Tattoo

(Redirected from Tattoos)
For the unrelated Military music tattoo, a parade, see Edinburgh Military Tattoo.

This article is about the tattoo, a design in ink or some other pigment, usually decorative or symbolic, placed permanently under the skin. In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos are a type of body modification.

Terminology and etymology

The origin of the word tattoo is usually traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, which means to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi, while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs.

Most tattoo enthusiasts refer to tattoos as art and to tattooists (less often "tattooers") as artists. This usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos.

Tattoo designs that are mass produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios are called flash. "Tattoo Flash" is also the name of an American tattoo magazine.

Prevalence

Many celebrities, particularly in the music industry, wear tattoos, but there are many others who have tattoos but generally keep them covered. In some areas, tattoos have a largely negative image. This is particularly true in East Asian countries and regions, where tattoos are still generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos.

Many employers, especially in professional fields, dislike tattoos greatly. Tattoos can therefore impair the wearer's career prospects. For this reason and others a large proportion of people who get tattoos subsequently regret it. Tattoos can be wholly or partially removed by cosmetic surgery but this can be expensive and may not be entirely effective in leaving unblemished skin.

It has been suggested that a majority of prisoners in US prisons have at least one tattoo. It is said that most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left bicep and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a tattoo the size of one's entire back in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style. Tattoos, particularly full traditional body suits, are still popularly associated with the yakuza (mafia) in Japan; in reality, however, many yakuza members are choosing not to be tattooed to avoid this very stigma.

History

Diversity

Tattooing has been a practice of almost every known people. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore unique facial tattoos. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Samoa, Africa, Mesoamerica. Japan, and China. According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths, tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which probably contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus 19:28 in the Old Testament.

Tattooing in prehistoric times

Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice since Neolithic times. "Ötzi the Iceman", dated circa 3300 BC, exhibits therapeutic tattoos (small parallel dashes along lumbar and on the legs). Tarim Basin (West China, Xinjiang) revealed several tattooed mummies of a European physical type. Still relatively unknown (the only current publications in Western languages are those of J P. Mallory and V H. Mair, The Tarim Mummies, London, 2000), some of them could date from the end of the 2nd millennium before our era. Three tattooed mummies (c. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of Altaď in second half of the 20th century (the Man of Payzyrk, during the forties; one female mummy and one male in Ukok plateau, during the nineties). Their tattooing involves animal designs repertory carried out in a curvilinear style. The Man of Pazyryk was also tattooed with therapeutic dots lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle.

  • Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=AUGATEWAY&_method=citationSearch&_piikey=S0003552103000840&_version=1&md5=f6dd58d559c19d58799b93a66225b038)
  • PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ED2/renaut.htm)

Tattooing in Chinese literature

Tattooing has also been featured prominently in one of the Four Classic Novels in Chinese literature, Water Margin, in which at least two of the 108 characters, Shi Jun and Yan Qing, were described as having tattoos covering nearly the whole of their bodies. In addition, Chinese legend has it that the mother of Yue Fei, the most famous general of the Song Dynasty, tattooed the words 精忠報國 (pinyin: jin zhong bao guo) on his back with her sewing needle before he left to join the army, reminding him to "repay his country with total loyalty".

Rediscovery in Europe

Europeans rediscovered tattooing during the exploration of the South Pacific under Captain James Cook in the 1770s, and sailors were particularly identified with tattoos in European culture until after World War I.

The electric tattoo machine

The "modern" electric tattoo machine is fundamentally the same machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891, which was based on an electric engraving pen invented by Thomas Edison.

Today

Tattoos are more popular now than at any time in recorded history. Current estimates have one in seven or over 39 million people in North America who have at least one tattoo.

Purpose

Today, people commonly choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, as well as as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos). Some Maori males still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. Throughout history people have also been forcibly tattooed for a variety of reasons. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in concentration camps during the Holocaust.

European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging as a punishment.

Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification marks, and certain of their body parts (for example, noses) have also been tattooed to prevent sunburn. Such tattoos are performed by veterinarians and the animals are anaesthetized to prevent pain.

Procedure

A tattoo on the lower back, when worn by young women, is occasionally called a "tramp stamp" in American slang.

Some tribal cultures still create tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents. This may be an adjunct to scarification. Some cultures create tattooed marks by "tapping" the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones. Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel.

The most common method of tattooing in modern times is with an electric tattoo machine. In this procedure, ink is inserted into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 50 to 3,000 times a minute.

In most prisons, tattoo machines are not available so tattooing is done with crude "homemade" machines. Tattoos created under such conditions are frequently painful, and the resulting designs are coarser. There is also significant risk of illness, including such blood-borne diseases as HIV and hepatitis. Prisoners often dismiss these risks in a show of toughness. However, Canadian inmates may be able to safely tattoo themselves while incarcerated if a test of onsite prison tattoo parlors in the summer of 2005 proves to be successful. Legitimate parlors onsite would reduce risks of infection with makeshift tattoo guns, while also offering inmates the chance to cover up unsightly ink they received while incarcerated. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully. [1] (http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/04/tattoo/)

Permanent Cosmetics

Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup. The prices of cosmetic procedures are higher than design tattoos because most states require permanent makeup artists to be licensed aestheticians.

