes, from the automobile-sized pickup truck to towering off-road mining trucks or heavy highway semi-trailers. VHS initially offered a longer playing time than the Betamax system, and it also had the advantage of a far less complex tape transport mechanism.

Unlike automobiles, which usually have a unibody construction, most trucks (with the exception of the car-like minivan) are built around a strong frame called a chassis. VHS became a standard format for consumer recording and viewing in the 1980s and 1990s after competing in a fierce format war with Sony's Betamax and, to a lesser extent, Philips' Video 2000. A truck is a motor vehicle for transporting goods. Some early reports claim the name originally stood for Victor Helical Scan System. Mack Trucks. VHS officially stands for Video Home System, but it initially stood for Vertical Helical Scan, after the relative head/tape scan technique. Scania. The Video Home System, first released in September 1976, better known by its abbreviation VHS, is a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by JVC (with some of its critical technology under lucrative licensing agreements with Sony) and launched in 1976.

DaimlerChrysler. Viz Video (1993-). Nissan Diesel. Buena Vista Home Entertainment (1989-). Iveco (Italy, but local divisions in Asia). Miramax Home Entertainment, a unit of Buena Vista Home Entertainment (1989-). Isuzu. New Line Home Entertainment, a TimeWarner Company (1989-).

Hino (Japan)(joint ventures with Scania and Renault). Carolco Home Video, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1988-1995). Tata Motors (India, previously called Telco). Orion Home Video, a Sony Pictures Entertainment Company (1988-1997). Mitsubishi (Japan). Anchor Bay Entertainment (1980s-). Dong Feng (China). Hi-Tops Video, a Heron Communications Company (1985-1992).

Nissan Diesel. Simitar Entertainment (1980s-1990s). Scania. Touchstone Home Entertainment, a unit of the Walt Disney Company (1984-). Fuso. Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1984-). Navistar. Family Home Entertainment, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1982-).

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge. NBC Home Video, an NBC/Universal Company (1981-). Hino. Universal Studios Home Video, an NBC/Universal Company (1980-). PACCAR. Magnetic Video, the first duplicator/distributor of movies on video cassette for home use (1977-1981). Iveco. Vestron Video, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1979-).

Volvo Global Trucks. MGM Home Entertainment, a Sony Pictures Entertainment Company (1979-). DaimlerChrysler Commecial Vehicles. Media Home Entertainment, a Heron Communications Company (1978-1992). "Hood" : Any conventional that is NOT an "aardvark". Warner Home Video, a TimeWarner Company (1978-). "Aardvark" : The aerodynamically designed conventional. HBO Video, a TimeWarner Company (1978-).

"Tiltin' Hilton" :Cab-over with a sleeper berth. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (1978-). Slang terms