Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix is the capital, largest city and largest metropolitan area in the state of Arizona, United States. Phoenix ranked:
Phoenix was incorporated on February 5, 1881. It is the county seat of Maricopa County and the principal city of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Phoenix is called Hoodzo (lit. 'the place is hot') in Navajo (a language spoken in Arizona & New Mexico) and Fiinigis in Western Apache (a language spoken in Arizona). |
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| City nickname: "Valley of the Sun" | |
Location in the state of Arizona |
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| Founded | May 4, 1868 |
| County | Maricopa County |
| Mayor | Phil Gordon |
| Area - Total - Water |
1,230.5 km² (475.1 mi²) 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) 0.05% |
| Population - City (2000) - Density - Metropolitan |
1,416,055 (2004 est) 1,074/km² 3,251,876 |
| Time zone | Mountain (UTC –7) |
| Coordinates WGS-84 (GPS) |
33.5283° N 112.0763° W (http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33.5283_N_112.0763_W_region:US_type:city) |
| phoenix.gov | |
The earliest settlers in the Valley of the Sun were the Hohokam people, who lived there as early as 300 BC. They were the first to farm there, building an elaborate canal system that brought water from the Salt River. Their name is derived from the Pima (Akimel O'otham) phrase, Ho Ho Kam, "the people who have gone". They also lived in the Pueblo Grande ruins between 700 and 1400 A.D. They were industrious, enterprising, and imaginative. Their irrigation system comprised some 135 miles (217 km) of canals. Their disappearance ca. 1450 A.D. remains a mystery. Prolonged drought may have destroyed or displaced them; or, they may be the ancestors of the modern Pima Indians who now live on the Salt River and Gila River reservations, or the Tohono O'odham Indians who live in southern Arizona.
In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg stopped to rest his horse at the foot of the north slopes of the White Tank Mountains. He looked down across the expansive Salt River Valley and his eyes caught the rich gleam of the brown, dry soil turned up by the horse's hooves. He saw farmland, predominantly free of rocks, and beyond the reach of heavy frost or snow. All it needed was water. By 1868, he and others from Wickenburg had dug a short canal from the Salt River and founded a small farming colony approximately four miles (6 km) east of the present city (about 22 miles west of Mesa, which was already a city of 1,000 people; and a few miles northwest of a similar farming community at Hayden's Ferry, which would become Tempe).
The area was named Swilling's Mill in his honor. It would later become Hellinwg Mill, Mill City, then East Phoenix. As for the town that was to be built, Swilling, a former Confederate soldier, wanted to name it Stonewall, after Stonewall Jackson; others suggested Salina.
Darrel Duppa recommended the name Phoenix, memorializing the birth of a new civilization from the ruins left by the Hohokam.
The town of Phoenix was officially recognized on May 4, 1868, when the Board of Supervisors of Yavapai County (which at the time encompassed Phoenix), formed an election precinct there. The Phoenix post office was established June 15, 1868, with Jack Swilling as postmaster.
The area was surveyed in 1870 and mass meeting of the citizens of Salt River Valley was held on October 20, 1870, to select a suitable piece of unimproved public land for a town site. They recommended the North 1/2 of section 8 Township 1 N., Range 3 E. and that the town be called Phoenix.
On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County, the sixth in the state, by dividing Yavapai County. Maricopa county gave up portions in 1875 and 1881 to help form Pinal and Gila counties, respectively. The first county election in Maricopa County was held in 1871, when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff of Maricopa County.
The first public school in Phoenix opened on September 5, 1872, in the courtroom of the county building. By October 1873, a small adobe school building was completed on Center Street (now Central Avenue), a short distance north of where the San Carlos Hotel now stands. Miss Nellie Shaver, a newcomer from Wisconsin, was appointed as the first female schoolteacher in Phoenix.
On April 10, 1874, President Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix. The total cost of the Phoenix Townsite of 320 acres (1.3 km2) was $550, including all expenses for services.
By 1881, Phoenix had outgrown its original townsite-commissioner form of government. The 11th Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government. The bill was signed by Governor John C. Fremont on February 25, 1881. Phoenix was incorporated with a population of approximately 2,500, and on May 3, 1881, Phoenix held its first city election, in which Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first Mayor.
The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events that revolutionized the economy of Phoenix. Merchandise now flowed into the city by rail instead of wagon. Phoenix became a trade center with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In recognition of the increased tempo of economic life, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888.