"Natural" tattoos

According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would wind up with characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds.

Temporary tattoos and Mehndi

Temporary tattoos are a type of body sticker, like a decal. They are generally applied to the skin using water to transfer the design to the surface of the skin. Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last a few days.

The art known as Mehndi, common in Middle Eastern, North African and Asian countries (but particularly associated with India), is the application of intricate patterns and designs on the hands and feet. The designs are usually hand drawn with henna: powdered henna is mixed with coffee or tea, lemon juice (to release the dye) and sugar (for consistency) into a paste which is then applied. The length of time the design will last depends on how long the paste is left on the skin. Most designs last up to two weeks, fading from a dark brown to a light orange before disappearing. So-called 'black henna', which is made by adding p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to natural henna, in order to achieve a black color, may cause allergic reactions. PPD is very unhealthy and has been known to cause burns[2] (http://www.hennapage.com/henna/warnings.html).

Mehndi is traditionally applied onto the hands and feet of brides, but there exist traditions in Bangladesh, Kashmir and Sudan where bridegrooms also have Mehndi applied before wedding ceremonies. Mehndi has also become popular, particularly in the West, as a form of temporary body decoration with no symbolic meaning.

Risks

Permanent tattooing of any form carries risks, including infection, allergy, and disease.

Diseases

Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized.

Most reputable tattoo shops use fresh disposable needles for each client and sterilize reusable instruments between clients using an autoclave. Universal precautions, such as washing the hands, wearing latex gloves and the thorough cleaning of floors and surfaces, also reduce the risk of disease.

In addition, it is important that needles and other instruments do not come in contact with inks that will be used on other clients. To avoid contamination, small amounts of ink are poured from larger bottles into disposable cups. These are used on one client, once only, and are discarded when the session ends. The tattooer should know and discuss the risks of disease in tattooing.

Allergic reactions

Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are fairly uncommon except for certain brands of red and green (with which some many people have a slight problem with itching,swelling,redness of the skin,oozing). People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin by becoming swollen and/or itchy, oozing of clear sebum is also common.

People with allergies should think carefully about getting a tattoo because of the risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction), which can be life threatening. Some tattoo artists give small tests, by marking a small amount of ink behind the ear to determine if that person has an allergic reaction.

Placing the color names on a color wheel helps the artist visualize the palette on hand.

Infection

Infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios is rare.

Potential infections include everything from surface infections of the skin to Staphylococcus aureus infections that can cause cardiological damage. People who are susceptible to infection should know the dangers abrading the skin can have and should consult a physician before getting a tattoo.

The risk of infection also be reduced by following obvious precautions. Shops should appear clean; sinks with hot water and soap should be available in the bathroom as well as in the studio; tattooers should wash their hands regularly and wear latex gloves; surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant and floors should appear clean; proper procedures for sterilizing equipment should also be followed strictly.

Tattoos and MRI

There has been concern about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. It has been claimed that the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. It is likely that this is an urban myth. The television show Mythbusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI. Today the majority of professional tattoos do not contain metal particles and therefore there is no concern with MRI.

Deciding where to get a tattoo

See the sections under "Risks," above.

The studio must have all of the following:

  • biohazard containers for blood-stained objects
  • sharps containers for old needles
  • an autoclave is usually required by law but is not really needed if the items to be used have been presterilized elsewhere.
  • accessible facilities for washing the hands with hot water and soap

A reputable artist will:

  • be knowledgeable, courteous and helpful
  • refuse to tattoo minors, intoxicated people, or those incapable of consent due to mental defect.
  • ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it
  • be willing and able to answer questions
  • wash his or her hands with water and soap or an approved sanitizing agent, and wear latex gloves. Many artists will change gloves one or more times during longer sessions
  • always open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile disposable instruments
  • always use properly sterilized non-disposable and disposable supplies
  • always use fresh ink for each session, placing small amounts in disposable containers which are used for one client only
  • provide clear aftercare instructions and products

Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, may imply that the artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. Many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association.

Aftercare

Aftercare for your new tattoo has been a subject of debate in the tattoo community for many years. Tattoo artists have had to recommend a variety of products available from your local drug store. These products were intended to prevent cuts, burns, scrapes and abrasions from becoming infected and not for the healing of new tattoos. The majority of these products contain petroleum or lanolin which, when applied to a new tattoo, can clog skin pores and actually retard your body's healing process. There is also the possibility of allergic reactions to these products, and, application to a new tattoo can cause skin reactions leading to loss of ink and permanent damage to your tattoo.

