Toyota Corolla

For 2008, Toyota will create a hybrid gasoline–electric Corolla. Broken Enigma messages are still extremely valuable today, as they provide some of the best surviving direct accounts of the Nazi war effort. The Altis range of the Corolla is manufactured in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan. Marian Rejewski wrote a number of papers on his 1932 break into Enigma and his subsequent work on the cipher, well into World War II, with his fellow mathematician-cryptologists, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski; most of Rejewski's papers appear in Władysław Kozaczuk's 1984 Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two (edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek), which remains the standard reference on the crucial foundations laid by the Poles for World War II Enigma decryption. Two versions of engine are available, the 108 bhp 1.6 and the 134 bhp 1.8. Information on British cryptology appears in the official history of British intelligence in World War II, edited by Sir Harry Hinsley; he also co-edited, with Alan Stripp, a volume of memoirs by participants in the British cryptological effort, Codebreakers: the Inside Story of Bletchley Park (1993). In Asia (excluding Hong Kong Japan & India), the Toyota Corolla is branded as the Toyota Corolla Altis and is similar to the US-spec Corolla. A brief description of the Enigma, as well as other codes/ciphers, can be found in Simon Singh's The Code Book (1999).

The Vibe, in turn, is sold with a different grille in Japan and is called the Toyota Voltz. David Kahn's Seizing the Enigma (1991) is essentially about the solution of Naval Enigma, based on seizures of German naval vessels; British success in the endeavor almost certainly saved Britain from defeat in the crucial Battle of the Atlantic and thereby made the United States' entry into the war's European theater possible. The Corolla has also spawned another multi-purpose vehicle, the Matrix, sold in Canada and the United States, and forms the basis of the Pontiac Vibe. Hugh Sebag-Montefiore's Enigma: the Battle for the Code (2000), which focuses largely on Naval Enigma, includes some previously unknown information—and many photographs of individuals involved; Bletchley Park had been his grandfather's house before it was purchased for GC&CS. The Corolla Spacio (Verso in Europe) moved on to the new platform. A short account of World War II cryptology is Battle of Wits (2000) by Stephen Budiansky; it covers more than just the Enigma story. The station wagon model is called the Toyota Corolla Fielder in Japan, and the five-door the Toyota Corolla Runx and Toyota Allex, launching in 2001. A fictional version of this story is told in the novel Enigma by Robert Harris (ISBN 0099992000), the movie made from the novel—see "Enigma (2001 film)"—and is somewhat covered, also fictionally, in Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon (ISBN 0099410672).

The sporty XRS model, introduced for 2004, features the high-revving 170 hp (127 kW) 127 ft·lbf (172 N·m) 2ZZ-GE engine and 6 speed manual from the Toyota Celica GT-S and Lotus Elise. It was, in fact, a very narrow shave, and the reader may like to ponder [...] whether [...] we might have won [without] Ultra.". The torsion bar suspension and drum brakes in the rear are anachronisms, however. "Let no one be fooled," Winterbotham admonishes in chapter 3, "by the spate of television films and propaganda which has made the war seem like some great triumphant epic. This model made it to the United States in 2002. Winterbotham, the first author to limn, in his 1974 book The Ultra Secret, the influence of Enigma decryption on the course of World War II, likewise made the earliest contribution to an appreciation of Ultra's postwar influence, which now continues into the 21st century — and not only in the postwar establishment of Britain's GCHQ (Government Communication Headquarters) and the United States' NSA (National Security Agency). Like the Vista, the Corolla's width is limited to 67 in (1700 mm), to avoid being in a higher tax bracket in Japan, although most of its European rivals are now wider. F.W.

It is built on a shortened Toyota Vista platform—the Vista being a mid-sized, rather than compact, car. This directly effected his attitude to the effectiveness of the post D-Day 1944 directives (orders) to target oil installations as he did not know that it was high level German sources which was being used by the Allied high command to assess just how much it was hurting the German war effort; so Harris tended to see the directives to bomb specific oil and munitions targets as a high level command "panacea" (his word), and as a distraction from the real task of making the rubble bounce in every large German city.^[1]. The ninth-generation Corolla (AE120/ZZE120) appeared in August 2000 with edgier styling and a longer 102.4 in (2600 mm) wheelbase. The historian Frederick Taylor argues that as Harris was not cleared to know about ULTRA, he was given some information gleaned from ENIGMA, but not where it had come from. In 1997, the Corolla Spacio, with its body panels stamped at long-time Toyota supplier Kanto Autoworks, was introduced as a two-box minivan version and sold as the Corolla Verso in Europe and the Toyota Spacio in New Zealand. After D-Day with the resumption of the strategic bomber campaign over Germany, Harris remained wedded to area bombardment. As a result, a sporting model with a six-speed gearbox was offered. The destruction of city centres not only destroyed factories, houses, and railways, but damaged and degrade the telephone network, which as the war progressed forced the German armed forces to rely ever more heavily on encrypted radio traffic, which of course the Allies were able to read.