In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, built where the downtown bus terminal now stands. This building also provided temporary offices for the territorial government when it moved to Phoenix from Prescott in 1889.
In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the National Reclamation Act making it possible to build dams on western streams for reclamation purposes. Valley of the Sun residents were quick to supplement this federal action by organizing the Salt River Valley Waters Users' Association on February 4, 1903, to assure proper management of the precious water supply. It functions to this day as the major agency for controlled use of irrigation water in the Valley.
On May 18, 1911, the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, then the largest masonry dam in the world, began operation. It created Roosevelt Lake, expanded irrigation of land in the Valley for farming, and increased the water supply for the growing population.
On February 14, 1912, President William Howard Taft approved Arizona's statehood, making Phoenix the state capital.
In 1913, Phoenix changed its form of government from mayor-council to council-manager. Phoenix was one of the first cities in the United States to have this form of city government.
In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge sold 13,000 acres (53 km²) of South Mountain to the city of Phoenix for $17,000. At its present size of 16,500 acres (67 km2), South Mountain Park is the largest metropolitan park in the world, and it entertains 3 million visitors each year.
Phoenix began to grow into a young metropolis. By 1920, Phoenix had a population of 29,053 inhabitants, which by 1930 had grown by 60%, to 48,118.
1940 marked another turning point, as the war changed Phoenix from a farming center to a distribution center. Phoenix rapidly turned into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. Luke Field, Williams Field and Falcon Field, coupled with the giant ground-training center at Hyder, west of Phoenix, brought thousands of men into Phoenix.
In 1950, 105,000 people lived within the city limits and thousands more lived in adjacent communities and depended upon Phoenix for their livelihoods. The city had 148 miles (238 km) of paved streets and 163 miles (262 km) of unpaved streets, a total of 311 miles (501 km) of streets within the city limits.
Phoenix has been selected four times since 1950 as an All-America City, rare among larger cities. The hallmark of an All-America City is the extent to which its private citizens get involved in the workings of their government. Thousands of citizens have served on various city committees, boards and commissions to assure that major decisions are in the best interest of the people.
Phoenix is located at 33°31'42" North, 112°4'35" West (33.528370°, -112.076300°)1 in the Phoenix Valley or "Valley of the Sun" in central Arizona. It lies at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m) in the heart of the Sonoran Desert.
The Greater Phoenix area has a population of 3.2 million and includes Mesa, Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Peoria and many smaller communities such as Goodyear, Fountain Hills, Litchfield Park, and Anthem. Major retirement communities include Sun Lakes, Sun City, and Sun City West. The community of Ahwatukee is a part of the City of Phoenix itself, but is almost entirely separated from it by South Mountain.
The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix; it is typical to see the riverbed entirely dry except when unexpected runoff forces the release of water from any of the several dams upriver. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. During periods of increased precipitation such as late 2004/early 2005 its current can become quite strong and regular.
The Phoenix metropolitan area is surrounded by the McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White Tank Mountains to the west, the Superstition Mountains far to the east, and the Sierra Estrella to the southwest. Within the city are the Phoenix Mountains and South Mountains. Current development (as of 2005) is pushing rapidly beyond the geographic boundaries to the north and west, south through Pinal County towards Tucson, and beginning to surround the large Salt River and Gila River reservations.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,230.5 km² (475.1 mi²). 1,229.9 km² (474.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.05% water.
Clear blue skies are typical, with an average of 300 sunny days a year. The temperature reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) on an average of 89 days during the year, including most days from early June through early September. In every year except 1911, the temperature has soared to 110 °F (43 °C) or higher. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time high of 122 °F (50 °C). The dry Arizona air makes the hot temperatures more tolerable early in the season; however, the influx of monsoonal moisture has been known to make August in Phoenix almost as humid as summers in the Southeastern United States.
Phoenix SkylineThe normal annual rainfall at Sky Harbor International Airport is 8.29 inches (211 mm). March is the wettest month of the year (1.07 inches or 27 mm). Rain is particularly scarce from April through June. Although thunderstorms occur on occasion during every month of the year, they are most common during the monsoon season from July to mid-September as humid air surges in from the Gulf of California. Winter storms moving inland from the Pacific Ocean occasionally produce significant rains but occur infrequently. Fog is observed from time to time during the winter months. Blowing dust and sand, which also can restrict visibility, accompany the collapse of monsoonal thunderstorms. The wind-front creates a haboob, a wall of dust thousands of feet high. Severe thunderstorms—bringing strong winds, large hail, or tornadoes—can occur during any month of the year, but only happen an average of once or twice per year somewhere in the metropolitan area.