New tattoos are wounds which must be looked after properly. Immediately after completing the tattoo, most tattooists will cover the area to keep out dirt and keep the tattoo from oozing into clothes; sometimes the area is wrapped in clingfilm, paper towel, poultry packs (that come in chicken packs) or gauze. Some tattooists will recommend leaving the covering on for several hours or overnight, and then gently washing the area. Japanese soak the tattoo in hot water to clean it.

In the last few years, new cosmetic and pharmaceutical aftercare products have been developed specifically for the tattoo world. These products are safe, efficient and dermatologically tested. Most tattoo artists recommend them and sell them in their parlors.

Other Uses

Tattooing is also used in managing wildlife and the livestock industry as a marking technique. Animals are marked with symbols or alphanumeric characters for identification. Tattoos may be located anywhere on the animal's body including it's ear (common for small mammals) or inner lip (bears).

Tatooing is also used as a form of 'cosmetic surgery', like permanent cosmetics, to hide or neutralise skin discolorations.

References

  • Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0446670014
  • Tattoo Art Magazine
  • Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3882439203
  • Safe Tattooing Joshua Andrews
  • The Tattoo Machine Joshua Andrews link Source (http://www.howtotattoo.net)
  • The Art of Tattooing Joshua Andrews Tattoology (http://www.tattoology.net)
  • The Symbolism and Meaning of Many Popular Tattoo Designs Jennifer Gribbs Tattoo Design Guide (http://www.tattoojohnny.com/tattoo-design-guide.asp)

This page about Tattoos includes information from a Wikipedia article.
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Tatooing is also used as a form of 'cosmetic surgery', like permanent cosmetics, to hide or neutralise skin discolorations.
. Tattoos may be located anywhere on the animal's body including it's ear (common for small mammals) or inner lip (bears).
. Animals are marked with symbols or alphanumeric characters for identification. Their latest collaboration is the marionette action/comedy, Team America: World Police. Tattooing is also used in managing wildlife and the livestock industry as a marking technique. The pair starred in the 1998 film BASEketball directed by David Zucker (in a recent episode in which the boys see the Passion of the Christ and subsequently decide to get their money back for watching a lousy film, Stan comments to Kenny, "This is just like that time we got our money back from BASEketball," commenting on the film's box office failure).

Most tattoo artists recommend them and sell them in their parlors. Later they created Orgazmo, a comedy about a Mormon starring in a pornographic movie, which found distribution thanks to the success of South Park later that same year. These products are safe, efficient and dermatologically tested. While in college, Stone and Parker collaborated on the movie Cannibal! The Musical, a Western satire with humorous musical numbers (the "Braniff" tune that plays at the end of many South Park episodes is an excerpt from the Cannibal! song, "Shpadoinkle"). In the last few years, new cosmetic and pharmaceutical aftercare products have been developed specifically for the tattoo world. Stone and Parker later claimed that their episode prevented any alterations from happening when they appeared on a VH1 special, Inside South Park. Japanese soak the tattoo in hot water to clean it. Soon after "Free Hat" aired, the real Lucas and Spielberg announced that they would not be altering Raiders of the Lost Ark for DVD release (contrary to rumors surrounding it).

Some tattooists will recommend leaving the covering on for several hours or overnight, and then gently washing the area. In this episode, prompted by Kyle's comment on Ted Koppel's Nightline that changing E.T. would be like changing Raiders of the Lost Ark, the South Park depictions of George Lucas and Steven Spielberg decide to alter the first Indiana Jones film. Immediately after completing the tattoo, most tattooists will cover the area to keep out dirt and keep the tattoo from oozing into clothes; sometimes the area is wrapped in clingfilm, paper towel, poultry packs (that come in chicken packs) or gauze. In 2002 the episode "Free Hat" was aired. New tattoos are wounds which must be looked after properly. In the audio commentary on the season 4 DVD set, Parker and Stone remarked that beginning with episode 408, "Chef Goes Nanners," they began to consistently make episodes centering on a single issue, rather than having different sub-plots going on. The majority of these products contain petroleum or lanolin which, when applied to a new tattoo, can clog skin pores and actually retard your body's healing process. There is also the possibility of allergic reactions to these products, and, application to a new tattoo can cause skin reactions leading to loss of ink and permanent damage to your tattoo. In the case of this and the Elian Gonzalez episode, they stopped and changed production of an episode to focus on these events.

These products were intended to prevent cuts, burns, scrapes and abrasions from becoming infected and not for the healing of new tattoos. forces, even referring to the "spider hole" where he was found. Tattoo artists have had to recommend a variety of products available from your local drug store. For instance, the December 17, 2003 episode depicted the capture of Saddam Hussein a mere three days after his capture by U.S. Aftercare for your new tattoo has been a subject of debate in the tattoo community for many years. This allows for a short production schedule which enables the creators to respond quickly to current events. Many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. The pilot episode was produced using construction paper and traditional stop-motion animation techniques, but current episodes duplicate the original, amateurish look using modern computer animation tools (first Power Animator, then Maya).

Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, may imply that the artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina," which incorporated uncensored footage of sex reassignment surgery. A reputable artist will:. Season 9 premiered with the episode "Mr. The studio must have all of the following:. This was very evident in the first half of season 8: events in its episodes include Michael Jackson visiting South Park, the boys seeing The Passion of the Christ, blue-collar workers in South Park losing their jobs to immigrants from the future, and an episode featuring a "Paris Hilton" toy video camera. See the sections under "Risks," above. South Park's early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented, but the more recent episodes are often oriented more toward poking fun at current events.

The television show Mythbusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI. Today the majority of professional tattoos do not contain metal particles and therefore there is no concern with MRI. In fact, a recent ad ran on Comedy Central listing many categories of people South Park has made fun of (including blacks, gays, politicians, transsexuals, Jews and the disabled) and stated afterward "We apologize if South Park has left you out.". It is likely that this is an urban myth. At any rate, the show has consistently made fun of all sides of the political spectrum. There has been concern about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. It has been claimed that the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. In other interviews Trey Parker and Matt Stone described themselves as being (small 'l') libertarian-Republicans. Shops should appear clean; sinks with hot water and soap should be available in the bathroom as well as in the studio; tattooers should wash their hands regularly and wear latex gloves; surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant and floors should appear clean; proper procedures for sterilizing equipment should also be followed strictly. Trey Parker stated in an interview that he was a "registered Libertarian".

The risk of infection also be reduced by following obvious precautions. This has in turn prompted the use of the phrase South Park Republican to describe the attitudes of some of the show's viewers. People who are susceptible to infection should know the dangers abrading the skin can have and should consult a physician before getting a tattoo. However, unlike many other satirical shows, South Park's political humor is often seen as mocking liberal celebrities and pet causes. Potential infections include everything from surface infections of the skin to Staphylococcus aureus infections that can cause cardiological damage. The show has drawn widespread criticism from both conservatives and liberals for its themes and its offensive language. Infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios is rare. The political leaning of South Park has been open to some debate.

Some tattoo artists give small tests, by marking a small amount of ink behind the ear to determine if that person has an allergic reaction. But another high point of the series is its dramatic score, for it dramatizes common and deep parts with a very heartwarming, melancholic or mysterious soundtrack. People with allergies should think carefully about getting a tattoo because of the risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction), which can be life threatening. Additional musical contributions to the show come from themselves and from Isaac Hayes, who voices the character Chef, and from the band Primus, which performed the original opening and ending themes for the show. Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are fairly uncommon except for certain brands of red and green (with which some many people have a slight problem with itching,swelling,redness of the skin,oozing). People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin by becoming swollen and/or itchy, oozing of clear sebum is also common. In The Death of Eric Cartman he sings "Make it Right" with Butters in a weak attempt to reconcile his sins. The tattooer should know and discuss the risks of disease in tattooing. Hankey and Santa Claus that he is worthy of Christmas presents.

These are used on one client, once only, and are discarded when the session ends. In Red Sleigh Down, he sings "Poo-Choo Train", an unnervingly cheery Christmas carol, in an obvious attempt to convince Mr. To avoid contamination, small amounts of ink are poured from larger bottles into disposable cups. The character of Eric Cartman will often burst into song to convey a false altruism or optimism that belies his baser motivations. In addition, it is important that needles and other instruments do not come in contact with inks that will be used on other clients. Trey Parker and Matt Stone have, on occasion, performed these and other songs (some unrelated to the show, such as "Dead Dead Dead"), under the band name DVDA. Universal precautions, such as washing the hands, wearing latex gloves and the thorough cleaning of floors and surfaces, also reduce the risk of disease. The film's soundtrack featured songs like "Mountain Town", "Uncle Fucka", "What Would Brian Boitano Do?" (a song to which Brian Boitano has been known to figure skate), "I'm Super", and "Blame Canada" (nominated for an Oscar, see below).

Most reputable tattoo shops use fresh disposable needles for each client and sterilize reusable instruments between clients using an autoclave. Popular songs such as "Kyle's Mom is a Bitch" originated on the show, but the creators' musical abilities were not frequently used until the release of South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut. Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. The fact that the lines are unintelligible helped them slip past network censors. Permanent tattooing of any form carries risks, including infection, allergy, and disease. Kenny always wears a parka over his head and most of his face. Mehndi has also become popular, particularly in the West, as a form of temporary body decoration with no symbolic meaning. It should be noted that Kenny's lines in the song, as well as all but one of his lines throughout the show (episode 807, "The Jeffersons") and one in the movie, are muffled.

Mehndi is traditionally applied onto the hands and feet of brides, but there exist traditions in Bangladesh, Kashmir and Sudan where bridegrooms also have Mehndi applied before wedding ceremonies. The show's opening theme song is:. PPD is very unhealthy and has been known to cause burns[2] (http://www.hennapage.com/henna/warnings.html). Although South Park is well known for its humor and controversial plots, viewers are also treated to an original musical score. So-called 'black henna', which is made by adding p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to natural henna, in order to achieve a black color, may cause allergic reactions. According to the episode "Red Hot Catholic Love", virtually all the major and recurring characters in South Park are Roman Catholic, except:. Most designs last up to two weeks, fading from a dark brown to a light orange before disappearing. See list of celebrities on South Park for more persons who have appeared on the show in one way or another.