A European range had different front and rear ends (this was sold in Australia and New Zealand, too), to appeal to customers there. From February 1942 when Air Marshal Arthur Harris became Commander-in-Chief of RAF Bomber Command, the RAF implemented large scale night area bombardment of German cities. Europe (1996-2001). Improvements to ASDIC (sonar), coupled with Hedgehog depth charges, improved the likelihood of a surface attack sinking a U-boat. The US-market 2001 Toyota Corolla has a maximum legal carrying capacity of 850lbs. Improvements to Huff-Duff (radio-triangulation equipment used as part of ELINT) meant that a U-boat's location could be found even if the messages they were sending could not be read. VVT-i variable valve timing was added to the engine for 2000. As the air gap over the North Atlantic closed and convoys received escort-carrier protection, airborne anti-submarine aircraft became extremely efficient hunter-killers with the use of centimetric radar and airborne depth charges.

In the US market, only sedans were offered. However there were other technologies, equipment and tactics which moved the Battle of the Atlantic in the Allies' favour. A new all-aluminum engine powered all Corollas, making every car lighter than its predecessor. He would later write, in Their Finest Hour (1949): "The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril." A major factor that averted Britain's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic was her regained mastery of Naval-Enigma decryption. All North American Corollas were now built in California (by NUMMI) or Canada (by TMMC). An exhibit in 2003 on "Secret War" at the Imperial War Museum, in London, quoted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill telling King George VI: "It was thanks to Ultra that we won the war." Churchill's greatest fear, even after Hitler had suspended Operation Sealion and invaded the Soviet Union, was that the German submarine wolf packs would succeed in strangling sea-locked Britain. USA (1998-2002). Probably the question should be broadened to include Ultra's influence not only on the war itself, but on the postwar period as well.

JPN-market chassis:. There has been controversy about the influence of Allied Enigma decryption on the course of World War II. The Sprinter Trueno coupé range was carried over with a facelift, while the Wagon was identical to the Corolla. As with other history, but more than for most, the history of cryptology, especially its recent history, should be read carefully, due to its complexity and to possibly confusing or misleading agendas. This marked the beginning of the end of the Sprinter. This can be traced to a number of causes:. The Japanese has a version called the "Corolla GT" which is a 4-door, 165hp, 6-speed sedan. Several are unreliable in many respects.

Due to recession, Toyota ordered that Corolla development chief Takayasu Honda cuts costs, hence the carryover engineering. Many accounts of the Enigma-decryption story, and of other World War II cryptological happenings, have been published. The eighth generation (AE110/ZZE110), which shared its platform (and doors, on some models) with its predecessor, was introduced in May 1995, 1998 in Europe and North America. The National Security Agency retired the last of its rotor-based encryption systems, the KL-7 series, in the 1980s. Japan (1995-1999). It was decided at this point to let the cat out of the bag, and revelations about some of Bletchley Park's operations were permitted in 1974. This model was not as successful due to a rising yen and home-market recession, blunting demand. By 1970 newer, computer-based ciphers were becoming popular as the world increasingly turned to computerised communications, and the usefulness of Enigma copies (and rotor machines generally) rapidly decreased.

The three and five-door Corolla FX was also sold in Europe just as the Corolla, and was available mostly in normal (non-sports) specs unlike the FX range avaliable in Japan which were available in two models the SJ a 16 valve 1.6-litre 115bhp (4A-FE) and the GT a 20 Valve 1.6-litre 160bhp (Silvertop 4A-GE). The same year, David Kahn in The Codebreakers described the 1945 capture of a Naval Enigma machine from U-505 and mentioned, somewhat in passing, that Enigma messages were already being read by that time, requiring "machines that filled several buildings." In 1971 Ladislas Farago's The Game of the Foxes gave an early published version of the myth of the purloined Enigma that enabled the British (according to Farago, Alfred Dillwyn Knox) to crack the cipher (Farago mentions an Abwehr Enigma). The five-door Sprinter was sold as the Corolla Sprinter in Europe, confusingly. In 1967 the Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk in his book Bitwa o tajemnice (Secret War) first revealed that the German Enigma had been broken by Polish cryptologists before World War II. The US-market Geo Prizm was sold as a four-door sedan. Some information about Enigma decryption did get out earlier, however. The Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno were sold as two-door coupés. Switzerland even developed its own version of the Enigma, the NEMA, and used it for decades (at least into the late '70s).

Sprinters were available as a four-door sedan or five-door liftback, including a four-door hardtop called the Sprinter Marino (only for this generation). Their traffic was not so secure as they believed, however, which is of course one reason the British and Americans made the machines available. It was available as a four-door sedan, three- and five-door hatchback and a five-door station wagon. As mentioned, after the war, surplus Enigmas and Enigma-like machines were sold to many countries around the world, which remained convinced of the security of the remarkable cipher machines. This model appeared in 1992 in Japan, 1993 in Europe and 1994 in North America. There is also a one-volume collection of reminiscences by Ultra veterans, Codebreakers (1993), edited by Hinsley and Alan Stripp. With its 97 in (2465 mm) wheelbase, the Corolla had moved into the compact size class once occupied by the Toyota Corona and Camry. It was chiefly edited by Harry Hinsley, with one volume by Michael Howard.

