Renaissance

With oil paint, artists could produce strong colors and a hard surface that could survive for centuries; these painters were called Flemish painters. Mazda Wankel rotary timeline. During the northern Renaissance van Eycks also invented oil paint.
. Later on, Pieter Bruegel’s works influenced later artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes. Recently, Mazda has revived the rotary engine in the form of the RX-8, a sport sedan similar to the Mazda Cosmo. At first, northern Renaissance artist still focused on religious drawings, like Albrecht Durer who portray the religious upheaval of his age. Group B received much of the focus for the first part of the 1980s, but Mazda did manage to place third at the 1985 Acropolis Rally, and the Familia 4WD claimed the victory at Swedish Rally in both 1987 and 1989.

The Italian Renaissance artists studied human anatomy and drew from the models so it would be possible for them to sketch the human body more accurately than before. The car finished 11th on its debut at the RAC Rally in Wales in 1981. The artists also used shading to make objects look round and real. The RX-7 even made an appearance in the World Rally Championship. During the Italian Renaissance, artists learned the rules of perspective which shows how far the object is by its size and made the paintings look three dimensional. Australia's adoption of international Group A regulations, combined with Mazda's reluctance to homologate a Group A RX-7, ended Mazda's active participation in the touring car series at the end of the 1984 season. The Italian Renaissance did not only focus on religious figures but they also produced portraits of well-known figures of the day, and they also put religious figures in Greek or Roman backgrounds. Over a four year span beginning in 1981, Moffat took the Mazda RX-7 to victory in the 1983 Australian Touring Car Championship, as well as a trio of Bathurst 1000 podiums, in 1981 (3rd with Derek Bell), 1983 (second with Yoshima Katayama) and 1984 (third with former motorcycle champion Gregg Hansford).

The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the northern Renaissance in some ways. Canadian/Australian touring car driver Allan Moffat was instrumental in bringing Mazda into the Australian touring car scene. In these nations the Renaissance would be built upon and supplanted by the thinkers of The Enlightenment in the seventeenth century. TWR's prepared RX-7s also won the British Touring Car Championship in 1980 and 1981, driven by Win Percy. In Portugal writers such as Luís de Camões and artists such as Nuno Gonçalves appeared. Mazda had turned the tables on BMW, who had beaten Mazda's Familia Rotary to the podium eleven years earlier at the same event. In Spain the Renaissance saw writers such as Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Luis de Góngora and Tirso de Molina, artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomas Luis de Victoria. After hours of battling with several BMW 530i and Ford Capri, the RX-7 driven by Pierre Dieudonné and Tom Walkinshaw won the event.

It saw writers such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, John Milton, and Edmund Spenser, as well as great artists, architects (such as Inigo Jones) and composers such as Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, and William Byrd. Three Savanna/RX-7s were entered in 1981 by Tom Walkinshaw Racing. In England, the Elizabethan era marked the beginning of the English Renaissance. The RX-7 also fared well at the Spa 24 Hours race. At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with the development of the polychoral style of the Venetian School, which spread northward into Germany around 1600. The RX-7 has won more IMSA races than any other car model. The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian composer, Palestrina. The RX-7 took the GTO championship ten years in a row from 1982.

The music of the 15th century Burgundian School defined the beginning of the Renaissance in that art; and the polyphony of the Netherlanders, as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy, formed the core of what was the first true international style in music since the standardization of Gregorian Chant in the 9th century. The car continued winning, claiming the GTU championship seven years in a row. While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a simultaneous spread southward of innovation, particularly in music. That first year, RX-7s placed first and second at the 24 Hours of Daytona, and claimed the GTU series championship. In these areas the Renaissance became closely linked to the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation and the art and writing of the German Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute. Mazda began racing RX-7s in the IMSA GTU series in 1979. From France the spirit of the age spread to the Low Countries and Germany, and finally to Spain, Portugal, England, Scandinavia, and Central Europe by the late 16th century. The RX-7 Le Mans effort was replaced by the 717C prototype for 1983.