The length of time the design will last depends on how long the paste is left on the skin. Examples include:. The designs are usually hand drawn with henna: powdered henna is mixed with coffee or tea, lemon juice (to release the dye) and sugar (for consistency) into a paste which is then applied. Celebrities often appear (usually "impersonated.....poorly"). The art known as Mehndi, common in Middle Eastern, North African and Asian countries (but particularly associated with India), is the application of intricate patterns and designs on the hands and feet. And also Towelie the towel who always gets, or wants to get high (off cannabis). Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last a few days. Hankey "the Christmas poo", who adds to the holiday festivities in much the same spirit as the 1960s Rankin-Bass cartoons.

They are generally applied to the skin using water to transfer the design to the surface of the skin. Notable appearances include God, who appears as a small creature resembling a hippo-rodent hybrid; Jesus, a recurring character, who owns a home and hosts a public-access television show in South Park (Jesus and Pals); Satan and his lover Saddam Hussein; Moses, who appears exactly as the Master Control Program (MCP) does in the Disney film Tron and demands macaroni pictures; the alien Marklar race; the jakovasaur; Death; and Mr. Temporary tattoos are a type of body sticker, like a decal. Part of the show's surrealist nature derives from the minor characters who appear in the series. According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would wind up with characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds. There are many other frequently recurring characters, besides the boys and their families. The prices of cosmetic procedures are higher than design tattoos because most states require permanent makeup artists to be licensed aestheticians. Main article: Recurring South Park characters.

Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup. Jefferson," an alias of Michael Jackson, in the episode "The Jeffersons", and in the ninth season, he was killed by the Chinese mafia in the episode "Wing," as well as the following episode, "Best Friends Forever" (in fact, he dies twice in the latter). [1] (http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/04/tattoo/). He was also killed once during the eighth season, unmasked, by "Mr. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully. Kenny was killed by Saddam Hussein in "It's Christmas in Canada," the final episode of season seven. Legitimate parlors onsite would reduce risks of infection with makeshift tattoo guns, while also offering inmates the chance to cover up unsightly ink they received while incarcerated. He came back to life for an unexplained reason in "Red Sleigh Down" and is now the same regular kid he was before, except his deaths are much rarer now.

However, Canadian inmates may be able to safely tattoo themselves while incarcerated if a test of onsite prison tattoo parlors in the summer of 2005 proves to be successful. For some time (after the 5th season episode "Kenny Dies"), Kenny had actually died "permanently." In the 6th season episode "A Ladder to Heaven," Kenny's soul became entrapped inside of Cartman's body, but an exorcism performed by Chef's mama in "The Biggest Douche in the Universe" undid this. Prisoners often dismiss these risks in a show of toughness. After this Stan would say, "Oh my god, they killed Kenny!" and Kyle would add, "You bastards!" Kenny would be back in the next episode, the incident forgotten. There is also significant risk of illness, including such blood-borne diseases as HIV and hepatitis. The show's earliest well-known gimmick was that in every episode, Kenny would die in some horrible, unexpected way. Tattoos created under such conditions are frequently painful, and the resulting designs are coarser. In recent seasons, two other characters have gained prominence:.

In most prisons, tattoo machines are not available so tattooing is done with crude "homemade" machines. The main characters of the show are four elementary school students:. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 50 to 3,000 times a minute. Craig" and "Cat Orgy"). In this procedure, ink is inserted into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. Some episodes have sections of regular film edited in (e.g., "Tweek vs. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is with an electric tattoo machine. To put the efficiency of this process in perspective, consider that the average episode of The Simpsons takes 8 months to create while episodes of South Park have been completed in as little as 3 days.

Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel. Paper cutouts were indeed used in the original pilot Parker/Stone animation and in the very first Comedy Central episode, but every subsequent episode aired on TV has been produced by computer animation that provides the same crude look. Some cultures create tattooed marks by "tapping" the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones. The characters and backgrounds of South Park are made to appear deliberately crude, as if they are simply made of cut-out pieces of paper. This may be an adjunct to scarification. Her husband, Dino Andrade, founded the Mary Kay Bergman Memorial Fund at the Suicide Prevention Center of Greater Los Angeles in an effort to help and educate people with the same type of depression that his wife suffered from. Some tribal cultures still create tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents. After her death it was revealed that she suffered from a severe form of clinical depression.