The next Corolla (AE10X) was larger, heavier, and more expensive, with development chief Dr Akihiko Saito wanting to develop a 'mini-Lexus', after success with that range's flagship. The official history of British intelligence in World War II was published in five volumes from 1979 to 1988. They generated 152 ft·lbf at 4,400rpm as opposed to the N/a 4A-GE's 100 ft·lbf at 4,800 rpm. He was involved in Bletchley Park's intelligence analysis of decrypts, working between the cryptological operation and Winterbotham's distribution operation. They used the SC12 roots type supercharger and a top mounted intercooler that was fed cool air via a scoop on the bonnet. Peter Calvocorressi's book, Top Secret Ultra (1980), is in this regard better written and more responsible. In Japan the AE92 Levin/Trueno was also fitted with a supercharged engine and designated GT-Z. He worked on the operation to distribute Ultra to end consumers and, based on the evidence of his book, did not understand much about cryptology.

European-market chassis:. Wintherbotham's book is very interesting, but is in error on many points. US-market chassis:. Winterbotham, published The Ultra Secret. These two plants made 279,000 units, making a total of 4.5 million of this generation (AE90) made. The British ban was finally lifted in 1974, the year that a key participant on the distribution side of the Ultra project, F.W. American production of the sedan took place at NUMMI and Cambridge, Ontario. Nevertheless it was the public disclosure of Enigma decryption, in the book Enigma (1973) by French Intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand, that generated pressure to discuss the rest of the Enigma/Ultra story.

These generations were also favored by tuners. Discussion by either the Polish or the French of Enigma breaks carried out early in the war would have been uninformed regarding breaks carried out during the balance of the war. The three-door is sold as a panel van model there, called the Toyota Carri. Since it was British and, later, American message-breaking which had been the most extensive, this meant that the importance of Enigma decrypts to the prosecution of the war remained unknown. The sixth-generation five-door hatchback is still made in South Africa as an entry-level model called the Toyota Tazz. The third explanation is given by Winterbotham (The Ultra Secret, introduction), who recounts that two weeks after V-E Day Churchill requested that former recipients of Ultra intelligence be asked not to divulge the source or the information they had received from it, in order that there might be neither damage to the future operations of the Secret Service nor any cause for the Allies' enemies to blame it for their defeat. The Sprinter five-door liftback was re-badged as the Corolla in Europe, though for a period in Ireland (and possibly elsewhere) it was badged the "Sprinter GLS", unusually in cheap-looking decals instead of the metallic-coated plastic badges found on all other Toyotas of the time. A second explanation relates to a misadventure of Winston Churchill's between the World Wars, when he publicly disclosed information obtained by decrypting Russian secret communications; this had prompted the Russians to change their cryptography, leading to a cryptological blackout.

It was called the All-Trac in the US and sold with the Tercel or Corolla name in some countries. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret, after World War II the British gathered up all the Enigma machines they could find and sold them to Third World countries, confident that they could continue reading the messages of the machines' new owners. It was sold from 1988 to 1994 and had different bodywork to other Corollas. First, as David Kahn pointed out in his 1974 New York Times review of F.W. The all wheel drive Sprinter Carib wagon used a solid axle rear suspension with coil springs, while the rest used struts all around. All may be true. The Geo Prizm shared a slightly different body with the Japan-market Sprinter. Each has plausibility.

All Corollas were front-drive for 1987, with production beginning in May 1987. At least three versions exist as to why Ultra was kept secret so long. Australian-market chassis: Similarity with the Holden Nova. During that period the important contributions to the war effort of a great many people remained unknown, and they were unable to share in the glory of what is likely one of the chief reasons the Allies won the war — or, at least, as quickly as they did. US-market chassis: Also marketed by GM from 1985–1988 as Chevy Nova before becoming Geo Prizm. While it is obvious why Britain and the United States went to considerable pains to keep Ultra a secret until the end of the war, it has been a matter of some conjecture why Ultra was kept officially secret for 29 years thereafter, until 1974. It was available with either SOHC or DOHC engines, the latter marketed as the FX-16. The Japanese are said to have obtained an Enigma machine as early as 1937, although it is debated whether they were given it by their German ally or bought a commercial version which, except for plugboard and actual rotor wirings, was essentially the German Army / Air Force machine.

A new Corolla FX, built at the US NUMMI plant, appeared in 1987. These reports included reviews of German strategy and intentions, reports on direct inspections (in one case, of Normandy beach defenses) by the ambassador, and reports of long interviews with Hitler. These AE86 models have been immortalized in the anime series Initial D, and have been also featured in the computer and video games Need for Speed: Underground 2, Gran Turismo 3 & 4, and Auto Modellista. Some Purple decrypts proved useful elsewhere, for instance detailed reports by Japan's ambassador to Germany which were encrypted on the Purple machine. The Sprinter sports cars, in two-door coupe and three-door liftback forms, were notable for the line's first use of pop-up headlamps, which the equivalent Corolla Levin sports models did not have. It was also cracked, by the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service. This engine was also combined with the front-drive transaxle to power the mid-engined Toyota MR-2. In the Pacific theater, the Japanese cipher machine dubbed "Purple" by the Americans, and unrelated to the Enigmas, was used for highest-level Japanese diplomatic traffic.

