TurinTurin (Italian: Torino; Piedmontese: Turin) is a major industrial city in north-western Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. The population of Turin city is 908,000 (2004 census), but with its metropolitan area totals about 1.7 million inhabitants. The province is one of the largest in Italy, with 6,830 square kilometres (2,637 sq. mi), and one of the most populous, with 2,236,941 inhabitants at the 2004 census. Turin is currently hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics. HistoryThe name of Turin comes from Tau, a Celtic word that means mountains. The Italian name, Torino, happens to mean "little bull" in Italian; hence the coat of arms and the symbol of the city. The area was settled by the Taurini in pre-Roman times. In the first century B.C. (probably 28 B.C.), the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum). The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls. After the fall of the Roman empire the city was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks; it was then ruled by the Bishops. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of the garden and palaces were built in the 15th century when the city was redesigned; the University was also founded during this period. Emanuele Filiberto (Iron Head) made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza San Carlo, via Po and the Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale) were built in this period. In 1706 the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. After the subsequent treaty of Utrecht, the Kingdom of Sardinia was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city. Now the capitol of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time. View over Turin. View by night.In the 19th century, after brief occupation by Napoleon, the city began to actively pursue the unification of Italy. The Fréjus Tunnel was opened and made Turin an important communication node. The city now had 250,000 inhabitants. The Museo Egizio, the Mole Antonelliana, the Gran Madre church and Vittorio Veneto square were built in this period. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. (Since 1870 the capital has been Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance, beginning a rapid industrialization: in 1899 FIAT was founded and Lancia in 1909. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle for Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the Exposition again in 1911. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants. After WWI the conflicts between worker and industrialists began, the first strikes took place and in 1920 the Lingotto factory was occupied. After WWII Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industries greatly developed, which caused waves of immigration mainly from the southern regions of Italy. The population reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at 1.5 millions in 1975. In the '80's the first industrial crisis hit the city and its population began to decline (and continues to, while the metropolitan area grows). The 2005 population is 908,000. In 2006, Turin was the home of the Olympics. Law and governmentThe mayor of Turin is directly elected every 5 years. Sergio Chiamparino, the current mayor, belongs to the center-left coalition. See also: List of mayors of Turin GeographyTurin from the satellite.Turin is located in northwest Italy. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the southern front by the hills of Monferrato. Three major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (from the Celtic duria meaning "water," later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans), and the Stura di Lanzo and Sangone. DemographicsThe city of Turin grew by 0.88% during the last 3 years, which was attributed to a somewhat low birth rate, contributing to an aging population. Around 16.4% of the population are under 14 years over age, while those in retirement age number 18.8%. The city has seen a rise in immigrants, including the suburban areas. The population remains overwhelmingly Italian (96.1%), but there are groups like Romanian: 2.3%, Moroccans: 1.5%, Peruvians: 0.5%, Albanian: 0.4%, and others. EconomyToday the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car company Fiat. The city is home to the famous Lingotto building, which was at one time the largest car factory in the world, and is now a convention centre, concert hall, art gallery, shopping centre and hotel. Other companies founded in Turin are Invicta, founded 1821, Lavazza, Martini, Kappa and the chocolate factory Caffarel. It is also a center for aerospace industry, with Alenia. Some major elements of the International Space Station, such as the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, were produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%). Turin is also the birthplace of major aspects of the Italian economy, such as telecommunications Telecom Italia, television (Rai, National TV channel) and cinema. Most of these industries have moved to other parts of Italy, but Turin still hosts the National Museum of Cinema. Transportation InfrastructureThe town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general improvements to car traffic, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. One is the 'Spina' ('spine') which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the town. