Recorder

There are recorder orchestras in Germany, Holland, Japan, The United States and in the UK which has about 8 or 9 including a National Youth Recorder Orchestra. Salts can also form if solutions of different salts are mixed, their ions recombine, and the new salt is insoluble and precipitates (see: Solubility equilibrium). In addition to arrangements a lot of new music, including symphonies, have been written. Salts are formed by a chemical reaction between:. They can have up to 60, or more, players and use up to 8 or 9 sizes of instrument. Common salt-forming anions (and the name of the parent acids in parentheses) are:. One of the most interesting developments over the last 30 years has been the development of recorder orchestras. Common salt-forming cations are:.

Groups of different sized instruments help to compensate for the limited note range. chloride or acetate). Many amateurs prefer to play in large groups or in one-to-a-part chamber groups, and there is a wide variety of music for such groupings including a lot of modern works. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e.g. The recorder is a very social instrument. Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g. These latter instruments have a wider, less tapered bore and typically possess a loud and strident tone. chloride or acetate).

Most modern recorders are based on instruments from the baroque period, although some specialist makers produce replicas of the earlier renaissance style of instrument. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. Beginners' instruments, the sort usually found in children's ensembles, are also made of plastic and can be purchased quite cheaply. The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. While higher-end professional instruments are almost always wooden, many plastic recorders currently being produced are equal to or better than lower-end wooden instruments. ammonium salts like ammonia). However, many recorders are made of plastic, which is cheaper, is resistant to damage from condensation, and does not require re-oiling. acetates like acetic acid (vinegar), cyanides like hydrogen cyanide (almonds)) or the base (e.g.

Today, high-quality recorders are made from a range of different hardwoods, such as oiled pear wood, rosewood or boxwood with a fipple of redcedar wood. Pure salts are odorless, while impure salts may smell after the acid (e.g. The soprano and the alto are the most common solo instruments in the recorder family. salty (sodium chloride), sweet (lead diacetate), sour (potassium bitartrate), bitter (magnesium sulfate), and umami or savory (monosodium glutamate). They are also difficult to handle: the contrabass in F is about 2 meters tall. Different salts can elicit all five basic tastes, i.e. Lower instruments in C and F also exist: bass in C (in Britain also known as the great bass), contrabass in F, subcontrabass in C, and sub-subcontrabass or octo-contrabass in F, but these are more rare. Most minerals and inorganic pigments as well as many synthetic organic dyes are salts.

Below the soprano are the alto in F (in Britain also known as the treble), tenor in C, and bass in F. yellow (sodium chromate), orange (sodium dichromate), red (mercury sulfide), mauve (cobalt dichloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulfate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). An experimental 'piccolino' has also been produced in f", but the garklein is already too small for adult-sized fingers to play easily. Salts exist in all different colors, e.g. Above this are the sopranino in F and the gar klein Flötlein ("really small flute") or "garklein" in C, with a lowest note of c". Salts can be clear and transparent (sodium chloride), opaque (titanium dioxide), and even metallic and lustrous (iron disulfide). The size most frequently used in classroom instruction is the soprano in C (in Britain also known as the descant) which has a lowest note of c'.
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Recorders are most often tuned in C and F, though instruments in D, G, and Eb were not uncommon historically and are still found today, especially the tenor in D, known as a voice flute. Inorganic salts usually have a low hardness and a low compressibility, similar to edible salt. David Murphy's 2002 composition Bavardage is an example. However, there exist salts that are liquid at room temperature, so-called ionic liquids. Some modern music calls for the recorder to produce unusual noises, rhythms and effects, by such techniques as overblowing. Salts are usually solid crystals with a relatively high melting point. It is also occasionally used in popular music, including that of groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, and Jimi Hendrix. After the water dried, the salt was left, which was collected and sold.