It was a 1.6 L (1587 cc) I4 and produced an impressive 124 hp (92 kW), turning the Sprinter Trueno (Japan), Corolla GT Coupe (Europe) and Corolla GT-S into a popular sports car. The information it provided was accurate and timely, and Soviet agents in Switzerland (including Alexander Rado, the director) eventually took it quite seriously. A hot DOHC 16-valve engine, designated 4A-GE, was added in 1984 on the rear-drive cars. The Lucy ring was operated, apparently, by one man, Rudolf Roessler, and was initially treated with considerable suspicion by the Soviets. The five-door liftback was sold with the Corolla Seca name in Australia and the nameplate survived on successive five-door models. It has been alleged that "Lucy" was, in major part, a way for the British to feed Ultra intelligence to the Soviets in a way that made it appear to have come from highly-placed espionage and not from cryptanalysis of German radio traffic. Although there was a five-door liftback model of the basic Corolla, the FX-based hatchback was sold alongside it. This was an extremely well informed, and rapidly responsive, ring which was able to get information "directly from the German General Staff Headquarters" — often on specific request.

The three- and five-door hatchbacks resembled the Corolla sedan with a truncated boot. An intriguing question concerns alleged use of Ultra information by the "Lucy" spy ring. A "short" hatchback range, called the Corolla FX in Japan and the Corolla Compact in Germany, arrived in 1984, on the front-wheel-drive platform. (See Bamford's Body of Secrets in regard to the TICOM missions immediately after the war.). It was the first Corolla to top the New Zealand top-10 lists, ending Ford's dominance of that market. They just found it impossible to imagine anyone going to the immense effort required. The front-wheel-drive wheelbase was now 95.6 in (2428 mm). Among the things they learned was that German cryptographers, at least, understood very well that Enigma messages might be read; they knew Enigma was not unbreakable.

This model, from 1984, moved the Corolla into front wheel drive, except for the AE85 Corolla Levin (SR5 coupe and GT Coupe outside Japan) and AE86 Sprinter Trueno which continued on the older rear wheel drive platform, along with the three-door "liftback" (TE72), three-door van (KE70) and five-door wagon (KE70) of the previous generation, that were still being produced. After the War, American TICOM project teams found and detained a considerable number of German cryptographic personnel. The fifth generation (AE8x) is generally regarded as the finest Corolla when measured against its contemporaries, and some 3.3 million units were produced. Likewise, Ultra traffic suggested an attack in the Ardennes in 1944, but the Battle of the Bulge was a surprise to the Allies because the information was disregarded. The 1980-81 models had 4 lamps in the front in some markets, all 82-83 models have 2. Rommel's intentions just prior to the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa in 1942 had been suggested by Ultra, but this was not taken into account by the Americans. In 1980, during this model's life, Corolla daily production reached an all-time high, averaging 2,346 units. However, Ultra information was also at times misused or ignored.

The year 1983 introduced the Corolla's first overhead cam engine, the 1.6 L (1587 cc/96 in³) 4A-C in the AE71 model range. The Germans considered Enigma traffic so secure that they openly discussed their plans and movements, handing the Allies huge amounts of information. A new 1.8 L (1770 cc/108 in³) 3T engine was optional to some markets, producing 75 hp (56 kW), whilst parts of the world retained the old 4K. Had they been better informed, they could have changed systems, forcing Allied cryptologists to start over. This generation (apart from the wagon) got a new rear coil spring five-link rear end with panhard rod, and the wheelbase was longer at 94.5 in (2400 mm). By 1945 almost all German Enigma traffic (Wehrmacht, Navy, Luftwaffe, Abwehr, SD, etc.) could be decrypted within a day or two, yet the Germans remained confident of its security. The car were also avaliable in coupe versions (TE71 and TE72). Intelligence from signals between Adolf Hitler and General Günther von Kluge was of considerable help during the campaign in France just after the Allied D-Day landings, particularly in regard to estimates of when German reserves might be committed to battle.

Equally, there was a Daihatsu Charmant variant. Ultra information was of considerable assistance to the British (Montgomery being "in the know" about Ultra) at El Alamein in Western Egypt in the long-running battle with the Afrika Korps under Rommel. Although most of the fourth generation was replaced by 1984, the station wagon and van versions soldiered on into 1987. British Admiral Cunningham also did some fancy footwork at a hotel in Egypt to prevent Axis agents from taking note of his movements and deducing that a major operation was planned. The fourth-generation model (Ke70) released in 1979 in Japan, was a boxy, rear-wheel-drive offering. Breaking of some messages (not in German Enigma) led to the defeat of the Italian Navy at Capa Matapan, and was preceded by another "fortuitous" search-plane sighting. US-market chassis:. It is commonly claimed that the breaks into Naval Enigma resulted in the war being a year shorter, but given its effects on the Second Battle of the Atlantic alone, that might be an underestimate.