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard; the town rail station on this line will become the main station of Turin ('Porta Susa'). The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase was finished in time for the Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after). This first leg of the subway system links the nearby town of Collegno with the 'Porta Susa' station in Turin's town centre; the next leg extending the service to the 'Porta Nuova' railway station is expected by June 2007. This underground transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an underground line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. In fact, the main street in the town centre ('Via Roma') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when 'Via Roma' was built); the tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but is now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome; whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin local gorvernment lead by major Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only meant more funding for Rome and Milan. Sites of interestThe Mole Antonelliana. The Mole Antonelliana. The Basilica di Superga near Turin. The Basilica di Superga near Turin. The church Monte dei Cappuccini. The facade of Palazzo Carignano. The Gran Madre Church from the Mole Antonelliana. Sunset on the Po River in TurinOne of its main symbols is the Mole Antonelliana, which hosts the National Cinema Museum of Italy. The Cathedral of St John the Baptist houses the Shroud of Turin, an old linen cloth with an imprint of a man, which is believed by many to be the cloth that covered Jesus in his grave. The Museo Egizio has the most important collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world after the Cairo Museum. Turin offers a circuit of great historical and architectural interest: the Savoy Residences. In addition to the Royal Palace, the official residence of the Savoys until 1865, the circuit includes palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Torino is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. In the area around the city, the castles of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria, Agliè, Racconigi, and Govone can be visited. The Hunting Lodge by Juvarra can be admired in Stupinigi and there is also the royal estate in Pollenzo. Some of these (first and foremost Rivoli, the location of the Museum of the same name) host events, exhibitions and cultural initiatives not only of local interest. In 1997, this complex of historical buildings was recognised as a world heritage site by Unesco. In the hills above the city is the basilica church of Superga, from where there is a splendid panorama of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. The city is also famous for being the film set of the 1969 classic film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine - it is possible to visit all the locations on a special tour - and Deep Red (1975), directed by Italian horror filmmaker Dario Argento. Universities
Turin World Book CapitalAfter Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin has been chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006 because of its activity of book and reading promotion, especially with the International Book Fair, one of the most important fairs in Europe of its kind. From April 2006 to April 2007 Turin will host a festival called "Signs of Writing" composed of events, meetings, seminars, debates, letters, and performances. SportThe city is famous for two very sucessful football teams, Torino F.C. and Juventus, and is the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Turin has also hosted two summer Universiade the first in 1959 and 1970, in 2007 it will host the first Winter Universiade. In a terrible air accident in 1949, a plane carrying the whole Torino F.C. team (at that time the most important in Europe and aka Grande Torino) hit the church of Superga, on the Turin hills. Among those who lost their lives was Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro Mazzola (who were also later to be football champions). Turin was also the city where the FISA (international rowing federation) was born in 1892. ChocolateTurin is the birth place of solid chocolate. It was in Turin that Doret invented at the end of the 18th century a revolutionary machine that could make solid chocolate as we eat it now. Turin produces a typical chocolate, named Gianduiotto after Gianduia, a local Commedia dell'arte mask, and many other kinds of chocolate in a host of confectioneries all around the city. Nearby townsTurin is surrounded by several smaller cities in the Province of Turin such as Grugliasco, Rivoli, Chivasso, Venaria, Settimo Torinese, Orbassano, Moncalieri, Avigliana, Buttigliera Alta, Gassino Torinese, Nichelino, Collegno and others, that make up one of Italy's primary metropolitan areas. Notable natives
Notable residents