The Polish Renaissance is the most Italian like branch of the Renaissance outside of Italy. Those two cars were back for 1982, with one 14th place finish and another DNF. Many Italian artists came with Bona Sforza of Milano to Poland, when she maried Zygmunt I of Poland in 1518. That same car did not finish in 1981, along with two more 13B cars. The first Italian humanist, who came to Poland in the middle 15th century was Filip Callimachus. The next year, a 12A-engine car not only qualified, it placed 21st overall. Italians brought the new style to Poland and Hungary in the late 15th century. The first outing for the car, equipped with a 13B engine, failed by less than one second to qualify in 1979.

Writers such as Rabelais, Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Michel de Montaigne, painters such as Jean Clouet and musicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of the Italian Renaissance. Racing versions of the first-generation RX-7 were entered at the prestigious 24 hours of Le Mans endurance race. Francis I imported Italian art and artists, including Leonardo Da Vinci and at great expense he built ornate palaces. A later special version, the Bathurst R, was released in 2001. It first arrived in France, imported by King Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy. The formula paid off when the RX-7SP won the title, giving Mazda the winning trophy for a fourth straight year. The Renaissance spread north out of Italy being adapted and modified as it moved. It was a serious road going race car that matched their rival Porsche 911RS for the final year Mazda officially entered.

Thus it makes sense to adopt a civic theory of the Renaissance rather than a great man theory. Weight was reduced significantly with the aid of carbon fibre; a lightweight bonnet and seats were used to reduce weight to just 1218 kg (from 1310 kg). There were collaborations between patricians and artisans without which the Renaissance could not have occurred. An improved intercooler, exhaust, and modified ECU were also included. Committees were usually responsible for buildings. Other changes included a race-inspired nose cone, race-proven rear wing, a 120 L fuel tank (as opposed to the 76 L tank in the standard car), a 4.3:1-ratio rear differential, 17 in diameter wheels, larger brake rotors and calipers. Artisans and artists were enmeshed in the networks of their city. The RX-7 SP produced 204 kW (273.6 hp) and 357 Nm (263.3 ft.lbf) of torque, compared to 176 kW (236 hp) and 294 Nm (216.9 ft.lbf) on the standard version.

The early Renaissance was an act of collaboration. An initial run of 25 were made, and later an extra 10 were built by Mazda due to demand. Gombrich says there was a sense of ratifying yourself to the ancient world, leading to a snobbishness and an elite view of education, and a tendency for the rich wanting to proclaim their ascendancy over the poor and over other cities. This model was developed as a homologated road-going version of the race car used in the 12hr endurance race held at Bathurst, New South Wales, beginning in 1991. The upper class had the financial means to support scholarship. Australia had a special high performance version of the RX-7 in 1995, dubbed the RX-7 SP. Between 1413-1423 there was an economic boom. The R (R1 in 1993 and R2 in 1994–95) models featured stiffer suspensions, an aerodynamics package, suede seats, and Z-rated tires.

The sense of crisis was over by 1415 and there was a new confidence, a triumphant experience of being a republic. The touring FD had a sunroof and a complex Bose stereo system and Acoustic Wave system in the trunk. Florence experienced not just one but many crises; Milan, Lucca, the Ciompi. In North America, three models were offered; the "base", the touring, and the R models. Brucker noticed this new consciousness in council debates around 1410; there are increased classical references. The continued use of the front-midship engine and drivetrain layout, combined with an equal front-rear weight distribution and low center of gravity made the FD a very competent car at the limits. Their teachings reached the upper classes between 1410 and 1420 and this is when the new consciousness emerged. Handling in the FD was regarded as world-class, and it is still regarded as being one of the finest handling and best balanced cars of all time.

The crucial people in the 14th and 15th century were. The changeover process was incredibly smooth, and provided linear acceleration and a very wide torque curve throughout the entire rev range. Florence was a very literate audience, already self-conscious and aware of its city and place in the political landscape. The first turbocharger provided 10 psi of boost from 1800 rpm, and the 2nd turbocharger was activated at 4000 rpm and also provided 10 psi. Apart from the elites there was already an audience for the Renaissance. The 2nd unit was on standby until the upper half of the RPM range during full throttle acceleration. There was a gradual build-up rather than a big bang. The system was comprised of one small turbocharger to provide torque at low RPM.