A sporty 2T-G engine was also in the lineup in the Japanese model hardtop (AKA Levin) producing 124hp with a DOHC performance head, and later models with fuel injection. Its traffic was routinely readable. The TE3x series 2T-C engines had an additional bump in horsepower thanks to their hemi-design and larger displacement (1588cc)giving the engines 75hp at the flywheel outmatching rival Datsun B210s engine output. The U-boat network which used the four-rotor machine was known as Triton, codenamed Shark by the Allies. These figures are fairly optimistic (probably tested without ancillaries such as alternators or water pumps) to make the car look good for sales, in reality most Corollas of the time produced about 30 hp (22 kW) at the wheels, which can be estimated to 45 hp (34 kW) at the flywheel. Realizing the error, the U-boat retransmitted the same message using the 3-rotor Enigma, giving the British sufficient clues to break the new machine soon after it became operational on February 1, 1942. However emissions became a problem further into the 1970s, and the 4K engine in the KE5x series produced only 60 hp (45 kW), despite and increased capacity of 1290 cc. Fortunately for the Allies, in December a U-boat mistakenly transmitted a message using the four-rotor machine before it was due to be inaugurated.

Early Corollas in this range (KE3x) with 3K engines produced 73 hp (54 kW) from just 1166 cc. In 1941 British intelligence learned that the German Navy was about to introduce M4, a new version of Enigma with 4 rotors rather than 3. The base model cost US$2,711 in 1975, but one needed to step up to the $2,989 "deluxe" to get features comparable to the contemporary pack. Coincidentally, German success in this respect almost exactly matched in time an Allied blackout from Naval Enigma. They also criticized the "relatively crude rear suspension" and lack of interior space and poor fuel economy when compared to the VW Rabbit. The more so, since his counterintelligence B-Dienst group, who had partially broken Royal Navy traffic (including its convoy codes early in the war), supplied enough information to support the idea that the Allies were unable to read Naval Enigma. Road & Track was critical of the 1975 Corolla, calling it "large and heavy" and "expensive" compared to the Honda Civic and Datsun B210. However, the evidence was never enough to truly convince him that Naval Enigma was being read by the Allies.

USA (1974-1979). Dönitz had the settings book changed anyway, blacking out Bletchley Park for a period. JPN-market chassis:. The analysis suggested that the signals problem, if there was one, wasn't due to the Enigma itself. The KE40 series was assigned to the Sprinter variants. Dönitz immediately asked for a review of Enigma's security. A three-door "liftback" (KE50) was added in 1976, along with a sporty-looking "sport coupe" body style. They all escaped and reported what had happened.

A "Toyoglide" 2/3-speed automatic transmission was added as well as four-speed and for the "E/5, and "SR5" a five-speed manual transmissions. In one instance, three U-boats met at a tiny island in the Caribbean, and a British destroyer promptly showed up. These model codes were designated "TE3x". Karl Dönitz received reports of "impossible" encounters between U-boats and enemy vessels which made him suspect some compromise of his communications. All body styles—two- and four-door sedan (KE30), two-door hardtop (KE35) and three/five-door station wagon (KE36/KE38)—still used the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K engine in certain markets, while most Japanese and American models got the stronger 1.6 L (1588 cc/96 in³) 2T engine. Some Germans had suspicions that all was not right with Enigma. While there were certain fourth-generation models with a longer model life, this generation, when considered as a whole, was the longest-lived one, possibly due to the worldwide recession in the 1970s. In order to solve this problem the Allies, especially the US, "went industrial" and produced much larger versions of the Polish bomba that could rapidly test thousands of possible key settings.

In addition to the Sprinter, there was a rebodied version built by Toyota affiliate Daihatsu, called the Daihatsu Charmant. The number remaining was still huge, and due to the new rotors that the Germans had added from time to time, that number was much larger than the Poles had faced. The third-generation Toyota Corolla, built from 1974–81 (worldwide versions) (KE3x/KE5x), marked Toyota's greatest growth in the United States in the wake of the fuel crisis. However, the new tricks only reduced the number of possible settings for a message. Japan (1974-1981). From this point on, Naval Enigma messages were being read constantly, even after changes to the ground settings. * TE-27 - Hardtop Coupe, SR5. was likely to have been broadcast by a weather-reporting boat in the Atlantic, and that meant the message would almost certainly contain these cribs; and similarly for other traffic.

* TE-25 - Wagon, DX. Thus a brief message sent from the west at 6 a.m. * TE-21 - Sedan, 2 Door Sedan. But by 1943 so much traffic had been decrypted that Allied cryptologists had an excellent understanding of the messages coming from various locations at various times. US-market chassis:. Charting decrypted Enigma traffic against British shipping losses for a given month shows a strong pattern of increased losses when Naval Enigma was blacked out, and vice versa. Corollas with this engine were designated TE21 or TE27. Even these brief periods were enough to markedly affect the course of the war.

