Ruby

Ruby is the birthstone associated with July. See also Don't ask, don't tell. According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word "Odem" in the verse Exodus 28:17 means "Ruby" and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Reuben. Also the other may insist that one answers the question. Vidyaraj from Bangalore in India. The alternative, when asked about something, declining to answer, may suggest the answer and may therefore not always be suitable to keep the secret. Both rubies currently belong to G. One may have to lie in order to hold a secret, which might lead to psychological repercussions.

The world's biggest double-star ruby (with a 12-pointed star) is the Neelanjali Ruby, weighing 1,370 carats (274 g). Excessive secrecy is often cited as a source of much human conflict. The world's biggest star ruby is the Rajaratna Ruby, which weighs 2,475 carats (495 g). It is considered easier to verify software reliability if one can be sure that different parts of the program only have access to certain information. A synthetic ruby crystal was used to create the first laser. Information hiding is a design principle in much software engineering. Some manufactured rubies have dopants added to them so that they can be identified as artificial, but most require gemological testing to determine their origin. See Full disclosure, Kerckhoffs' law, Security through obscurity.

The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is—unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a "perfect" ruby), in which case it is suspected of being artificially made and its status as a priceless gem is therefore not completely assured. Many believe that security technology can be more effective if it itself is not kept secret. On the other hand, artificial rubies may have no imperfections. The latter depends on the secrecy of cryptographic keys. All natural rubies have imperfections in them. Techniques used include physical security and cryptography. Ruby gemstones are valued according to several characteristics including size, color, clarity and cut. Preservation of secrets is one of the goals of information security.

Other varieties of corundum are called sapphires. even has a special law protecting records of video tape rentals and sales (18 USC 2710), apparently passed when members of Congress realized their video viewing habits could be politically embarrassing. Rubies have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and among the natural gems are only surpassed by diamonds in hardness. The U.S. However, fine red spinels may approach the average ruby in value. Europe has particularly strict laws about database privacy. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same geological formations and are mistaken for the more valuable gem. Other laws require organizations to keep certain information secret, such as medical records (HIPAA in the U.S.), or financial reports that are under preparation (to limit insider trading).

states of Montana and South Carolina. Secrecy is central to organized crime. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in the U.S. Secret societies use secrecy as a way to attract members by creating a sense of importance. Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Greenland. Keeping one's strategy secret is important in many aspects of game theory. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones (sometimes called created ruby) can be manufactured which are comparatively inexpensive. The patent system encourages inventors to publish information in exchange for a limited time monopoly on its use, though patent applications are initally secret.

Its name originates from ruber or rubrum, Latin for red. New products under development, unique manufacturing techniques, or simply lists of customers are types of information protected by trade secret laws. Ruby is a red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by chromium. Organizations, ranging from multi-national for profit corporations to nonprofit charities, keep secrets for competitive advantage, to meet legal requirements, or, in some cases, to conceal nefarious behavior. (For a current (2005) example, see Plame affair.). Government officials sometimes leak information they are supposed to keep secret.

Freedom of Information Act and sunshine laws. Many countries have laws that attempt to limit government secrecy, such as the U.S. Few people dispute the desirability of keeping Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information secret, but many believe government secrecy to be excessive and too often employed for political purposes. An individual needs a security clearance for access and other protection methods, such as keeping documents in a safe, are stipulated.

Most nations have some form of Official Secrets Act (the Espionage Act in the U.S.) and classify material according to the level of protection needed (hence the term "classified information"). These state secrets can include weapon designs, military plans, diplomatic negotiation tactics, and secrets obtained illicitly from others ("intelligence"). Governments often attempt to conceal information from other governments or the public. On occasion, the information may be something innocent such as a recipe.

Agreement to maintain the secret is often coerced through the use of such tactics as "shaming" and reference to family honour. Families sometimes maintain "family secrets", using a mutually agreed-upon construct (an official family story) to never discuss disagreeable issues concerning the family, either within the family or with those outside the family. On a deeper level, humans attempt to conceal aspects of their own self which they are not capable of incorporating psychologically into their conscious being. ) Humans attempt to consciously conceal aspects of themselves from others, due to, for example, shame or fear of rejection, loss of acceptance, loss of employment, or other negative repercussions.

(In practice, finding a human is often not difficult, especially with the aid of telephone directories, private eyes, etc. Animals, including humans (in some cases), generally endeavor to conceal the location of their den or nest from predators. One reason for sexual reproduction and speciation may be to allow members of a species to share genetic improvements without their becoming available to competitors. Secrecy is built into biology.

. Closely allied—perhaps synonymous—notions of confidentiality and privacy are often considered virtues (One should keep confidences and respect privacy.). Many people claim that, at least in some situations, it is better for everyone if everyone knows all the facts—there should be no secrets. Secrecy is often controversial.

That which is kept hidden is known as the secret. Secrecy is the practice of hiding information from others.