The 1380s saw several classicising groups, including monks and citizens. The sequential twin turbocharged system was a very complex piece of engineering, developed with the aid of Hitachi and previously used on the domestic Cosmo series (JC Cosmo=90–95). Petrarch in the mid-14th century hated civic life but bridged the gap between the 14th and 15th centuries as he began to collect antiquities. It also made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1992 through 1995. Villani also had a sense of the city as daughter and creature of Rome. The FD RX-7 was Motor Trend's Import Car of the Year for 1993. In 1300, Florence had a civic culture, with people like Latini who had a sense of classical values, though different from the values of the 15th century. The 13B-REW was the first-ever mass-produced sequential twin-turbo system to export from Japan, boosting power to 255 hp (190 kW) and finally 280 ps (276 hp, 208 kW, the Japanese manufacturers' gentlemen's agreement on engine power) by the time production ended in Japan in 2002.

Kent says there is plenty of evidence of preconditions for the Renaissance in Florence. It featured an aerodynamic, futuristic-looking body design (a testament to its near 11 year life span). Any such monocausal argument is very likely to be wrong.
The third and final generation of the RX-7, FD (with FD3S for the JDM and JM1FD for the USA VIN), was an outright, no-compromise sports car by Japanese standards. This was an ideological battle between a princely state and a republican city-state, even though they varied little in their general philosophy. Overall, the 2nd generation was the most successful for Mazda saleswise, with 86,000 cars finding buyers in 1986 for the USA alone. In a technical sense, Baron has to prove that all civic humanist work came after 1402, whereas many such works date from the 1380s. This can be attributed to insurance companies penalising turbo cars (thus restricting potential sales).

Against this we can say that Baron is comparing unlike things. In the Japanese market, only the turbo engine was available; the atmospheric version was allowed only as an export. Florence experienced a dramatic crisis of independence which led to civic values and humanism. In Japan, the United Kingdom, and other regions outside the US, a turbocharged version of the convertible was available. In 1401 and 1402, he says Visconti was narrowly defeated by republican Florence, which reasserted the importance of republican values. Despite production ceasing in October 1991, Mazda built a limited run of 500 convertibles for 1992 as "specials" for the domestic market only. Hans Baron's argument is based on the new Florentine view of human nature, a greater value placed on human life and on the power of man, thus leading to civic humanism, which he says was born very quickly in the early 15th century. In 1987, a convertible version started production in atmospheric and turbocharged form, proving an instant success.

5. The FC RX-7 was Motor Trend's Import Car of the Year for 1986, and the Turbo II was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for a second time in 1987. Palla Strozzi commissioned old fashioned paintings whereas Cosimo de' Medici went for new styles in art. Though heavier and more isolated than its predecessor, the FC continued to win accolades from the press. This does not make sense. The rear seats were optional in some models of the FC RX-7, but are not commonly found. was the triumph of the middle class over the older, more old-fashioned feudal classes, so that the middle class wanted painters to do more bourgeois paintings. Disc brakes also became standard, with some models (S4: GXL, GTU, TII, Vert; S5: GTUs, TII, Vert) offering four-piston front brakes.

Frederick Antal has argued that the triumph of Masaccio et al. Steering was firmer, with rack and pinion steering replacing the old recirculating ball steering of the FB. 4. Handling was much improved, with less of the oversteer tendencies of the FB. Florentines were very constrained and tied into the system; it was still a very traditional society. While the SA22/FB was a purer sports car, the FC tended toward the softer sport-tourer trends of its day. and Dale) have argued that this was and remained a society of neighborhood, kin and family. The second generation RX-7 ("FC", VIN begins JM1FC3), still known as the "Savannah RX-7" in Japan, featured a complete restyling reminiscent of the Porsche 944.

However, the Kents (F.W. In 1983, the RX-7 would appear on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for the first time. Goldthwaite says it was part of the emergence of the family and the submersion of the clan system. In 2004, Sports Car International named this car #7 on its list of Top Sports Cars of the 1970s. This argues for a change from collective neutrality towards the lonely genius. Sales were strong, with a total of 474,565 first-generation cars produced; 377,878 were sold in the United States alone. A similar argument is the rise of individualism theory attributable to Burckhardt. For other countries, Mazda used a turbocharged (but non-intercooled) 12A engine for the top end model.