A 1.6 L (1588 cc/96 in³) 102 hp (76 kW) 2T engine came in 1971, quite impressive for the time, and the sporty SR5 (aka: Levin in Japan) was introduced in 1973. This technique was, at Bletchley, called gardening. The above models were available, as well as a hardtop coupe called the "SR-5". In the case of mining this or that channel, they expected the word "Minen" to occur in some of the messages. USA (1971-1974). To do this they would drop mines (or take some other action), then listen for messages thus provoked. * TE-27 - Hardtop Coupe (Levin/Trueno). In other cases, the Allies induced the Germans to provide them with cribs.

* TE-25 - Wagon, DX. More fantastic scenarios were contemplated, such as Ian Fleming's James Bondian suggestion to "crash" captured German bombers into the sea near German shipping, hoping they would be "rescued" by a ship's crew, which would be taken captive by commandos concealed in the plane who would capture the cryptographic material intact. * TE-21 - Sedan, 2 Door Sedan. These included U-boats U-505 (1944) and U-559 (1942) and a number of German weather boats and converted trawlers such as the Krebs, captured during a raid on the Lofoten Islands off Norway. JPN-market chassis:. Naval Enigma machines or settings books were captured from a total of 7 U-boats and 8 German surface ships. The Corolla became the second-best selling car in the world that year. And it was done again shortly afterwards.

There was a two and four-door sedan (KE20) available, as well as a two-door coupe (KE25), and three-door wagon (KE26). On 7 May 1941 the Royal Navy deliberately captured a German weather ship, together with cipher equipment and codes; and 2 days later U-110 was captured, together with an Enigma machine, code book, operating manual and other information that enabled Bletchley Park to break submarine messages until the end of June. The front suspension design was improved greatly, using a swaybar, however the rear remained relatively the same. Different and far more difficult methods had to be used to break into Naval Enigma traffic, and with the U-boats running freely in the Atlantic after the fall of France, a more direct approach recommended itself. It had a longer 91.9 in (2334 mm) wheelbase, and used the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K I4 which made 73 hp (54 kW). There was no hint at all to the initial settings for the machines, and there was little probable plaintext to use, either. The second-generation KE2x model , launched 1970, had "coke-bottle" styling. From the beginning, the Naval version of Enigma used a larger selection of rotors than did the Army or Air Force versions, as well as operating procedures that made it much more secure than other Enigma variants.

Japan (1969-1978). In the summer of 1940, British cryptanalysts, who were successfully breaking German Air Force Enigma-cypher variants, were able to give Churchill information about the issuing of maps of England and Ireland to the Sealion invasion forces. Exports to the United States began in 1968 at about US$1,700, and the car has been popular since. Liaison officers were appointed for each field command to manage and control dissemination. Toyota has been almost steadfast in facelifting each generation after two years, and replacing it with an all-new model every four years. The distribution of Ultra information to Allied commanders and units in the field involved considerable risk of discovery by the Germans, and great care was taken to control both the information and knowledge of how it was obtained. USA (1968-1970). The British were, it is said, more disciplined about such measures than the Americans, and this difference was a source of friction between them.

The suspension in front was MacPherson struts supported by a transverse leaf spring beneath the engine crossmember, with leaf springs connected to a solid axle in back. Ultra information was used to attack and sink many Afrika Korps supply ships bound for North Africa; but, as in the North Atlantic, every time such information was used, an "innocent" explanation had to be provided: often scout planes were sent on otherwise unnecessary missions, to ensure they were spotted by the Germans. A 4-speed manual transmission or 2 speed automatic transmission was available, and the car used rear wheel drive. This was taken to the extreme that, for instance, though they knew from intercepts the whereabouts of U-boats lying in wait in mid-Atlantic, the U-boats often were not hunted unless a "cover story" could be arranged — a search plane might be "fortunate enough" to sight the U-boat, thus explaining the Allied attack. Power came from either a 1.1 L (1077 cc/65 in³) OHV I4, the K, which produced 60 hp (45 kW), or the 1.2 L (1166 cc/71 in³) 3K in later models. The Allies were seriously concerned to conceal from the Axis command that they had broken into Enigma traffic. The initial car, the KE1x series, was small, with a 90 in (2286 mm) wheelbase, and came in two- and four-door sedan (KE10 and KE11), two-door coupe (KE15), and three-door station wagon (KE16 and KE18) versions. Usable Ultra information came too late to be of great help during the Battle of Britain.

Eiji Toyoda, chairman of the company, said it worked hard to create popular demand, and disputes that Toyota rode a wave of private car ownership that was taking off in the mid-1960s. Instead the Germans every so often added new rotors to the mix, thereby allowing the British to work out the wirings of the newest rotors. The Corolla was launched in Japan in October 1966. However, due to the expense and difficulty of getting new rotors to all ships and units, this was never done. Japan (1966-1969). And had German operating practices been more secure, things would have been much more difficult for the British cryptologists. In Australia, the Corolla liftback (TE72) was at one point badged the T-18. Had the Germans ever replaced every rotor at the same time, the British might not have been able to break back into the system.