Modern composers of great stature have written for the recorder, including Paul Hindemith, Luciano Berio, John Tavener, Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Gordon Jacob, and Edmund Rubbra. The Phoenicians harvested the salt by flooding plains of land with sea water, then leaving the plains to dry. An influential figure in the revival of the recorder, as a serious concert instrument, in the latter part of the twentieth century was David Munrow, and his 1975 double album The Art of the Recorder remains as an important anthology of recorder music through the ages. The Phoenicians were victims of their success and as a result of harvesting the salt from the sea, the value of salt depreciated. It is however incorrect to assume that mastery is similarly easy — like other instruments, it requires talent and study to play it at an advanced level. They sold it to other civilisations and most of the time it cost more than gold. Subsequent to its rediscovery (notwithstanding the fact that recorders continued to be made and played throughout the 19th and early 20th century) it became very popular in schools, since it is inexpensive, easy to play at some level, is pre-tuned, and is not too strident in even the most musically-inept hands. The Phoenicians (modern day Lebanese) were the first people to harvest salt from the sea.

Although it was revived at the beginning of the 20th century by German scholar/performers and in Britain by Arnold Dolmetsch and others, even in the early 20th century it was uncommon enough that Stravinsky thought it to be a kind of clarinet, which is not surprising since the early clarinet was, in a sense, derived from the recorder, at least in its outward appearance. Salt was also given to the parents of the fiancé in marriage until the 8th century. The instrument went into decline after the 18th century, being used for about the last time as an other-worldly sound by Gluck in his opera Orfeo ed Euridice. Nonetheless there were probably more works (ca 800) written for the recorder during the 19th century than in all the preceding centuries: the instrument simply sprouted keys and changed its name, being known as the csakan or "flute douce". Payments to Roman workers were made in salt. It is now generally accepted, however, that the instrument intended was the sopranino recorder. In Ancient Rome, salt started to be used as currency originating the current Latin-derivative term salary. Vivaldi wrote three concertos for the "flautino", an instrument first thought to be the piccolo. Salt was very valuable and used to conserve foods.

It consisted of two recorders in f' connected together by leather flanges: one instrument was voiced to play softly, the other loudly. in Egypt, Greece and Rome. In fact Bach scored this work for two "flauti d'echo", or echo flutes, an example of which survives in Leipzig to this day. The first registers of salt use were at 4000 B.C. Bach wrote the 4th Brandenburg concerto in G major (though Thurston Dart mistakenly suggested that it was intended for flageolets at a higher pitch, and in a recording under Neville Marriner using Dart's editions it was played an octave higher than usual on sopranino recorders). . It was for the recorder that J.S. It can also refer to natron.

In the 18th century, rather confusingly, the instrument was often referred to simply as Flute (Flauto) — the transverse form was separately referred to as Traverso. Impure salt is a name for salt which has lost its saltiness. These innovations allowed baroque recorders to play two full chromatic octaves of notes, and to possess a tone which was regarded as "sweeter" than that of the earlier instruments. Salts that contain a hydroxide ion are basic salts and salts that contain a hydrogen ion are acid salts. Several changes in the construction of recorders took place in the seventeenth century, resulting in the type of instrument generally referred to as baroque recorders, as opposed to the earlier renaissance recorders. Normal salt is salt that does not contain a hydroxide ion (OH-) or a hydrogen ion (H+). There are also numerous references to the instrument in contemporary literature (eg Shakespeare, Pepys and Milton). Therefore their salt content is given for the respective ions.

For example, at Henry VIII's death in 1547, an inventory of his possessions included 78 recorders. Mixtures of many different ions in solution like in the cytoplasm of cells, in blood, urine, plant saps, and mineral waters usually do not form defined salts after evaporation of the water. The recorder achieved great popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries. Zwitterions are salts that contain an anionic center and a cationic center in the same molecule, examples are the amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins. There is an incomplete set of recorders in Nuremberg which date from the 16th century and are still in a playable condition. Electrolytes as well as molten salts conduct electricity. It is, however, in very poor condition. Solutions of salts in water are called electrolytes.