3. Additionally, North America was the only market to have offered the 1st generation RX-7 with the fuel injected 13B. Surely it would be better, more human and accessible to understand the circumstances which helped these geniuses to come to fruition. The gauge layout and interior styling in the Series 3 was only changed for North American versions. This is a circular argument with little explanatory power. Options and models varied from country to country. Donatello, Brunelleschi and Michelangelo were just geniuses. Because of the smoothness inherent in the Wankel rotary engine, little vibration or harshness was experienced at high rpm, so a buzzer was fitted to the tachometer to warn the driver when the 7000 rpm redline was approaching.

The great man argument. The 12A engine produced 100 hp (75 kW) @ 6000 rpm, allowing the car to reach speeds of over 120 mph (190 km/h). 2. 12A-powered models accelerated from 0–60 mph in 9.2 s, and turned 0.779 lateral Gs on a skidpad. If anything, the Medici jumped on an already existing bandwagon. The handling and acceleration of the car were noted to be of a high calibre for its day. They were certainly great patrons but much later. .

1410 and 1420 can be said to be the start of the Renaissance, but the Medici came to power later. In total, 811,634 RX-7s were produced. Unfortunately, this fails to fit chronologically. The RX-7 made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list five times. This is the conventional response:. It was offered in America as a two seat coupe, with four seats being optional in Japan, Australia, and other parts of the world. The Medici did it—the portrait and solo sculpture emerged, especially under Lorenzo. The relatively light Wankel engine was situated slightly behind the front axle.

1. The RX-7 is a true sports coupe design, as opposed to a sports car like the Triumph TR6 or a saloon with sporting intentions. There are several possible explanations for its occurrence in Florence:. The RX-7 was a direct replacement for the RX-3 (both were sold in Japan as the Savanna) and subsequently replaced all other Mazda rotary cars with the exception of the Cosmo. Even he admitted he had no explanation of why it happened. It features a unique twin-rotor Wankel rotary engine and a sporty front-midship, rear wheel drive layout, making it well balanced and appropriate for racing. Alberti felt that he had played a major part, as had Brunelleschi, Masaccio, etc. The styling was modeled after the had styling inspired by the Lotus Elan 2+2.

In most city-republics there was a small clique with a camaraderie and rivalry produced by a very small elite. The original RX-7 competed in the affordable sports car segment with the likes of the Datsun/Nissan 280Z. This intense classicism was applied to literature and the arts. The Mazda RX-7 (also called the Savanna and Efini RX-7) is a sports car that began production in 1978. Often biblically-themed sculpture and paintings included recognizable Florentines. RotaryEngineIllustrated - animations & info about The RX-7 engine. There was a very obvious naturalism about contemporary sculpture, and highly true to life figures were being sculpted. URL accessed on November 28, 2005..

Sculpture was also revived, in many cases before the other arts. Edmunds.com. Of Brunelleschi, he felt that he was the greatest architect since Roman times. Generations: Mazda RX-7 and RX-8. Valla said that, as they revived Latin, so was Latin architecture revived, for example Rucellai's Palazzo built by Leone Battista Alberti. ISBN 0312694563.. Many of the same people were involved; there was a close community of people involved in both movements. Martin's Press, New York.

A similar parallel movement was also occurring in the arts in the early 15th century in Florence—an avant-garde, classicising movement. The New Mazda RX-7 and Mazda Rotary Engine Sports Cars, St. Painting took huge leaps forward in development from the works of Giotto through Fra Angelico, Masaccio, Masolino, Piero della Francesca and many others. (1985). There was a genuine appreciation of the plastic arts—pagan idols and statuary—with nudity and expressions of human dignity. Yamaguchi, Jack K. Rucellai wrote that he belonged to a great age; Leonardo Bruni's Panegyric to the City of Florence expresses similar sentiments. They still command amazing prices on the Japanese used car scene years later.