At the airport, the mean date of first frost is December 12 and the last is February 7; however, these dates do not represent the city as a whole because the frequency of freezes varies considerably among terrain types and elevations. Some areas of Phoenix may see frost for a month or more before and after the airport readings. The earliest frost on record occurred November 3, 1946, and the latest April 4, 1945. Successive winters without any frosts at the airport have been recorded, and the longest period without a freeze stretched from November 23, 1979 to January 31, 1985.
Snow falls roughly one year in four, but since recording commenced in 1896 it has accumulated to 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) only 7 times. The heaviest snowstorm occurred on January 20-21, 1937, when 1 to 4 inches fell (2 to 10 cm) in parts of the city and did not melt entirely for four days. Another 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) fell on January 20, 1933. On February 2, 1935, 0.5 inches (1 cm) fell. Most recently, 0.4 inches (1 cm) fell on December 21-22, 1990. Snow also fell on March 12, 1917 November 28, 1919, and December 11, 1985.
The city of Phoenix is served by a council-manager form of government. The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon. There is an 8-person city council that represents 8 individual districts in the city of Phoenix.
Phoenix is divided into 15 "urban villages". Their primary purpose is to assist the City Council with zoning and planning ordinances. 14 of the urban villages are:
The 15th remains unnamed; it is listed as "New Village" on the city's Village Planning Committee website [1] (http://phoenix.gov/PLANNING/vpcommtt.html). This village was created in 2004 after the approval of new annexations in extreme northern Maricopa County. The new annexation is sparsely populated (if at all) and new development is not expected in the near future.
Public education in Phoenix if provided by about 30 school districts.
Formerly an agricultural economy dependent mostly on cotton and citrus farming, Phoenix in the last two decades has diversified as rapidly as the population has grown. Many of the area's residents are employed by the state government since Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. Numerous high-tech and telecommunications companies have located in the Valley of the Sun. Arizona State University has enhanced the area's population through education and its growing research capabilities. Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and has a particularly vibrant golf industry.
The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base located in the western suburbs. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had 3 military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams-Gateway Field, with numerous auxillary air fields located throughout the region.
At the census of 2000, there were 1,321,045 people, 465,834 households, and 307,450 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,074/km² (2,782/mi²). There were 495,832 housing units at an average density of 403/km² (1,044/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 71.07% White, 5.10% African American, 2.02% Native American, 2.00% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 16.40% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. 34.06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any country origin.
There were 465,834 households out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.39.
In the city the population age distribution was 28.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $41,207, and the median income for a family was $46,467. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,833. 15.8% of the population and 11.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.0% of those under the age of 18 and 10.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Phoenix is served by several major television stations:
This list is incomplete.
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Phoenix's first publication was the Salt River Valley Herald. It later changed its name to the Phoenix Herald in 1880. By this time, the paper had progressed from a weekly publication to semiweekly.
The city has two major newspapers: The Arizona Republic serves the greater metropolitan area and The East Valley Tribune tends to focus on East Valley issues. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and weeklies such as the Phoenix New Times, Arizona State University's State Press, and the College Times. For 40 years, The Bachelor's Beat, a paid weekly newspaper has covered local politics while selling ads for area strip clubs and escort services.
