Platinum

Due to its rarity, platinum is a highly priced metal, more so than gold or silver. Furthermore, certain religious offices may be considered of princely rank, and/or imply coparable temporal rights, as for the abbots of See Prince of the Church for the main Christian versions. It was the first British Crown to be made of that metal. with a secondary title son of a named god), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition). The frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, manufactured for her Coronation as Consort of King George VI is made of platinum. In states with an element of theocracy, this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use as such is much more rare than the use of gold or silver. Bokassa I's short-lived Central-African Empire in Napoleonic fashion), usually the styles, or even the systems, are completely independent or almost.

And some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white colour are identified as "platinum". Except for the Arabized, Muslim North and some other monarchies that simply adopted Islamic practices, or in cases where a Western model was copied (e.g. For example, a musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, will be credited as "platinum". The former is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family and the latter is the lower. "Platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver and bronze. The title kôshaku, however, is more commonly translated as duke to avoid confusion with the royal ranks in the imperial household, shinnô (親王 (literally king of the blood) female;naishinnô (内親王(literally queen(by herself) of the blood) and shinnôhi親王妃 (literally consort of king of the blood)) or ô (王 (literaly king) female;nyoô (女王(literaly queen (by herself)) and ôhi (王妃(literally consort of king)). "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than do "gold" ones. In Japan, the title of prince (kôshaku 公爵) was used as the highest title of kazoku(華族Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution.

Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. In ancient China, the title of prince developed from being the highest title of nobility (synonymous with duke) in the Zhou Dynasty, to five grades of princes (not counting the sons and grandsons of the emperor) by the time of the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Certain platinum complexes (cis-platin) have been used in chemotherapy, as they have very good anti-tumor activity, though they do unfortunately cause cumulative irreversible kidney damage. It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization. Platinum compounds rarely occur in nature. Different (historical, religious ...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy. This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature. Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many respects rather dubious.

There are also many other radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years. Haiti). Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and one radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long half-life (over 6 billion years or 190 Ps). The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 ppm in the ore. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their linguistic family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles):. Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g.

Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluvial placer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western American states. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted). Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Transvaal, South Africa. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel.
In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territorial associated with it, each separated by a slash. The platinum arsenide, sperrylite, is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit. Rurikid branches used the knyaz title also after they were succeeded by the Romanovs as the Russian imperial dynasty.

Platinum is often found as native platinum and alloyed with iridium as platiniridium. In the Russian system, knyaz (translated as "prince"), is the highest degree of nobility, and sometimes, represents a mediatization of an older native dynasty which became subject to the Russian imperial dynasty. Platinum is also used in the definition of the Standard hydrogen electrode. Prince Bismarck in the empire of reunited Germany, under the Hohenzollern dynasty. A platinum-iridium cylinder serves to this day as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the metre bar. This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical 'real' feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German; e.g. The definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, France. the British system of "royal" princes difficult.

The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown below) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold. in France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of nobility in chief of a geographical place, but no actual princedom, and without any necessary link to Royalty, which makes comparing it with e.g. Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. In several countries of the European continent, e.g. Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. Both systems may concur, as in the kingdom Belgium, where "Prince of Liège=Luik" is one of the traditional titles for royal sons (alongside Duke of Brabant, the highest title, being handed down through primogeniture if it is not yet taken; Count of Flanders is similarly used for the next in the succession order). British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. Some states have an analogous tradition, where they confer another princely title, such as the British 'royal duchies' (for various royal princes), and formerly the French Dauphin (again, through de facto primogeniture).

Among other things, Ulloa observed the platina del pinto, the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). This is done in particular for the heir to the throne (creating a de facto primogeniture), who is often awarded a particular principality in each generation, so that it becomes synonymous with the first in line for the throne, even if there is no automatic legal mechanism to do so. Platinum was discovered by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773), both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. may be attached to them), and are awarded traditionally (or occasionally) to princes of the blood, as an appanage. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining, and often discarded it. principalities, but are maintained as essentially hononary titles (though some land, income etc. The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. A number of nobiliary territories, carrying with them the formal style of prince, are not (or no longer) actual (political, administrative, etc.

Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Native Americans, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts"). One type of prince belongs in both the genealogical royalty and the territorial princely styles. Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Maha Upayuvaraja Sanskrit for 'Great Joint King' in Cambodia, though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers. Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4. prince-lieutenant in Luxemburg, repeatedly filled by the Crown prince before the grand duke's abdication), or in form of consortium imperii; some have even a practice in which the Monarch can formally abdicate in favor of his Heir, and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). as Regent of Viceroy (though these offices must not be reserved for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are, possibly even reflected in the style of the office, e.g.

Platinum does not oxidise in air at any temperature, but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of the dynasty can temporarily of permanently share in the style and/or office of the Monarch, e.g. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. In German, such a prince is also called "Fürst" (capital obligatory in German grammar), and there are equivalents in most languages in the tradition of the Holy Roman Empire, where these abounded. Platinum possesses remarkable resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. The term "prince" has also been used to describe, in languages like English that lack a specific word for this concept, the head of a feudal (vassal) state of lower rank; for example, it has been used as a synonym for duke at times. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king. In the same tradition/vein some micronation 'monarchs' establish themselves as (usually merely nominal) 'princes'.