Over the years, there have been rebadged versions of the Corolla, including the 1980s’ Holden Nova of Australia, and the Sprinter-based Chevrolet Nova, Geo Prizm and Chevrolet Prizm of the United States. Other German operators used "form letters" for daily reports, notably weather reports, so the same crib might be used every day. There have also been several spin-offs over the years, including the Corolla II hatchback, Corolla Ceres (and similar Sprinter Marino) hardtop, Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno sports coupes and hatchbacks, and the Corolla FX hatckback (now Corolla Runx). Analysts were set to finding such messages in the sea of daily intercepts, which winnowed out enough possibilities to allow Bletchley to use other original Polish techniques as well to find the initial daily keys. It was replaced in 2001 by the Toyota Allex. In other cases, as they had before the war, Enigma operators would constantly use the same settings for their message keys, often their own initials or those of a girlfriend (one apparently had the initials "C.I.L.," so Bletchley Park named such hints "cillies"). A slightly upmarket version is called the Toyota Sprinter, sold in the Japanese home market. A British analyst received from an intercept station a long message containing not a single "T" and immediately realised what had happened.

. In one instance, a clerk was asked to send a test message, and hit the T key repeatedly and transmitted the resulting letters. The Corolla's chassis designation code is "E", as described in Toyota's chassis and engine codes. On some occasions, German cipher clerks helped the Allied cryptanalysts. Corollas are currently manufactured in the United States (California), the United Kingdom, Canada (Cambridge, Ontario), India, South Africa, Brazil, Turkey and Thailand. This provided a clue to message keys. [1]. With a probable plaintext fragment and the knowledge that no letter could be enciphered as itself, a corresponding ciphertext fragment could often be identified.

Toyota has made 30 million cars under the Corolla name since its launch in 1966, making it the best selling car of all time. Another technique counted on common German phrases, such as "Heil Hitler" or "please respond," which were likely to occur in a given plaintext; a successful guess as to a plaintext was known at Bletchley as a crib. In 1997, the Corolla became the best selling nameplate in the world. One mode of attack on the Enigma relied on the fact that the reflector (a patented feature of the Enigma machines) guaranteed that no letter could be enciphered as itself, so an A could not be sent as an A. The Toyota Corolla is a compact car produced by Toyota of Japan, known worldwide for its reliability, conventional engineering and low fuel consumption. 31, 58.). AE-114 - AWD Sedan. (Kozaczuk, pp.

AE-110 - Sedan. Even before the war, it had been a challenge to the Poles; only a portion of Naval Enigma had been read at B.S.-4 (the Cipher Bureau's German section) due to limited Bureau personnel and resources and because knowledge of army and air force traffic had been deemed more important to Poland's defense. AE-111 - Sedan, GT. (For a discussion of the many identical techniques used by the Poles and the British, see Kozaczuk 1984, appendix F.) A particular challenge would be German Naval Enigma. AE95 - 4WD 5-Door Wagon with the 4A-F or 4A-FE engines. British attacks on the Enigmas were similar to the original Polish methods, but naturally continued evolving to keep pace with the growing complexity of German equipment and procedures. AE92 - with the 4A-F engine and the 4A-GE engine (GTi). Such information enabled the Allies to maintain an accurate picture of enemy plans and orders of battle, and when appropriately used was of great value in formulating Allied strategy and tactics.

CE90 - with the C1 engine. By 1943, a large proportion of intercepts (over 2,000 daily at the height of operations) were routinely read, including some from Hitler himself. EE90 - with the 2E engine. Among the latter was Alan Turing, one of the founders of modern computing. AE95 - 4WD 5-Door Wagon. The Bletchley Park workers included a mix of crossword enthusiasts, chess mavens, mathematicians and pioneer computer scientists. AE92 - Sedan, SR5/GT-S Coupé, 2WD 5-Door Wagon. Such was the secrecy surrounding reports from "Boniface" that "his" reports were taken directly to Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a locked box to which he personally held the key.

AE-86 - FWD 4-door Sedan /5-door Hatchback. Earlier in the war, the product from Bletchley Park was codenamed "Boniface" to give the impression to the uninitiated that the source was a secret agent. AE-82 - FWD 4-door Sedan /5-door Hatchback. Eventually there would be a very large organization controlling the distribution of the resulting – secret – decrypted information, which in time came to be called "Ultra." Strict rules were established to restrict the number of people who knew about the existence of Ultra in the hope of ensuring that nothing (e.g., leaks, actions) would alert the Axis powers that the Allies were reading their messages. AE-80 - FWD 4-door Sedan /5-door Hatchback. They also set up a large interception network to collect enciphered messages for the cryptologists at Bletchley and at five near-by off-site outstations at Adstock, Gayhurst, Wavendon, Stanmore, and Eastcote. AE-86 - RWD GT-S/SR5 Coupé. (Work that would be done after the outbreak of World War II in France, at PC Bruno outside Paris, would be strictly the domain of the Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland.) Early in 1939 Britain's secret service had installed its Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, 50 miles (80 km) north of London, to work on enemy message traffic.