Such tattoos are performed by veterinarians and the animals are anaesthetized to prevent pain. theatrical release of South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, actress Mary Kay Bergman, who had provided all of the female voices on the South Park television series and in the full-length movie, committed suicide using a gun in her suburban Los Angeles, California home. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification marks, and certain of their body parts (for example, noses) have also been tattooed to prevent sunburn. On November 11, 1999 shortly after the U.S. Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. It's more likely that "Blame Canada" was chosen because it plainly expresses the movie's main theme. European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging as a punishment. It has often been said that "Blame Canada" was chosen from other Oscar-worthy songs in the movie on the basis that it was the only one that could be performed on live TV with its lyrics relatively intact; however, this is somewhat unlikely, as "Blame Canada" contains a swear word, whereas "Up There," a sentimental and inoffensive song sung by Satan, does not.

The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in concentration camps during the Holocaust. It also presented a twisted but seemingly sincere tribute to the film musical with a number of songs, including "Uncle Fucka" and "Blame Canada." The latter was nominated for an Oscar and was performed by Robin Williams during the awards show. Throughout history people have also been forcibly tattooed for a variety of reasons. The film managed to satirize both itself and the anticipated reaction that it engendered from moral conservatives. Some Maori males still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. The following year, the full-length animated feature film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut was released to generally enthusiastic reviews. Today, people commonly choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, as well as as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos). It was apparently a well-planted April Fools Day gag, meant to poke fun at season-ending cliffhangers.

Current estimates have one in seven or over 39 million people in North America who have at least one tattoo. Four weeks later, the airing of an episode about Terrance and Phillip (two Canadian comedians the main characters idolize) prompted outrage, and also prompted Comedy Central to push the true season premiere up earlier than expected. Tattoos are more popular now than at any time in recorded history. The episode ended with the announcement that it would be revealed in four weeks' time. The "modern" electric tattoo machine is fundamentally the same machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891, which was based on an electric engraving pen invented by Thomas Edison. In February 1998, one episode of South Park posed the question of who Eric Cartman's father was. Europeans rediscovered tattooing during the exploration of the South Pacific under Captain James Cook in the 1770s, and sailors were particularly identified with tattoos in European culture until after World War I. Comedy Central defended South Park by noting that the show is given a "Mature Audiences" TV rating (TV-MA) and that it only airs the show during nighttime hours and never during the day when children may be more likely to see the show.

In addition, Chinese legend has it that the mother of Yue Fei, the most famous general of the Song Dynasty, tattooed the words 精忠報國 (pinyin: jin zhong bao guo) on his back with her sewing needle before he left to join the army, reminding him to "repay his country with total loyalty". The show's provocative, frequently offensive, and unquestionably adult-oriented material quickly drew howls of protests from various conservative spokespersons, and South Park merchandise (especially T-shirts) were banned from a number of public schools, day care centers, and other public places in a manner similar to the prohibition of Bart Simpson T-shirts in the early 1990s after The Simpsons was accused of contributing to juvenile delinquency. Tattooing has also been featured prominently in one of the Four Classic Novels in Chinese literature, Water Margin, in which at least two of the 108 characters, Shi Jun and Yan Qing, were described as having tattoos covering nearly the whole of their bodies. This led to talks to create a series, first with Fox, then with Comedy Central, where the series premiered on August 13, 1997. The Man of Pazyryk was also tattooed with therapeutic dots lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle. The video was a hit and was quickly shared, both by underground duplication and over the then-burgeoning Internet. Their tattooing involves animal designs repertory carried out in a curvilinear style. Entitled The Spirit of Christmas, it closely resembled the style of the later series, and featured a martial arts duel (and subsequent truce) between Jesus and Santa Claus over the true meaning of Christmas.

Three tattooed mummies (c. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of Altaď in second half of the 20th century (the Man of Payzyrk, during the forties; one female mummy and one male in Ukok plateau, during the nineties). Executives at the Fox network saw the film, and in 1995 executive Brian Graden commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film to send to friends as a video Christmas card. Mair, The Tarim Mummies, London, 2000), some of them could date from the end of the 2nd millennium before our era. The baby Jesus then saves the day by decapitating the monster with a halo. Mallory and V H. The crudely made film featured prototypical versions of the kids of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but called "Kenny", bringing a murderous snowman to life with a magic hat. Still relatively unknown (the only current publications in Western languages are those of J P. South Park got its start in 1991 when Parker and Stone, then film students at the University of Colorado, created an animated short called Jesus vs Frosty (also known as The Spirit of Christmas).

Tarim Basin (West China, Xinjiang) revealed several tattooed mummies of a European physical type. An episode that aired after the September 11, 2001 attacks had the boys stow away on a military transport to Afghanistan, where they encounter Osama bin Laden, and more recently the 2005 Terri Schiavo case was parodied in an episode in which the town is at odds over the removal of a feeding tube from Kenny McCormick. "Ötzi the Iceman", dated circa 3300 BC, exhibits therapeutic tattoos (small parallel dashes along lumbar and on the legs). Attorney General, as a murderous Easter Bunny. Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice since Neolithic times. For example, an episode involving the repatriation of Romanian quintuplets aired during the Elián González issue, and depicted Janet Reno, then U.S. According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths, tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which probably contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus 19:28 in the Old Testament. The show is noted for its characteristically blunt handling of current events while they are still current.

