To Kill a Mockingbird


To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1960 novel by Harper Lee, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It was made into an Academy Award-winning motion picture starring Gregory Peck by director Robert Mulligan in 1962. A coming-of-age story, it is told from the point of view of Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, the young daughter of Atticus Finch, an educated lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama, a small town in the deep South of the United States. The protagonist and her brother Jem watch as her father defends a black man, Tom Robinson, wrongly accused of raping a white girl in a racist community in the 1930's.

Truman Capote was a lifelong friend of childhood neighbor Lee, and allegedly was the inspiration for the character of Dill in her best-seller. Capote frequently implied that he himself had written a considerable portion of her novel, and some have said he ghosted the entire novel. At least one person—Pearl Kazin Bell, an editor at Harper's— has gone on record as believing his assertions were true.

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

The story explores prejudice in its various forms, as well as childhood and maturity. Since the story is told from the point of view of a child (Scout), the author is able to present situations without adding an explicit opinion—the reader is left to make sense of events and come to his own conclusion. Nonetheless, it is clear that the author believes strongly that the prejudiced actions of the characters are wrong, even if they are believed by the majority and by those in power.

The title of the book is taken from Atticus's advice to his children about firing their air rifles at birds: "Shoot all the blue jays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird". The blue jay is a very common bird, and is often perceived as a bully and a pest, whereas mockingbirds do nothing but "sing their hearts out for us". Metaphorically, several of the book's characters can be seen as "mockingbirds", attacked despite doing nothing but good. The mockingbird represents innocence, and to kill one is to metaphorically kill innocence. Note that several of the main protagonists are named after birds: Scout, Jem, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson.

Harper Lee stated " To get the ideas for the book I used recent events in my time like the Scottsboro Trials". (Harper Lee, Book Review, 1964)

Primary cast of the movie

  • Gregory Peck  : Atticus Finch
  • Mary Badham  : Jean Louise 'Scout' Finch
  • Phillip Alford  : Jeremy 'Jem' Finch
  • Robert Duvall  : Arthur 'Boo' Radley
  • John Megna  : Charles Baker 'Dill' Harris
  • Frank Overton  : Sheriff Heck Tate
  • William Windom  : Mr. Gilmer, Prosecutor

Awards for the movie

  • Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding
  • Academy Award for Best Actor - (Gregory Peck)
  • Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama - (Gregory Peck)
  • Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White - (Alexander Golitzen, Henry Bumstead, Oliver Emert)
  • Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay - (Horton Foote)
  • Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - (Elmer Bernstein)


Award nominations for the movie

  • Academy Award for Best Picture
  • BAFTA Award for Best Picture
  • Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama
  • Academy Award for Directing - (Robert Mulligan)
  • Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures - (Robert Mulligan)
  • Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress - (Mary Badham)
  • Academy Award for Best Cinematography - (Russell Harlan)
  • Academy Award for Best Music, Score - Substantially Original - (Elmer Bernstein)

It was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1995.

Analysis of Important Characters

Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout Finch

Jem Finch is Scout's older brother. Jem undergoes crucial transformations in the work as he becomes a man. The trial of Tom Robinson is Jem's first real encounter with true evil, and the realization of its existence drives him into a sullen state. Prior to this, he had viewed the world innocently, thinking of people as being one-sided. He viewed Boo Radley, for example, as a frightening figure. Jem was able to overcome his sullenness due to the strong presence of Atticus in his life, and became a bigger person as he achieved a greater understanding of the world and how to view and treat other human beings.

Boo Radley symbolizes destroyed innocence. As a child he was abused by his father, and was driven to agoraphobia. A gentle creature, he is viewed with fear by the children, who do not come to a better understanding of him until the end of the work. He does several heroic things, including giving Scout a blanket during a neighborhood fire, and saving the kids from an assault by the father of the girl that accused Tom Robinson of rape. His misconceived good nature testifies to the message of the story, one of kindness and the notion that people should not make judgements on others, since human beings are not that simple.

Atticus Finch is one of the most important characters in the story. He represents morality and kindness. He defends Tom Robinson because he feels that not doing so would make him a hypocrite. Atticus serves as a guiding light for his children, always calm and patient, he allows them to come to the understanding that, although evil exists, one should not dwell on that but should instead realize that the existence of this evil is a sign that there is work to do, and progress to make. His strong presence in his children's lives prevents them from becoming symbols of destroyed innocence, such as Boo Radley and Tom Robinson.

Trivia

  • The character of Boo Radley—a mysterious neighbor who lives quietly in his dark house and is feared by the local children—gave his name to the popular British band The Boo Radleys.
  • Actors Demi Moore and Bruce Willis named their daughter "Scout" after the book's young heroine.
  • The movie Vanilla Sky shows a clip of the movie with Atticus and Scout as remembered by the lead character, David Aames. He visualizes Atticus as his own father, and contrives him as Psychiatrist Curtis McCabe.
  • The humor website AwesomeFunny made an extremely popular parody of To Kill a Mockingbird called How to Kill a Mockingbird. In the flash cartoon, the narrator is an elementary school student presenting a book report on the book, but it becomes obvious he hasn't read it when he deviates into fantasies about pirates, dinosaurs, robots, and ninja.
  • The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th Century.