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For 40 years, The Bachelor's Beat, a paid weekly newspaper has covered local politics while selling ads for area strip clubs and escort services. The Jets lost on a 33 yard field goal by Pittsburgh kicker Jeff Reed, as they fell just short yet again. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and weeklies such as the Phoenix New Times, Arizona State University's State Press, and the College Times. This one sailed wide left, forcing the game into overtime. The city has two major newspapers: The Arizona Republic serves the greater metropolitan area and The East Valley Tribune tends to focus on East Valley issues. Brien was saved by an interception of Pittsburgh quarterback Ben Roethlisberger on the next play, and soon lined up for a 43 yard attempt. By this time, the paper had progressed from a weekly publication to semiweekly. It fell just short. It later changed its name to the Phoenix Herald in 1880. With the score tied at 17-17 late in the fourth quarter, kicker Doug Brien lined up for a 47 yard field goal attempt that would have put the Jets up. Phoenix's first publication was the Salt River Valley Herald. While the offense struggled, producing only a field goal, a punt return and interception return kept the Jets in the game. FM. In the divisional round, the Jets hung tight with the heavily favored Steelers. AM. The game sent the Jets to the divisional round against the 15-1 Pittsburgh Steelers. This list is incomplete.. In a classic bout which was a rematch of week 2 the Jets prevailed with a Doug Brien field goal in overtime. Phoenix is served by several major television stations:. Herm Edwards' team faced the AFC West champion San Diego Chargers in the opening round, a team that featured Pro Bowlers Drew Brees, LaDainian Tomlinson, and Antonio Gates. Out of the total population, 21.0% of those under the age of 18 and 10.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Despite struggling down the stretch, the Jets finished with a 10-6 record and earned a wild card berth. 15.8% of the population and 11.5% of families were below the poverty line. Pennington was healthy again for the start of the 2004 season, and the Jets started the season 5-0 before losing 2 of their next 3. The per capita income for the city was $19,833. The Jets finished 6-10. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. Pennington came back midway through the season, but it was too late. The median income for a household in the city was $41,207, and the median income for a family was $46,467. Testaverde, thought by many on the downside of his career, was forced to take over. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males. The Jets lost several players to free agency in the off-season (mostly to the Washington Redskins), and a pre-season injury to Pennington submarined the Jets in 2003. For every 100 females there were 103.5 males. The Jets cruised through the opening playoff game with a 41-0 blowout of the Indianapolis Colts, but collapsed in the second half against the eventual AFC champion Raiders in the divisional playoff. The median age was 31 years. Pennington threw 22 touchdowns and only 6 interceptions, and a win over the Green Bay Packers in the final week gave them the AFC East title at 9-7. In the city the population age distribution was 28.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. Testaverde was benched early in the season with the team at 1-4, and replaced with Chad Pennington, who proved to be the spark the Jets needed. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.39. The AFC East proved to be even more competitive in 2002, with all four teams in the race well into December. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The results were different in the playoffs, with the Raiders cruising to a 38-24 win. There were 465,834 households out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. The team managed to salvage a wild-card with a 53-yard game-winning field goal against the Oakland Raiders in the final minute, forcing a rematch with the Raiders in the opening playoff game. 34.06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any country origin. Under new coach Herman Edwards, the Jets were streaky through the 2001 season in a highly competitive AFC East. The racial makeup of the city was 71.07% White, 5.10% African American, 2.02% Native American, 2.00% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 16.40% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. Groh resigned after his first season to coach the University of Virginia team. There were 495,832 housing units at an average density of 403/km² (1,044/mi²). It was the highlight of the season, but they only won 3 of their last 9 to finish at 9-7 and out of the playoffs. The population density was 1,074/km² (2,782/mi²). Down 30-7 entering the fourth quarter, the Jets exploded for 30 points in the last 15 minutes, and John Hall kicked the winning field goal in overtime. At the census of 2000, there were 1,321,045 people, 465,834 households, and 307,450 families residing in the city. The Jets won 6 of their first 7 games, capped by the biggest comeback in Monday Night Football history against the Dolphins. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had 3 military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams-Gateway Field, with numerous auxillary air fields located throughout the region. The team finally settled Al Groh to lead the team for the 2000 season. The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base located in the western suburbs. His handpicked successor, Bill Belichick also resigned after one day on the job and ended up taking the job with the Patriots. Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and has a particularly vibrant golf industry. Parcells resigned his coaching position in early 2000 after disagreements with owner Woody Johnson. Numerous high-tech and telecommunications companies have located in the Valley of the Sun. Arizona State University has enhanced the area's population through education and its growing research capabilities. The Jets collapsed to an 8-8 record. Many of the area's residents are employed by the state government since Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. The Jets' hopes for the 1999 season were dashed in their first game against the New England Patriots, when Testaverde injured his Achilles tendon. Formerly an agricultural economy dependent mostly on cotton and citrus farming, Phoenix in the last two decades has diversified as rapidly as the population has grown. Testaverde threw two late interceptions and Denver running back Terrell Davis burned the Jets for 167 yards and a touchdown, and the Broncos won 23-10. Public education in Phoenix if provided by about 30 school districts. New York looked bound for the Super Bowl with a 10-0 lead in the third quarter of the AFC Championship against the Denver Broncos. The new annexation is sparsely populated (if at all) and new development is not expected in the near future. Earning a first-round bye, the Jets survived a scare from the Jacksonville Jaguars in their divisional playoff game, winning 34-24. The 15th remains unnamed; it is listed as "New Village" on the city's Village Planning Committee website [1] (http://phoenix.gov/PLANNING/vpcommtt.html). This village was created in 2004 after the approval of new annexations in extreme northern Maricopa County. The Jets won 10 of their last 11 games and finished the season 12-4. 14 of the urban villages are:. Both paid immediate dividends: Testaverde threw 29 touchdowns, Martin ran for 1287 yards and 8 touchdowns, while both Keyshawn Johnson and Wayne Chrebet had 1000 yards receiving. Their primary purpose is to assist the City Council with zoning and planning ordinances. Parcells grabbed Patriots running back Curtis Martin and Baltimore Ravens quarterback Vinny Testaverde in time for the 1998 season, which turned out to be the most successful for the team since the 1960s. Phoenix is divided into 15 "urban villages". The Jets finished 9-7, but still out of the playoffs. There is an 8-person city council that represents 8 individual districts in the city of Phoenix. Neil O'Donnell, formerly of the Pittsburgh Steelers, threw for 17 touchdowns in his only full year as the Jets' starting quarterback, and Adrian Murrell ran for 1000 yards. The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon. The results were immediate. The city of Phoenix is served by a council-manager form of government. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was picked #1 overall, and New England Patriots coach Bill Parcells abandoned that team to take the Jets' coaching job for the 1997 season. Snow also fell on March 12, 1917 November 28, 1919, and December 11, 1985. The draft picks the Jets received set the stage for a quick turnaround in the late 1990s. Most recently, 0.4 inches (1 cm) fell on December 21-22, 1990. During Kotite's two-year term in New York, the Jets won only four games: a 3-13 record in 1995, and 1-15 in 1996, in both cases the worst in the NFL. Another 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) fell on January 20, 1933. On February 2, 1935, 0.5 inches (1 cm) fell. Carroll was fired after only one season, but his replacement Rich Kotite proved to be even worse. The heaviest snowstorm occurred on January 20-21, 1937, when 1 to 4 inches fell (2 to 10 cm) in parts of the city and did not melt entirely for four days. The play came to be known as "The Fake Spike," and the Jets never recovered, finishing the season 6-10, last place in the AFC East. Snow falls roughly one year in four, but since recording commenced in 1896 it has accumulated to 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) only 7 times. But in a game against the Miami Dolphins, quarterback Dan Marino fooled the Jets into thinking he would spike the ball to stop the clock, then threw the winning touchdown to Mark Ingram for an inprobable victory. Successive winters without any frosts at the airport have been recorded, and the longest period without a freeze stretched from November 23, 1979 to January 31, 1985. Optimism was high for the 1994 season when the Jets started the season 6-5 and played Miami in late November. The earliest frost on record occurred November 3, 1946, and the latest April 4, 1945. Coslet was fired as head coach and replaced by Pete Carroll. Some areas of Phoenix may see frost for a month or more before and after the airport readings. A mid-season winning streak gave Jets fans hope, but they missed the playoffs at 8-8 with a loss to Houston in their final game. At the airport, the mean date of first frost is December 12 and the last is February 7; however, these dates do not represent the city as a whole because the frequency of freezes varies considerably among terrain types and elevations. With the Nagle experiment over, longtime Cincinnati Bengals QB Boomer Esiason joined the team for the 1993 season. Severe thunderstorms—bringing strong winds, large hail, or tornadoes—can occur during any month of the year, but only happen an average of once or twice per year somewhere in the metropolitan area. Remarkably, he walked again