Japan, and China. Recent seasons have aired in two parts; for example, half of the episodes from the eighth season were put on hiatus for Team America: World Police, another Stone and Parker production. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Samoa, Africa, Mesoamerica. New episodes in the show's ninth season began airing March 9, 2005. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore unique facial tattoos. South Park satirizes many aspects of American culture and current events, and challenges deepset convictions and taboos, usually using parody and black humor. Tattooing has been a practice of almost every known people. Distributed by and airing on Comedy Central (and its current owner, Viacom) since 1997, it follows the surreal adventures of four young boys who live in the small town of South Park, Colorado.

Tattoos, particularly full traditional body suits, are still popularly associated with the yakuza (mafia) in Japan; in reality, however, many yakuza members are choosing not to be tattooed to avoid this very stigma. South Park is a comedy animated series created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a tattoo the size of one's entire back in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style. Parker animated a South Park version of a joke called The Aristocrats for the documentary of that name. It is said that most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left bicep and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. Eventually an ending showing crude cut outs of Terry Gilliam, Venus de Milo, and the Monty Python foot appear. It has been suggested that a majority of prisoners in US prisons have at least one tattoo. A short tribute sketch was shown for the 30th anniversary of Monty Python which parodied the "Dead Parrot sketch." The parody takes part in a friends store, where Eric Cartman walks in and complains that this friend (Kenny) that he bought is dead.

Tattoos can be wholly or partially removed by cosmetic surgery but this can be expensive and may not be entirely effective in leaving unblemished skin. In fact, Cartman says the expert (introduced as "Geoffrey Mainard") played the lead in a production of Les Misérables. Characters on The Simpsons, perhaps not coincidencially, often have the number 24601 as well. For this reason and others a large proportion of people who get tattoos subsequently regret it. Les Misérables has had several cameo roles throughout the series, including Cosette's appearance, Cartman's prison number, 24601 (Jean Valjean's number), and an entire song in South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut that is based on a song from the musical named "One Day More." Also, in episode 414 "Helen Keller! The Musical," the "musical theater expert" sounds similar to Colm Wilkinson, who played the original Jean Valjean on Broadway. Tattoos can therefore impair the wearer's career prospects. They have said the appearance of Moore as a suicide bomber in their 2004 film Team America: World Police is their sardonic response to this incident. Many employers, especially in professional fields, dislike tattoos greatly. It became a point of contention between them and the filmmaker, Michael Moore, as they believed Moore meant to imply they had contributed to his film.

For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos. Stone's appearance was followed by an uncredited cartoon in a style strongly reminiscent of South Park that was not the work of either Stone or Parker. In some areas, tattoos have a largely negative image. This is particularly true in East Asian countries and regions, where tattoos are still generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. Stone presents a vision of Littleton as painfully normal, and highly intolerant of non-conformist behavior. Many celebrities, particularly in the music industry, wear tattoos, but there are many others who have tattoos but generally keep them covered. The film Bowling for Columbine includes a brief interview with Matt Stone that suggests South Park was largely inspired by Stone's childhood experiences in Littleton, Colorado. "Tattoo Flash" is also the name of an American tattoo magazine. The Harrisons, who are Mormon.

Tattoo designs that are mass produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios are called flash. The Broflovskis (Kyle's family), who are Jewish. This usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos. Clooney also appeared as a voice actor for Sparky, Stan's homosexual dog, in the episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride". Most tattoo enthusiasts refer to tattoos as art and to tattooists (less often "tattooers") as artists. George Clooney, who appears in "Bigger, Longer, and Uncut" as himself, portraying an emergency room doctor similar to his character Doug Ross in the TV series ER. In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi, while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs. Patrick Duffy, who appears upside-down as one of the legs of a mountain creature called Scuzzlebutt.

The origin of the word tattoo is usually traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, which means to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). Christina Aguilera, who is portrayed as a hideous creature. In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos are a type of body modification. Paris Hilton as spokeswoman for the "Stupid Spoiled Whore" clothing store chain. This article is about the tattoo, a design in ink or some other pigment, usually decorative or symbolic, placed permanently under the skin. Jefferson comes to South Park to hide out because he is being accused of child molestation; such accusations were made against Jackson in late 2003. The Symbolism and Meaning of Many Popular Tattoo Designs Jennifer Gribbs Tattoo Design Guide (http://www.tattoojohnny.com/tattoo-design-guide.asp). Mr.

The Art of Tattooing Joshua Andrews Tattoology (http://www.tattoology.net). Jefferson" who moves to South Park with his young son, Blanket. The Tattoo Machine Joshua Andrews link Source (http://www.howtotattoo.net). Michael Jackson as a new neighbor named "Mr. Safe Tattooing Joshua Andrews. Fleetwood Mac's Stevie Nicks as a goat in the Afghanistan episode. Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3882439203. Radiohead, playing themselves, with the band telling lead singer Thom Yorke to stop reading fan mail and mocking Scott Tenorman for crying.