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His strong presence in his children's lives prevents them from becoming symbols of destroyed innocence, such as Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. The movie was also mentioned in the book Steal This Book by Yippie revolutionary Abbie Hoffman; he urged all readers and "yippies" and hippies to make sure the rest of America didn't fall for the image of the Yippies, hippies, and their kind as a group with a (somewhat paraphrased) "Easy Rider take-no-crap" image. Atticus serves as a guiding light for his children, always calm and patient, he allows them to come to the understanding that, although evil exists, one should not dwell on that but should instead realize that the existence of this evil is a sign that there is work to do, and progress to make. Heavily influenced by the French New Wave, the films of the so-called "Hollywood Renaissance" came to represent a generation increasingly disillusioned with their government and the world. He defends Tom Robinson because he feels that not doing so would make him a hypocrite. The major studios realised that money could be made from low-budget films made by directors with artistic intentions. He represents morality and kindness. Along with Arthur Penn's Bonnie and Clyde, Easy Rider helped kick-start an artistic renaissance in Hollywood during the late sixties and early seventies.

Atticus Finch is one of the most important characters in the story. The film was #88 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Years, 100 Movies, and has been selected for preservation in the United States' National Film Registry. His misconceived good nature testifies to the message of the story, one of kindness and the notion that people should not make judgements on others, since human beings are not that simple. It was also nominated for an Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Jack Nicholson) and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced. He does several heroic things, including giving Scout a blanket during a neighborhood fire, and saving the kids from an assault by the father of the girl that accused Tom Robinson of rape. Both the film and the director won a Golden Palm at the 1969 festival in Cannes, France. A gentle creature, he is viewed with fear by the children, who do not come to a better understanding of him until the end of the work. The title of the movie refers to the slang term easy rider.

As a child he was abused by his father, and was driven to agoraphobia. Kennedy, it took nearly a year until its US debut in July of 1969. Boo Radley symbolizes destroyed innocence. Despite being shot in the first half of 1968, between Mardi Gras and the assassination of Robert F. Jem was able to overcome his sullenness due to the strong presence of Atticus in his life, and became a bigger person as he achieved a greater understanding of the world and how to view and treat other human beings. Easy Rider was written by Fonda, Hopper and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper. He viewed Boo Radley, for example, as a frightening figure. The next morning, while driving down a country road, both are shot by rednecks in a pickup truck.

The trial of Tom Robinson is Jem's first real encounter with true evil, and the realization of its existence drives him into a sullen state. Prior to this, he had viewed the world innocently, thinking of people as being one-sided. In the end, though Billy remains oblivious, Wyatt declares: "We blew it." Wyatt realizes that their search for freedom, while financially successful, was a spiritual failure. Jem undergoes crucial transformations in the work as he becomes a man. Their trip is not a positive one. Jem Finch is Scout's older brother. They all experience a psychedelic trip, represented through quick edits, sound effects and over-exposed film. It was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1995. They end up in a cemetery, where all four ingest LSD.


. Taking two prostitutes with them, Wyatt and Billy wander the parade-filled streets of New Orleans. (Harper Lee, Book Review, 1964). They continue to New Orleans and find the brothel which had been recommended by George. Harper Lee stated " To get the ideas for the book I used recent events in my time like the Scottsboro Trials". Wyatt and Billy wrap George up in his sleeping bag, gather his belongings, and vow to return the items to his parents. Note that several of the main protagonists are named after birds: Scout, Jem, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson. Wyatt and Billy suffer minor injuries, but George is killed by a machete to the neck.

The mockingbird represents innocence, and to kill one is to metaphorically kill innocence. In the middle of the night, the local men return and brutally beat the trio while they sleep. Metaphorically, several of the book's characters can be seen as "mockingbirds", attacked despite doing nothing but good. I can't understand what's gone wrong with it.". The blue jay is a very common bird, and is often perceived as a bully and a pest, whereas mockingbirds do nothing but "sing their hearts out for us". The drug and events of the day cause George to comment: "This used to be a helluva good country. The title of the book is taken from Atticus's advice to his children about firing their air rifles at birds: "Shoot all the blue jays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird". As an alcoholic, George is reluctant to try the marijuana, but he eventually relents.

Nonetheless, it is clear that the author believes strongly that the prejudiced actions of the characters are wrong, even if they are believed by the majority and by those in power. Wyatt and Billy introduce George to marijuana. Since the story is told from the point of view of a child (Scout), the author is able to present situations without adding an explicit opinion—the reader is left to make sense of events and come to his own conclusion. Wyatt, Billy and George leave without eating and make camp outside of town. The story explores prejudice in its various forms, as well as childhood and maturity. The local high school girls in the restaurant want to meet the men and ride with them; the local men and police officer threaten and verbally abuse the riders. At least one person—Pearl Kazin Bell, an editor at Harper's— has gone on record as believing his assertions were true. While attempting to eat in a Lousiana restuarant, the trio's appearance attracts the attention of the locals.