within two years. The wind-front creates a haboob, a wall of dust thousands of feet high. Tragedy struck the Jets in November when defensive lineman Dennis Byrd was paralyzed in a game against Kansas City. Blowing dust and sand, which also can restrict visibility, accompany the collapse of monsoonal thunderstorms. Browning Nagle took over O'Brien's starting QB job for the 1992 season, but the Jets disappointed fans again with a 4-12 finish. Fog is observed from time to time during the winter months. In their opening-round playoff game, the Jets fell 17-10 to the Houston Oilers. Winter storms moving inland from the Pacific Ocean occasionally produce significant rains but occur infrequently. They won a wild-card playoff spot by beating the Miami Dolphins on the final weekend of the season. Although thunderstorms occur on occasion during every month of the year, they are most common during the monsoon season from July to mid-September as humid air surges in from the Gulf of California. In 1991, with Brad Baxter having a career-high 11 touchdown receptions, the Jets improved to 8-8. Rain is particularly scarce from April through June. Ken O'Brien was on the downside of his career, and the team finished 6-10. March is the wettest month of the year (1.07 inches or 27 mm). Bruce Coslet, hired to lead the team for the 1990 season, let most of their stars from the 1980s go. The normal annual rainfall at Sky Harbor International Airport is 8.29 inches (211 mm). The team went into a tailspin in 1989, finishing 4-12 and causing the firing of coach Joe Walton. The dry Arizona air makes the hot temperatures more tolerable early in the season; however, the influx of monsoonal moisture has been known to make August in Phoenix almost as humid as summers in the Southeastern United States. Gastineau shocked the team by retiring midway through the 1988 season, one in which the Jets finished 8-7-1, short of a playoff spot in the competitive AFC wild-card race. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time high of 122 °F (50 °C). In 1987 the Jets again stumbled through December, but this time they missed the playoffs with a 6-9 record. In every year except 1911, the temperature has soared to 110 °F (43 °C) or higher. A late comeback by the Cleveland Browns in their divisional playoff matchup led to a double-overtime winning field goal by Mark Moseley that broke Jets' fans hearts. The temperature reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) on an average of 89 days during the year, including most days from early June through early September. Pat Ryan was named the starting quarterback for the playoffs, and they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs handily in the first round. Clear blue skies are typical, with an average of 300 sunny days a year. The team slid through December, losing five straight to finish 10-6. The total area is 0.05% water. Wesley Walker caught 12 touchdowns, with second-year player Al Toon catching 8. 1,229.9 km² (474.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The Jets looked to improve on that mark for the 1986 season, with the team winning 9 straight games to start the season at 10-1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,230.5 km² (475.1 mi²). The Jets made the playoffs with an 11-5 record, but were stunned in the first round by the cinderella New England Patriots. Current development (as of 2005) is pushing rapidly beyond the geographic boundaries to the north and west, south through Pinal County towards Tucson, and beginning to surround the large Salt River and Gila River reservations. In 1985 O'Brien threw 25 touchdowns (seven to Mickey Shuler and five to Wesley Walker) and eight interceptions, and four different rushers combined for 18 touchdowns on the ground. Within the city are the Phoenix Mountains and South Mountains. In addition to a new stadium, Ken O'Brien took over at quarterback; but the team stumbled to the same 7-9 record. The Phoenix metropolitan area is surrounded by the McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White Tank Mountains to the west, the Superstition Mountains far to the east, and the Sierra Estrella to the southwest. In 1984 they moved from Shea Stadium (where they were second fiddle to baseball's New York Mets) to the Meadowlands of East Rutherford, New Jersey (where they played second fiddle to the New York Giants). During periods of increased precipitation such as late 2004/early 2005 its current can become quite strong and regular. Joe Walton was the new coach for the 1983 season, and he led the team to a 7-9 season. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. The Dolphins won 14-0, and Walt Michaels took a job in the short-lived United States Football League. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. In a strike-shortened 1982 season, the Jets finished 6-3 and upset the defending AFC champion Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the playoffs, followed by another upset of the Oakland Raiders in the second round. In the AFC Championship against the rival Miami Dolphins, Richard Todd's reputation of throwing costly interceptions came back to haunt him: he threw three. The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix; it is typical to see the riverbed entirely dry except when unexpected runoff forces the release of water from any of the several dams upriver. A late comeback in their first playoff game, against the Buffalo Bills, was stopped when Todd threw an interception deep in Bills territory in the final minute, and the Jets went home empty-handed. Major retirement communities include Sun