Tattoo Art Magazine. Sally Struthers, portrayed as a Hutt (as in "Jabba the Hutt" from Star Wars) saving "Starvin' Marvin" and his people in Africa. Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0446670014. David Blaine, founder of the fictional "Blainetology" religion. provide clear aftercare instructions and products. Madonna, who is ridiculed. always use fresh ink for each session, placing small amounts in disposable containers which are used for one client only. Russell Crowe, star of the TV show "Russell Crowe: Fightin' Around the World," in which he travels the world in a cartoon tugboat and picks fights with random strangers based on perceived insults.

always use properly sterilized non-disposable and disposable supplies. Brian Boitano, who is a superhero. always open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile disposable instruments. the band Toto (an 80s band). Many artists will change gloves one or more times during longer sessions. the band Korn, who played themselves and solved a Scooby Doo-type mystery. wash his or her hands with water and soap or an approved sanitizing agent, and wear latex gloves. Simpson, part of a support group for relatives of murder victims.

be willing and able to answer questions. J. ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it. O. refuse to tattoo minors, intoxicated people, or those incapable of consent due to mental defect. Bill Clinton, who slept with Cartman's mom. be knowledgeable, courteous and helpful. Garrison tried to assassinate.

accessible facilities for washing the hands with hot water and soap. Kathie Lee Gifford, whom Mr. an autoclave is usually required by law but is not really needed if the items to be used have been presterilized elsewhere. Robert Smith of the '80s band The Cure, who transformed into a moth-like creature (a parody of Mothra) to battle Mecha-Streisand; Smith provided his own voice. sharps containers for old needles. Barbra Streisand, who was transformed after a mystical artifact Kyle found while digging and became Mecha-Streisand, a mechanized Godzilla-like creature. biohazard containers for blood-stained objects. Scott has appeared in minor roles in at least two subsequent episodes.

Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ED2/renaut.htm). Cartman later takes revenge on Scott by feeding him Scott's own parents at Cartman's chili con carnival. PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Scott Tenorman, a much older schoolmate, originally introduced when he cons Cartman out of his allowance money in the episode Scott Tenorman Must Die. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=AUGATEWAY&_method=citationSearch&_piikey=S0003552103000840&_version=1&md5=f6dd58d559c19d58799b93a66225b038). The goth kids, originally featured in episode 714 (Raisins). Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. Token is also a frequent target of Cartman's racism.

Token Williams, a schoolmate of black descent who often accompanies the boys on their adventures. He is afraid of getting an erection and took steroids to win the Special Olympics. Often performs stand-up comedy. Jimmy, a handicapped schoolmate with crutches and a speech impediment.

He has a limited vocabulary, usually only consisting of his own name, Jimmy's name, and his usual babble that sounds like "Livin' a lie!", though, on occasion, has managed a few other words. Timmy, a schoolmate confined by handicap to a wheelchair. Wendy Testaburger, a schoolmate and Stan's sometimes girlfriend. Officer Barbrady, the incompetent town police officer.

kay?" to the end of his sentences. Mackey, the school counselor who often appends "Mmmm.. Mr. Jesus and Santa Claus, who are frequently depicted as gun-toting heroes.

Satan, portrayed as the insecure and overly sensitive gay lover of Saddam Hussein. Jerome "Chef" McElroy (voiced by Isaac Hayes), the school cafeteria chef whom the boys seek out for advice. Hat). Garrison's gay live-in lover until his sex change in episode 901 (replacement for Garrison's beloved puppet companion, Mr.

Slave, Mr. Mr. Choksondik (pronounced "chokes-on-dick") who dies in season 6. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina), and Ms.

Herbert Garrison (currently Mrs. Garrison after receiving a sex change in episode 901, Mr. the boys' teachers Mr. Tweek (replaced Kenny during the second part of the 6th season, though Kenny was brought back for the 7th season): like Butters he is very nervous; he is constantly given caffeine by his coffee-shop-owning parents, he is visited nightly by the "underpants gnomes" and his eyes "tweek." Since Kenny returned, he has returned to playing a minor role. His birthday is September 11.

He is now one of the most important characters, having featured prominently in several episodes, particularly as a foil to Cartman's schemes. Leopold "Butters" Stotch (replaced Kenny as a main character during the first part of the 6th season, though Kenny was brought back for the 7th season; has been prominent ever since): intelligent and sometimes insightful, but nervous and easily manipulated, thanks to his overbearing parents. Eric Cartman: aggressive, spoiled, overweight and rude, antagonistic, often the catalyst for the plot, frequently insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor. Kenny McCormick: poor lower class, obsessed with sex and bathroom humor, victim of many deaths.

Kyle Broflovski: skeptical, critical of authority, Jewish. Stan Marsh: kind and nervous, with a strong sense of right and wrong.