Florentines felt akin to 1st century BC republican Rome. Dubbed the "Spirit R", they combined all the "extra" features Mazda had used on previous limited-run specials and all sold within days of being announced. It felt it owned it and revived it. Easily the most collectable of all the RX-7's was the last 1500 run-out specials. This society had a new relationship with its classical past. The effective result made for safer driving for the average buyer. Sculptors used Roman models and classical themes. The improved ABS system worked by braking differently on each wheel, allowing the car better turning during braking.

It was a classical, classicising culture which sought to live up to the republican ideals of Athens and Rome. Further upgrades included a new 16-bit ECU and ABS system upgrades. This 'Florentine Enlightenment' (Holmes) was a major achievement. It also featured custom BBS wheels and a custom red racing themed interior. The first two or three decades of the 15th century saw the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence, particularly in Florence. The Type RZ version included all the features of the Type RS, but at a lighter weight. Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance for several reasons. Power was officially claimed as 280 ps (276 hp, 208 kW) (with 330 Nm (243 ft.lbf) of torque) as per the maximum Japanese limit, though realistic power was more likely 220–230 kW (290–308.4 hp).

The Italian Renaissance was intertwined with the intellectual movement known as Renaissance humanism and with the fiercely independent and combative urban societies of the city-states of central and northern Italy in the 13th to 16th centuries. The top-of-the-line "Type RS" came equipped with a Bilstein suspension and 17" wheels as standard equipment. In addition, Byzantine-Greek scholars fled west to Rome bringing renewed energy and interest in the Greek and Roman heritage, and it perhaps represented the end of the old religious order in Europe. The rear wing was modified and gained adjustability. It was a turning point in warfare as cannon and gunpowder became a central element. The seats, steering wheel, and front and rear lights were all changed. Another possible starting point is the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. More efficient turbochargers were installed, while improved intercooling and radiator cooling was made possible by a revised frontal area.

These new ideas from the past (called the "new learning" at the time) triggered the coming advancements in art, science and other areas. Series 8 (January 1999– August 2002) was the final series, and was only available in the Japanese market. Re-birth meant the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek Latin heritage through ancient manuscripts and the humanist method of learning. Only Japan and Australia received this version. Petrarch saw history as social, art and literary advancement, and not as a series of set religious events. The main difference was an updated ECU allowing for increased boost which netted an extra 10 hp. As part of the humanist movement he concluded that the height of human accomplishment had been reached in the Roman Empire and the ages since have been a period of social rot which he labeled the Dark Ages. Series 7 (1996–1998) included minor changes to the car.

Petrarch (1304–1374) is another early Renaissance figure. In Japan, Mazda sold the Series 6 FD RX-7 through its Efini brand as the Efini RX-7 and then returned it to the Mazda brand for 1996. One early Renaissance figure is the poet Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), the first writer to embody the spirit of the Renaissance. Series 6 (1992–1995) was exported throughout the world and had the highest sales. The starting place of the Renaissance is almost universally ascribed to Central Italy, especially the city of Florence. The naturally aspirated Series 5 FC made 160 hp (119 kW), while the Series 5 Turbo made 200 hp (149 kW). It happened gradually at different places at different times and there are no defined dates or places for when the Middle Ages ended. The Turbo II moniker was dropped, and the turbocharged model was simply dubbed Turbo.

The Renaissance has no set starting point or place. Series 5 (1989–1991) featured updated styling and better engine management, as well as lighter rotors and a higher compression ratio. Meanwhile George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both criticised how the Renaissance affected science, controversially arguing that progress was slowed. An optional turbocharged model, known as the the Turbo II, had 189 hp (141 kW). Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep economic recession. Series 4 (1986–1988) was available with a naturally aspirated, fuel-injected 13B-VDEI producing 146 hp (108 kW). Robert S. (The S3 RX-7 is the only rotary-engined car to not have a centrally mounted tachometer.) The GSL-SE model (S3 only) had a fuel injected 1.3L 13B-RESI engine, four-lug hubs with a more common bolt pattern in 4X114.3, a clutch-type rear LSD and stronger drivetrain components.