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Turin is surrounded by several smaller cities in the Province of Turin such as Grugliasco, Rivoli, Chivasso, Venaria, Settimo Torinese, Orbassano, Moncalieri, Avigliana, Buttigliera Alta, Gassino Torinese, Nichelino, Collegno and others, that make up one of Italy's primary metropolitan areas. For a list of all toys on which there are currently articles, see Category:Toys.. Turin produces a typical chocolate, named Gianduiotto after Gianduia, a local Commedia dell'arte mask, and many other kinds of chocolate in a host of confectioneries all around the city. This is not intended to be a complete list. It was in Turin that Doret invented at the end of the 18th century a revolutionary machine that could make solid chocolate as we eat it now. After a name change, the Slinky was sold as a toy for both genders in stores throughout the United States. Turin is the birth place of solid chocolate. He spent two years fine-tuning the design to find the best gauge of steel and coil. Turin was also the city where the FISA (international rowing federation) was born in 1892. He was intrigued by the way it flopped around on the floor. Among those who lost their lives was Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro Mazzola (who were also later to be football champions). [9] In 1943 Richard James was experimenting with Torsion springs as part of his military research when he saw one come loose and fall to the floor. team (at that time the most important in Europe and aka Grande Torino) hit the church of Superga, on the Turin hills. Similarly, Play-Doh was created as a wallpaper cleaner. In a terrible air accident in 1949, a plane carrying the whole Torino F.C. Later, Peter Hodgson recognized the potential as a childhood plaything and packaged it as Silly Putty. Turin has also hosted two summer Universiade the first in 1959 and 1970, in 2007 it will host the first Winter Universiade. After trying to create a replacement for synthetic rubber, Earl Warrick inadvertently invented "nutty putty" during World War II. and Juventus, and is the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Newton's cradle, a desk toy designed by Simon Prebble, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy. The city is famous for two very sucessful football teams, Torino F.C. Popularized in the 1980s, solving the cube requires some planning and problem-solving skills. From April 2006 to April 2007 Turin will host a festival called "Signs of Writing" composed of events, meetings, seminars, debates, letters, and performances. A popular toy for this age group was the Rubix Cube. After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin has been chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006 because of its activity of book and reading promotion, especially with the International Book Fair, one of the most important fairs in Europe of its kind. Educational toys for children of a greater age often contain some puzzle, problem-solving technique, or mathematical proposition. The city is also famous for being the film set of the 1969 classic film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine - it is possible to visit all the locations on a special tour - and Deep Red (1975), directed by Italian horror filmmaker Dario Argento. [8]. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. Play-Doh, Silly Putty and other hands-on materials allow the child to make toys of their own. In the hills above the city is the basilica church of Superga, from where there is a splendid panorama of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. Mental agility, beginning with childhood, is challenged by toyish puzzle of spatial relationships. In 1997, this complex of historical buildings was recognised as a world heritage site by Unesco. Marbles, jackstones, and stackable blocks requiring use of hands and bodies. Some of these (first and foremost Rivoli, the location of the Museum of the same name) host events, exhibitions and cultural initiatives not only of local interest. Coordination and other manual skills develop from subsequent childhood activities of interaction with toys. The Hunting Lodge by Juvarra can be admired in Stupinigi and there is also the royal estate in Pollenzo. During this time, infants begin to recognize shapes, colors and after repetitive use, the nascent person attains familiarity with object reinforcing memory recollection. In the area around the city, the castles of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria, Agliè, Racconigi, and Govone can be visited. Toys for infants include those with distinguishable sounds, bright colors, and a unique feel. Torino is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. Besides entertainment, toys also serve to enhance cognitive behavior and to stimulate creativity. In addition to the Royal Palace, the official residence of the Savoys until 1865, the circuit includes palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Often toys serve a dual purpose. Turin offers a circuit of great historical and architectural interest: the Savoy Residences. [7] Rag dolls were especially prevalent among young girls. The Museo Egizio has the most important collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world after the Cairo Museum. [6] Ornately dressed dolls were often used by rulers as gifts for other regal women. The Cathedral of St John the Baptist houses the Shroud of Turin, an old linen cloth with an imprint of a man, which is believed by many to be the cloth that covered Jesus in his grave. Toy soldiers, hobby horses as well as other military toys, such as wooden swords and shields, were used as training devices for aspiring knights. One of its main symbols is the Mole Antonelliana, which hosts the National Cinema Museum of Italy. Musical toys such as whistles were also common among the young.