The earliest surviving instrument was discovered in a castle moat in Dordrecht, the Netherlands in 1940, and has been dated to the early 15th century. These ions can be inorganic (Cl^-) as well as organic (CH₃-COO^-) and monoatomic (F^-) as well as polyatomic ions (SO₄^2-). It is thought that these instruments evolved in the 14th or 15th century, but this is a matter of some debate, as the evidence is largely from the depiction of instruments in paintings. In chemistry, salt is a term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. The true recorders are distinguished from other fipple flutes by having eight^[3] finger holes; seven on the front of the instrument and one, for the left hand thumb, on the back, and having a slightly tapered bore, with its widest end at the mouthpiece. silting is the natural deposit of salt from sea water. Fipple flutes have a long history: an example of an Iron Age specimen, made from a sheep bone, exists in Leeds City Museum. ISBN: 0142001619.

The placement of the thumb is crucial to the sound of these notes, and varies as the notes increase in pitch, making the boring of a double hole for the thumb unviable. Walker Publishing Company. Most of the notes in the second octave and above are produced by partially closing the thumbhole on the back of the recorder, a technique known as 'pinching'. Salt: A World History. Fork fingerings have a different tonal character from the diatonic notes, giving the recorder its characteristic woody and somewhat uneven sound. Kurlansky, Mark (2002). Other chromatic scale degrees are played by so-called "fork" fingerings, uncovering one hole and covering one or more of the ones below it. Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂.

The lowest chromatic scale degrees—the minor second and minor third above the lowest note—are played by covering only a part of a hole, a technique known as "half-holing." Some instruments are constructed with double holes to facilitate the playing of these notes. a metal and an acid, e.g. Use of other notes in the 3rd octave is becoming more common, although the breath support required for notes higher than the two octaves and a fifth usually results in a shrieking tone. NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl. The note is only occasionally found in pre-20th-century music, but it has become standard in modern music. a base and an acid, e.g. This note is either absent or can only be played by covering the end of the instrument, typically by using one's upper leg or a special bell key. sulfate SO₄^2- (sulfuric acid).

A skilled player can extend this and can typically play chromatically over two octaves and a fifth, with the possible exception of the note two octaves and one semitone above the lowest note. phosphate PO₄^3- (phosphoric acid). The range of a recorder is about two octaves. oxide O^2- (water). On the other hand the shape and size of the recorder player's mouth cavity has a discernable effect on the timbre, tone and response of the recorder—indeed, much of the skill of recorder playing is concerned with using the parts of the mouth (as well as the diaphragm) to shape and control the stream of air entering the recorder. nitrite NO₂^- (nitrous acid). Because of the fixed position of the windway with respect to the labium, there is no need to form an embouchure with the lips. nitrate NO₃^- (nitric acid).

Exiting from the windway, the breath is directed against a hard edge (C), called the "labium", which agitates a column of air, the length of which (and the pitch of the note produced) is modified by finger holes in the front and back of the instrument. hydroxide OH^- (water). The player's breath is constrained by a wooden "fipple" or "block" (A), in the mouthpiece of the instrument, so as to travel along a duct (B) called the "windway". cyanide C≡N^- (hydrogen cyanide). The recorder is held outwards from the player's lips (rather than to the side, like the "transverse" flute). citrate HO-C(COO^-)(CH₂-COO^-)₂ (citric acid). Click here to hear a soprano (descant) recorder being played. chloride Cl^- (hydrochloric acid).

. carbonate CO₃^2- (carbonic acid). The English name may come from a Middle English use of the word record, meaning, "to practice a piece of music" [1], [2]. acetate CH₃-COO^- (acetic acid). In German the recorder is called the Blockflöte (Block Flute), in French the flûte à bec (Billed Flute), and in Italian the flauto dolce (Sweet Flute). sodium Na⁺. The recorder was revived in the twentieth century, partly in the pursuit of authentic performance of early music, but also because of its suitability as a simple instrument for teaching music and its appeal to amateur players. quaternary ammonium NR₄⁺.

The recorder was popular from mediaeval times but declined in the eighteenth century in favor of orchestral woodwind instruments, such as the flute, which have greater chromatic range and louder volume. pyridinium C₅H₅NH⁺. It is distinguished from other members of the family by having eight finger holes and a tapered bore. potassium K⁺. The recorder is end-blown and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a fipple. magnesium Mg²⁺. The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes—whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle and ocarina. iron Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.

calcium Ca²⁺. ammonium NH₄⁺.