However, the Renaissance obsession with classical purity saw Latin revert to its classical form and its natural evolution halted. Series 3 (1984–1985) featured an updated lower front fascia and different gauge display layout. The Latin language, for instance, had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still used in the church and by others as a living language. Elsewhere in the world, the 1st generation RX-7 kept the SA22C designation. He argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the high Middle Ages, which destroyed much that was important. The "FB" designation was only used in North America after the US Department of Transportation mandated 17 digit Vehicle Identification numbers. Johan Huizinga (1872–1945) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change. Series 2 (1981–1983) had wraparound taillights, a 4-wheel disc brakes option and updated engine control components.

Perhaps the most important factor of the Renaissance is that those involved in the cultural movements in question - the artists, writers, and their patrons - believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages, even if much of the rest of the population seems to have viewed the period as an intensification of social maladies. Series 1 (1979–1980) is referred to as the "SA22C". Many of the common people who lived during this period are known to have been concerned by the developments of the era rather than viewing it as the "golden age" imagined by certain 19th century authors. Today some historians^{[citation needed]} point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the "medieval" period - poverty, ignorance, warfare, religious and political persecution, and so forth - seem to have actually worsened during this age of Machiavelli, the Wars of Religion, the corrupt Borgia Popes and the intensified witch-hunts of the 16th century, although it could be argued that most of those events took place in the Age of the Counter-reformation, which is distinct and very different indeed from the Renaissance. They thus deny that it is an event of much importance.^{[citation needed]}.

Marxist historians view the Renaissance as a pseudo-revolution with the changes in art, literature, and philosophy affecting only a tiny minority of the very wealthy and powerful while life for the great mass of the European population was unchanged from the Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance is often labelled as the beginning of the "modern" epoch.^{[citation needed]}. This period, in this view, represents Europe emerging from a long period as a backwater, and the rise of commerce and exploration. humanism), an explosion of the dissemination of knowledge brought on by printing and the creation of new techniques in art, poetry and architecture which led to a radical change in the style and substance of the arts and letters.

The traditional view is that the Renaissance of the 15th century in Italy, spreading through the rest of Europe, represented a reconnection of the west with classical antiquity, the absorption of knowledge—particularly mathematics—from Arabic, the return of experimentalism, the focus on the importance of living well in the present (e.g. Since the term was first created in the 19th century, historians have various interpretations on the Renaissance.
. The other renaissances are not considered further in this article, which will concentrate on the Renaissance as the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age.

Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed a "renaissance"; such as the Harlem Renaissance or the San Francisco Renaissance. (See periodisation, Lumpers and splitters). The entire period is now often replaced by the term "Early Modern". This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The Renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the Reformation, which many believe to be inaccurate.

Haskins (1870–1937), who made a convincing case for a "Renaissance of the 12th century", as well as by historians arguing for a "Carolingian Renaissance." Both of these concepts are now widely accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the Italian Renaissance, the English Renaissance, etc. This is in large part due to the work of historians like Charles H. During the last quarter of the 20th century many scholars took the view that the Renaissance was perhaps only one of many such movements. Thus it is possible to speak of the Renaissance in two different but meaningful ways: A rebirth of classical learning and knowledge through the rediscovery of ancient texts, and also a rebirth of European culture in general.

Second, it means that the results of these intellectual activities created a revitalization of European culture in general. First, it means rediscovery of ancient classical texts and learning and their applications in the arts and sciences. Rebirth is used in two ways. The term Renaissance is the French translation, used by French historian Jules Michelet, and expanded upon by Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (both in the 1860s).

The term Rebirth (Rinascita), to indicate the flourishing of artistic and scientific activities starting in Italy in the mid 1300's, was first used by the Italian artist Giorgio Vasari in the Vite, published in 1550. . The Renaissance is usually considered to have originated in the 14th century in northern Italy and begun in the late 15th century in northern Europe. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age.

The Renaissance, also known as "Il Rinascimento" (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution, religious reform and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. Niccoli: a major influence on the perception of the classics. Manuel Chrysoloras: increased interest in the grammar of ancient architecture (1395). Polish Renaissance.

German Renaissance. French Renaissance. English Renaissance.