The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but it normally costs about twice as much as gold. This can be a regular nation, even sovereign, but his protocolary ranking is below a grand duke. Platinum is more precious than gold. A prince or princess who is the head of state in a monarchy is a reigning prince, which had no other specific, formal (rank) title, and their domain, typically smaller than a kingdom, is called a "principality". Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other princes (or the same, see below) derive their title not from their dynastic position as such (which must often be shared with brothers, etc), but from their claim to a unique title of formal princely rank, one named after a specific principality, not after the suzerain/sovereign state, even if they belong to one. For this catalytic property, platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems, as well as tips of spark plugs. Independently of such traditions, some dynasties more or less frequently awarded apanages to princes of the blood, typically carrying a feudal type title (often as such of lower protocollary rank than their birth rank) and some income.

The catalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in the presence of platinum). However, often such style is used in a way that may surprise as not apparently logical, such as adopting a style for princes of the blood which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition, asserts genealogical descendency from and/or claim of political succession to a more lofty monarchy, or simply is assumed 'because we can'. The metal is corrosion-resistant. mehtarjao. The metal appears silvery-white when pure, and firm. Indeed, various princely titles are derived from the ruler's, such as (e)mirza(da), khanzada, nawabzada, sahibzada, shahzada (all using the Persian patronymic suffix -zada, "son, descendant", (maha)rajkumar from Raja, or even from a unique title, e.g. . Many princely styles and titles are used in various monarchies, often changing with a new dynasty, even altered during one's rule, especially in conjunction with the style of the ruler.

Platinum is used in jewellery, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices. Over the centuries foreign-language titles such as Italian principe, French prince, German Fürst, Russian kniaz, etc., are often rendered as "prince" in English. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, grey-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. Although the definition above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems: depending on country, epoch and translation other meanings of "Prince" are possible. Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. In these systems, a prince can be:. Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989. certain parliaments), which may be delayed, withheld or even reversed.

Los Alamos National Laboratory - Platinum. Regardless of birth rank, marriage to a prince(ss) generally means accession to the ruling house (dynasty), but often the princely style is subject to an explicit conferral (by the Monarch or a political authority with in say in the succession, e.g. electrodes for use in electrolysis. Generally, when such a prince takes a (royal, imperial, etc.) throne he stops being styled a mere "Prince" when he becomes the ruling (or at least titular) monarch, King, Emperor, Grand Duke or one of many other ruler-styles, usually of higher rank, except in the case of a ruler styled "Prince" (see below) of a principality (idem: "Princess" becoming a Queen). platinum resistance thermometers,. Depending on individual national tradition, this may either be restricted (often to one or two generations after the monarch, and/or the line of succession), or it may be allowed to run into very high numbers (as often applies in oriental dynasties). For example, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin belong to this class of drugs,. of a princely house, such as an imperial - or royal family.

certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of intercalating into DNA and are chemotherapeutic agents owing to this capability. A Prince of the blood (in some monarchies, however, this is an actual title in its own right, of more restricted use; thus Prince du sang in the French kingdom, restricted to the royal descendents in the male line) is a male member of royalty, i.e. catalyst utilized in the catalytic converter, an optional component of the gasoline-fuelled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article),. The following parts of this article are only concerned with the use usages as a formal nobiliary (or analogous) title. In this sense, it can in principle be used for any ruling (hereditary or elective) monarch, regardless of his title and protocolary rank. The original but least common use is as a generic (descriptive, not formal) term, one originating in the application of terminology from Roman (actually Byzantine) law and classical "ideology" to the European feudal society.

Many other languages have (at least) two separate words for these two distinct meanings. Courtesy princes may be members of a royal or a highly noble family, sharing their title with several relatives in similar position. Substantive princes are in some cases reigning monarchs, and in some cases heads of their noble house. In Latin-based languages, Prince has two basic meanings: it could be a substantive title and a courtesy title.

He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in country or making religious rituals, and for that task, granted the title Princeps. Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on basis of principate, not dominion. The Latin word Princeps, kin to "primus" and "first among equals", was established as the title of the more or less informal leader of the senate some centuries BC. .

The term prince (the female form is princess), from the Latin root princeps, when used for a member of the highest aristocracy, has several fundamentally different meanings - one generic, and several types of titles. and many other. Thailand. Indochina : Cambodja, Vietnam, Laos.

See princely states for the (often particular, mainly hindu) title on the Indian subcontinent in (former British) India (including modern Pakistan and Bangladesh) as well as Burma and Nepal ... Korea. Japan. China.

etc. & other Near East. Princes of the blood, male and female, were given the style sultan (normally reserved for Muslim rulers). In the Ottoman empire, the sovereign of imperial rank (incorrectly known in the west as (Great) sultan) was styled padishah with a host of additional titles, reflecting his claim as political successor to the various conquered states.

Malay countries. In families (often reiging dynasties) which claim descent from the prophet Mohammed, this is expressed in either of a number of titles (supposing different exact relations): sayid, sharif; these are retained even when to remote from any line of succession to be a member of any dynasty. Arabian tradition since the caliphate - in several monarchies it remains customary to use the title Sheikh (in itself below princely rank) for all members of the royal family. Hungarian (Magyar)%9Herceg /Hercegnő %9Herceg /Hercegnő.

Greek (New)%9Igemonas /Igemonida%9Pringipas /Pringipesa. Finnish%9%9Ruhtinas /Ruhtinatar%9Prinssi /Prinsessa. ) languages :