Capote frequently implied that he himself had written a considerable portion of her novel, and some have said he ghosted the entire novel. George helps them get out of jail and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy. Truman Capote was a lifelong friend of childhood neighbor Lee, and allegedly was the inspiration for the character of Dill in her best-seller. While jokingly riding along with a parade in a small town, the pair are arrested by the local authorities for "parading without a permit." In jail, they befriend alcoholic lawyer George Hanson (played by Jack Nicholson). The protagonist and her brother Jem watch as her father defends a black man, Tom Robinson, wrongly accused of raping a white girl in a racist community in the 1930's. At one point they even witness the ceremonious prayer for blessing of the new crop of a commune, as put by a leader: A chance "to make a stand," and to plant "Simple food, for a simple taste.". A coming-of-age story, it is told from the point of view of Jean Louise "Scout" Finch, the young daughter of Atticus Finch, an educated lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama, a small town in the deep South of the United States. Clothed almost literally as America, they experience its land and people as they bike through the American Southwest and South.

It was made into an Academy Award-winning motion picture starring Gregory Peck by director Robert Mulligan in 1962. Billy, whose name evokes the American Old West outlaw Billy the Kid (or, perhaps, gambler Wild Bill Hickok), dresses in Native American-style buckskin pants and shirts.
To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1960 novel by Harper Lee, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. Wyatt, whose name evokes the American Old West lawman Wyatt Earp, dresses in American flag-adorned leather and calls himself Captain America. The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th Century. With this money stuffed into one of the fuel tanks of their California style choppers (a type of customized motorcycle that was popularized by this film), they ride eastward in an attempt to reach New Orleans in time for Mardi Gras. In the flash cartoon, the narrator is an elementary school student presenting a book report on the book, but it becomes obvious he hasn't read it when he deviates into fantasies about pirates, dinosaurs, robots, and ninja. After smuggling some cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles, Wyatt and Billy sell it to a man in a Rolls Royce (played by music producer Phil Spector) in exchange for a large amount of cash.

The humor website AwesomeFunny made an extremely popular parody of To Kill a Mockingbird called How to Kill a Mockingbird. Easy Rider is a 1969 road movie directed by Dennis Hopper which many see as representing the embodiment of the hippie lifestyle of the 1960s. The film tells the story of two young men, Wyatt (played by Peter Fonda) and Billy (played by Dennis Hopper), who "went looking for America but couldn't find it anywhere.". He visualizes Atticus as his own father, and contrives him as Psychiatrist Curtis McCabe. Ballad of Easy Rider (2:15). The movie Vanilla Sky shows a clip of the movie with Atticus and Scout as remembered by the lead character, David Aames. It's Alright Ma (I'm Only Bleeding) (Roger McGuinn) (3:42). Actors Demi Moore and Bruce Willis named their daughter "Scout" after the book's young heroine. Kyrie Eleison Mardi Gras (The Electric Prunes) (4:02).

The character of Boo Radley—a mysterious neighbor who lives quietly in his dark house and is feared by the local children—gave his name to the popular British band The Boo Radleys. If Six Was Nine (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (5:34). Academy Award for Best Music, Score - Substantially Original - (Elmer Bernstein). Don't Bogart Me (The Fraternity of Man) (3:06). Academy Award for Best Cinematography - (Russell Harlan). If You Want to be a Bird (The Holy Modal Rounders) (2:37). Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress - (Mary Badham). Wasn't Born to Follow (The Byrds) (2:08).

Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures - (Robert Mulligan). The Weight (performed by The Band in the film, by Smith for the soundtrack due to legal issues) (4:33). Academy Award for Directing - (Robert Mulligan). Born to be Wild (Steppenwolf) (3:38). Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama. The Pusher (Steppenwolf) (5:50). BAFTA Award for Best Picture. The rest of the film had to be shot with an entirely new crew.

Academy Award for Best Picture. During the shooting, Dennis Hopper, legendary at the time for his drug excesses, tyrannized the crew so much with his paranoid control freakiness that everyone quit. Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score - Motion Picture - (Elmer Bernstein). The scenes playing on a New Orleans cemetery towards the end of the film were shot first on 16mm film. Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay - (Horton Foote). Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White - (Alexander Golitzen, Henry Bumstead, Oliver Emert).

Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama - (Gregory Peck). Academy Award for Best Actor - (Gregory Peck). Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding. Gilmer, Prosecutor.

William Windom  : Mr. Frank Overton  : Sheriff Heck Tate. John Megna  : Charles Baker 'Dill' Harris. Robert Duvall  : Arthur 'Boo' Radley.

Phillip Alford  : Jeremy 'Jem' Finch. Mary Badham  : Jean Louise 'Scout' Finch. Gregory Peck  : Atticus Finch.