[5] Adolescents played with tops, usually large and wooden, as well as marbles made of clay, and large hoops. A project to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome; whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin local gorvernment lead by major Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only meant more funding for Rome and Milan. Common German toys included rattles and wheeled pull-toys for younger children. In fact, the main street in the town centre ('Via Roma') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when 'Via Roma' was built); the tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but is now used as an underground car park. The German city of Nuremberg led the way in the manufacture of toys, especially dolls. This underground transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an underground line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. Most historians believe that the first commercial production of toys began in Germany in the 15th century. This first leg of the subway system links the nearby town of Collegno with the 'Porta Susa' station in Turin's town centre; the next leg extending the service to the 'Porta Nuova' railway station is expected by June 2007. However, it is not indicative of the popularity of toys during this time. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase was finished in time for the Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after). Since most toys during the Middle Ages were made of clay, wood and wax, toys in this period are rare artifacts. The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system. The Hopi kachina doll is a spiritual doll given to women and children. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard; the town rail station on this line will become the main station of Turin ('Porta Susa'). [4] The Inca, for example, had a rolling toy even though their adult culture did not employ the wheel. One is the 'Spina' ('spine') which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the town. In 1000 B.C., kites were popular in China. Some of the work sites deal with general improvements to car traffic, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. In Ancient Rome, girls played with dolls made of wax or terra cotta, while boys played with sticks and bows and arrows. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. The Greeks decorated the two halves of the yo-yo with pictures of their gods and were given up when they entered adulthood. The town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. [3] The toy was made of wood, stone, or terra cotta. Most of these industries have moved to other parts of Italy, but Turin still hosts the National Museum of Cinema. The first verified mention of the yo-yo comes from Ancient Greece in the year 500 B.C. Turin is also the birthplace of major aspects of the Italian economy, such as telecommunications Telecom Italia, television (Rai, National TV channel) and cinema. Chinese yo-yos were traditionally made of wood. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%). Thousands of years ago, Egyptian children played dolls with wigs and movable limbs, made in stone, pottery, and wood.[2] The yo-yo is considered the second oldest toy, believed to have originated in China over 2,500 years ago. Some major elements of the International Space Station, such as the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, were produced in Turin. Arguably the oldest toy is the doll. It is also a center for aerospace industry, with Alenia. People constructed the earliest toys from materials they had on hand, such as rocks, sticks, or clay. Other companies founded in Turin are Invicta, founded 1821, Lavazza, Martini, Kappa and the chocolate factory Caffarel. The history of toys closely follows the development of human society. The city is home to the famous Lingotto building, which was at one time the largest car factory in the world, and is now a convention centre, concert hall, art gallery, shopping centre and hotel. . Today the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car company Fiat. As a rule, if something game-like lacks an explicit end state, it is a toy, not a game. The population remains overwhelmingly Italian (96.1%), but there are groups like Romanian: 2.3%, Moroccans: 1.5%, Peruvians: 0.5%, Albanian: 0.4%, and others. Some things usually thought to be games are actually toys, such as the computer game SimCity and its spinoffs, which are called software toys. The city has seen a rise in immigrants, including the suburban areas. The haulage company owned by Eddie Stobart produced model lorries, which now subsidise the business. Around 16.4% of the population are under 14 years over age, while those in retirement age number 18.8%. Some notable examples are Star Wars and Manchester United. The city of Turin grew by 0.88% during the last 3 years, which was attributed to a somewhat low birth rate, contributing to an aging population. Many successful films, television programs, books and sport teams have official merchandise, quite often toys will be made and sold. Three major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (from the Celtic duria meaning "water," later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans), and the Stura di Lanzo and Sangone. A number of these copyrighted, mass-produced toys are associated with particular decades in the twentieth century. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the southern front by the hills of Monferrato. [1] Two comparatively recent developments of toys have been their mass production, technological sophistication and copyrighting. Turin is located in northwest Italy. The origin of the word is unknown but is believed to have been first used in the 14th century. See also: List of mayors of Turin. Toys have existed for thousands of years; dolls either of infants, animals, or soldiers, and miniature representations of the tools of adults are readily found at archaeological sites. Sergio Chiamparino, the current mayor, belongs to the center-left coalition. They may either be the sole device used in an enjoyable activity or one of many. The mayor of Turin is directly elected every 5 years. A toy is something to play with, for children, adults or both. In 2006, Turin was the home of the Olympics. Nerf. The 2005 population is 908,000. Yo-Yo (1930s onwards). In the '80's the first industrial crisis hit the city and its population began to decline (and continues to, while the metropolitan area grows). Chinese yo-yo (diabolo). The population reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at 1.5 millions in 1975. Footbag. After WWII Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industries greatly developed, which caused waves of immigration mainly from the southern regions of Italy. Soap-box cart. After WWI the conflicts between worker and industrialists began, the first strikes took place and in 1920 the Lingotto factory was occupied. Pogo stick. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants. Marbles. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle for Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the Exposition again in 1911. Hula Hoop (1950s). (Since 1870 the capital has been Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance, beginning a rapid industrialization: in 1899 FIAT was founded and Lancia in 1909. Frisbee (1950s). In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. Bungee Balls. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. physical activity and dexterity toys
The Fréjus Tunnel was opened and made Turin an important communication node. View-master. In the 19th century, after brief occupation by Napoleon, the city began to actively pursue the unification of Italy. Kaleidoscope. Now the capitol of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time. Science and optical
In 1706 the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. Model collecting
At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Model building
(probably 28 B.C.), the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum). Rubik's Cube. In the first century B.C. Mechanical puzzle
The name of Turin comes from Tau, a Celtic word that means mountains. Magic trick. . Jack-in-the-Box. Turin is currently hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics. Cotton reel tank. mi), and one of the most populous, with 2,236,941 inhabitants at the 2004 census. Mechanical toys
The province is one of the largest in Italy, with 6,830 square kilometres (2,637 sq. Ant Farm. The population of Turin city is 908,000 (2004 census), but with its metropolitan area totals about 1.7 million inhabitants. Educational toy
Germain Sommeiller. Decoder pen. Ascanio Sobrero. Drawing toys
Cesare Pavese. Pound Puppies. Vilfredo Pareto. Stuffed animals
Joseph de Maistre. Digital pet. Tulse Luper. Playmobil. Cesare Lombroso. Action figures. Antonio Gramsci. Raggedy Ann. Natalia Ginzburg. Dolls
Umberto Eco. Stickle bricks. Renato Dulbecco. Mega Bloks. Francesco Cirio. Meccano. Gaspare Campari. Märklin. Italo Calvino. Lincoln Logs. Francesco Faà di Bruno. LEGO. John Bosco. K'NEX. St. Jovo. Edmondo de Amicis. Gami, Plastic Origami. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820-1878) - King of Piedmont and the first King of the united Italy. Erector Set. Umberto Tozzi (1952- ) - Singer. Construction toys
Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) Influential economist. Wulffson, Don L. Tullio Regge (1931- ) Physicist. Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984) Founder of the Club of Rome. Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) Mathematician. Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) Businessman. Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909- ) Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Alessandro Martini (1812-1905) Businessman in vermouth industry. Salvador Edward Luria (1912-1991) - Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Primo Levi (1919-1987) - Philosopher and writer. Carlo Levi (1902-1975) - Painter. Luigi Lavazza (1859-1949) - Inventor and businessman of coffee. Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) - Sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia. Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) - Mathematician. Piero Gobetti (1901-1926) - Intellectual. Sonia Gandhi (1946- ) - Politician. Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897) - Physicist and electrical engineer. Robert Fano (1917- ) - Engineer. Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764-1815) - Inventor of vermouth and apéritif. Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795-1850) - Inventor of chocolate and businessman. Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004) - Historian and philosopher. Camillo Benso, count of Cavour - Politician (Italian unification). Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719-1789) - Critic. Alessandro Baricco (1958- ) - writer. Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) - Physicist. Gianni Agnelli (1921-2003) - Chairman director of FIAT and very influential Italian. Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945) - Founder of FIAT. Istituto Europeo di Design (Turin) / http://www.ied.it/. Politecnico di Torino (Turin) / http://www.polito.it/. University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino) / http://www.unito.it/. |