AE-84 - 4WD 5-door wagon. Armed with this Polish assistance, the British began work on German Enigma traffic. AE-82 - FWD Sedan, FWD 4/2-door hatchback (FX/FX16), FWD 5-door wagon. Since neither the French nor the British had succeeded in breaking Enigma traffic, this was a major windfall for Poland's western allies. TE-55 - Liftback, SR5. This happened during the famous meeting at Pyry, in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw, on July 25, 1939. TE-51 - Sport Coupe SR5. Well before 1938, much German Enigma traffic was being routinely decrypted by the Poles; but accelerating changes in German operations (encipherment procedures, frequency of key changes, greater rotor choice) and looming war led the Poles to share their achievements in Enigma decryption with France and England.

TE-37 - Hardtop Coupe SR5,SR. They designed working "doubles" of the Enigmas and developed equipment and techniques which helped in finding the keys needed for decryption (including the "grill," "clock," cyclometer, cryptologic bomb, and perforated sheets). TE-35 - Wagon, DX. Together with two colleagues at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau (Polish: Biuro Szyfrów), he went on to develop practical methods of decrypting Enigma traffic. TE-31 - Sedan, E/5,DX 2 Door Sedan, E/5,DX. The 27-year-old mathematician used advanced mathematics (group theory, particularly permutation theory) for the first time to crack the Enigma system. TE-55 - Liftback. The fundamental break into the Enigma systems that were to be used by Nazi Germany was made in Poland in 1932, just on the eve of Adolf Hitler's accession to power, by Marian Rejewski.

TE-51 - Sport Coupe (Levin/Treuno). Dilly Knox, of GC&CS, is said to have broken it during the 1920s. TE-37 - Hardtop Coupe (Levin/Trueno). The commercial versions were not so secure. TE-35 - Wagon. Each variant required different cryptanalytic treatment. TE-31 - Sedan,2 Door Sedan. The German Army, Navy, Air Force, Nazi party, Gestapo, and German diplomats all used Enigma machines, but there were several variants (eg, the Abwehr used a four-rotor machine without a plugboard, and Naval Enigma used different key management from that of the Army or Air Force, making its traffic far more difficult to cryptanalyze).

These messages were generated on several variants of an electro-mechanical rotor machine called "Enigma." The Enigma machine was widely thought to be in practice unbreakable in the 1920s, when a variant of the commercial Model D was first used by the German Navy. Ultra material largely came from German cipher traffic. . Eisenhower, as at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory in World War II.

Winterbotham, in The Ultra Secret (1974), quotes the western Supreme Allied Commander, Dwight D. F.W. Although the volume of messages read from this system was much smaller than that from the Enigma, they more than made up for it in their importance. It was eventually attacked using the Colossus, considered to be the forerunner of the electronic programmable digital computer.

These also were broken, particularly TUNNY, which the British thoroughly penetrated. Several distinct systems were used, principally the Lorenz SZ 40/42 (initially code-named TUNNY) and Geheimfernschreiber (code-named STURGEON). Later the Germans began to use several stream cipher teleprinter systems for their most important traffic, to which the British gave the generic code-name FISH. For some time thereafter, "Ultra" was used only for intelligence from this channel.

Until the name "Ultra" was adopted, there were several cryptonyms for intelligence from this source, including Boniface. Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine, hence the term "Ultra" has often been used almost synonymously with "Enigma decrypts.". The name arose because the code-breaking success was considered more important than the highest security classification available at the time (Most Secret) and so was regarded as being Ultra Secret. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources.

Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. page 202. ISBN 0747570787. ^  Fredrick Taylor Dresden:Tuesday 13 February 1945, Pub (NY): HarperCollins, ISBN 0060006765, Pub (Lon): Bloomsbury.

Her account appears in Sebag-Montefiore's book. The fate of the German Enigma spy "Asché" was not publicly known till Hugh Sebag-Montefiore tracked down Asché's daughter about 1999. Sixth, many writers have not done their research. The account was claimed to have been written from the unpublished memoirs of an Australian cryptanalyst, but substantive parts of the published version appear to have been simply invented.

At least one incident is known of whole-cloth fabrication regarding British cryptanalytic progress on a particular World War II Japanese Navy cryptosystem. Fifth, several authors have had agendas which took precedence over accuracy in their reports. Fourth, governments have chosen to keep secret or release information to serve their own purposes, not historical accuracy or completeness. In any case, none of them were originally written, nor made available later, with historical clarity in mind; considerable perspective is required to make reasonable use of them.

Those not actually lost have taken decades to be released to the public, and some are, presumably, still to be released. Third, documents have been 'lost' in secret archives. It requires someone with a considerable understanding of cryptanalysis, and of Enigma, to adequately comprehend -- or explain -- how either worked. Second, the cryptanalytic work was tricky and quite technical.

Peter Calvocoressi's book, Top Secret Ultra, contains a sounder account of the episode. The story about Churchill deliberately not interfering with a Luftwaffe bombing of Coventry which was known through Enigma decrypts is one such. Several books have been published by those on the Ultra distribution side at Bletchley Park, but work there was seriously compartmentalised, making it difficult to credit some episodes when they are due only to such a source. First, not all the authors were in a position to know.