Lakes, Sun City, and Sun City West. The community of Ahwatukee is a part of the City of Phoenix itself, but is almost entirely separated from it by South Mountain. Finishing 10-5-1, the team made the playoffs for the first time since 1969 on Richard Todd's 3231 yards passing and 25 touchdowns, most of them to Wesley Walker and Jerome Barkum. The Greater Phoenix area has a population of 3.2 million and includes Mesa, Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Peoria and many smaller communities such as Goodyear, Fountain Hills, Litchfield Park, and Anthem. That 1981 season was the Jets' first winning season since joining the NFL. It lies at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m) in the heart of the Sonoran Desert. Mark Gastineau and Joe Klecko anchored the "New York Sack Exchange" and combined for more than 40 sacks by 1981. Phoenix is located at 33°31'42" North, 112°4'35" West (33.528370°, -112.076300°)1 in the Phoenix Valley or "Valley of the Sun" in central Arizona. One of the Jets' bright spots in the late 1970s was their defensive line. Thousands of citizens have served on various city committees, boards and commissions to assure that major decisions are in the best interest of the people. Todd imploded with a 30-interception season in 1980 and the team went down with him, finishing 4-12 and last in the AFC East. The hallmark of an All-America City is the extent to which its private citizens get involved in the workings of their government. Richard Todd took over under center for the 1979 season and did even better, but the Jets again finished 8-8. Phoenix has been selected four times since 1950 as an All-America City, rare among larger cities. The Jets were rejeuvenated for the 1978 season, with quarterback Matt Robinson throwing for 2000 yards and the team finishing 8-8. The city had 148 miles (238 km) of paved streets and 163 miles (262 km) of unpaved streets, a total of 311 miles (501 km) of streets within the city limits. Namath left the Jets after the 1976 season, playing one year with the Los Angeles Rams before retiring. Walt Michaels was hired for the 1977 season and stayed with the team for six years. In 1950, 105,000 people lived within the city limits and thousands more lived in adjacent communities and depended upon Phoenix for their livelihoods. After a late-season surge to finish 7-7 in 1974, the Jets finished 3-11 each year until 1977. Luke Field, Williams Field and Falcon Field, coupled with the giant ground-training center at Hyder, west of Phoenix, brought thousands of men into Phoenix. The Jets went through three coaches for the next three seasons. Phoenix rapidly turned into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. After another disappointing season in 1973, coach Weeb Ewbank retired. 1940 marked another turning point, as the war changed Phoenix from a farming center to a distribution center. Namath was back for the 1972 season, leading the team to a respectable 7-7. By 1920, Phoenix had a population of 29,053 inhabitants, which by 1930 had grown by 60%, to 48,118. Another injury to Namath before the 1971 season submarined the Jets that year as well, with Bob Davis and Al Woodall leading the team to a 6-8 record. Phoenix began to grow into a young metropolis. In their first season after the merger, Joe Namath broke his wrist in October and had to sit out the rest of the year, with the Jets finishing 4-10. At its present size of 16,500 acres (67 km2), South Mountain Park is the largest metropolitan park in the world, and it entertains 3 million visitors each year. The Jets did not live up to expectations after the AFL and NFL merged in 1970. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge sold 13,000 acres (53 km²) of South Mountain to the city of Phoenix for $17,000. The Jets' first game in the NFL was also the first-ever Monday Night Football game, a 31-21 loss to the Cleveland Browns. Phoenix was one of the first cities in the United States to have this form of city government. This victory showed that the AFL was capable of competing with the NFL. In 1913, Phoenix changed its form of government from mayor-council to council-manager. In the week leading up to Super Bowl III, Namath famously "guaranteed" a victory and the Jets went on to complete one of the greatest upsets in football history by defeating the Colts 16-7. On February 14, 1912, President William Howard Taft approved Arizona's statehood, making Phoenix the state capital. At the time, the AFL was considered to be inferior to the NFL and most people considered the Jets to be heavy underdogs. It created Roosevelt Lake, expanded irrigation of land in the Valley for farming, and increased the water supply for the growing population. They were pitted against the "best team in the NFL", the Baltimore Colts. On May 18, 1911, the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, then the largest masonry dam in the world, began operation. Under Namath's guidance, the Jets rose to the top of the AFL and in 1969 represented that league in the Super Bowl. It functions to this day as the major agency for controlled use of irrigation water in the Valley. In 1965, the Jets signed Alabama quarterback Joe Namath after the NFL passed on Namath in the amateur draft. Valley of the Sun residents were quick to supplement this federal action by organizing the Salt River Valley Waters Users' Association on February 4, 1903, to assure proper management of the precious water supply. When a group including Sonny Werblin bought the team from Harry Wismer in 1963, the team was re-named the New York Jets. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the National Reclamation Act making it possible to build dams on western streams for reclamation purposes. The Jets began as the Titans of New York, a charter member of the American Football League in 1960. This building also provided temporary offices for the territorial government when it moved to Phoenix from Prescott in 1889. The team is also being courted by its current landlord, the New Jersey Sports and Exhibition Authority (NJSEA), to remain in the Meadowlands as part of plans to construct a new Giants Stadium. In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, built where the downtown bus terminal now stands. It would also be the site of Super Bowl XLIV. In recognition of the increased tempo of economic life, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888. The NYSCC West Side Stadium project in NYC, still under consideration, would expected to be the home of the Jets by 2010 if built. Phoenix became a trade center with its products reaching eastern and western markets. The New York Jets are a National Football League team that plays its home games in East Rutherford, New Jersey, but is based on Long Island. Merchandise now flowed into the city by rail instead of wagon. Johnny Johnson. The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events that revolutionized the economy of Phoenix. Johnny "Lam" Jones. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first Mayor. Jeff Lageman. Alsap defeated James D. Dennis Byrd. Phoenix was incorporated with a population of approximately 2,500, and on May 3, 1881, Phoenix held its first city election, in which Judge John T. Pat Leahy. Fremont on February 25, 1881. Aaron Glenn. The 11th Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government. The bill was signed by Governor John C. Marvin Jones. By 1881, Phoenix had outgrown its original townsite-commissioner form of government. Kyle Clifton. The total cost of the Phoenix Townsite of 320 acres (1.3 km2) was $550, including all expenses for services. Wesley Walker. On April 10, 1874, President Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix. Ken O'Brien. Miss Nellie Shaver, a newcomer from Wisconsin, was appointed as the first female schoolteacher in Phoenix. Lance Mehl. By October 1873, a small adobe school building was completed on Center Street (now Central Avenue), a short distance north of where the San Carlos Hotel now stands. Freeman McNeil. The first public school in Phoenix opened on September 5, 1872, in the courtroom of the county building. Sonny Werblin. The first county election in Maricopa County was held in 1871, when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff of Maricopa County. Jim Turner. Maricopa county gave up portions in 1875 and 1881 to help form Pinal and Gila counties, respectively. Al Toon. On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County, the sixth in the state, by dividing Yavapai County. Vinny Testaverde. They recommended the North 1/2 of section 8 Township 1 N., Range 3 E. and that the town be called Phoenix. Bob Talamini. The area was surveyed in 1870 and mass meeting of the citizens of Salt River Valley was held on October 20, 1870, to select a suitable piece of unimproved public land for a town site. Matt Snell. The Phoenix post office was established June 15, 1868, with Jack Swilling as postmaster. Mickey Shuler. The town of Phoenix was officially recognized on May 4, 1868, when the Board of Supervisors of Yavapai County (which at the time encompassed Phoenix), formed an election precinct there. George Sauer. Darrel Duppa recommended the name Phoenix, memorializing the birth of a new civilization from the ruins left by the Hohokam. Paul Rochester. As for the town that was to be built, Swilling, a former Confederate soldier, wanted to name it Stonewall, after Stonewall Jackson; others suggested Salina. Gerry Philbin. It would later become Hellinwg Mill, Mill City, then East Phoenix. Babe Parilli. The area was named Swilling's Mill in his honor. Adrian Murrell. By 1868, he and others from Wickenburg had dug a short canal from the Salt River and founded a small farming colony approximately four miles (6 km) east of the present city (about 22 miles west of Mesa, which was already a city of 1,000 people; and a few miles northwest of a similar farming community at Hayden's Ferry, which would become Tempe). Erik McMillan. All it needed was water. Wahoo McDaniel. He saw farmland, predominantly free of rocks, and beyond the reach of heavy frost or snow. Bill Mathis. He looked down across the expansive Salt River Valley and his eyes caught the rich gleam of the brown, dry soil turned up by the horse's hooves. Ronnie Lott. In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg stopped to rest his horse at the foot of the north slopes of the White Tank Mountains. Mo Lewis. Prolonged drought may have destroyed or displaced them; or, they may be the ancestors of the modern Pima Indians who now live on the Salt River and Gila River reservations, or the Tohono O'odham Indians who live in southern Arizona. Joe Klecko. remains a mystery. Keyshawn Johnson. 1450 A.D. Winston Hill. Their disappearance ca. James Hasty. Their irrigation system comprised some 135 miles (217 km) of canals. Larry Grantham. They were industrious, enterprising, and imaginative. Mark Gastineau. They also lived in the Pueblo Grande ruins between 700 and 1400 A.D. Boomer Esiason. Their name is derived from the Pima (Akimel O'otham) phrase, Ho Ho Kam, "the people who have gone". Verlon Biggs. They were the first to farm there, building an elaborate canal system that brought water from the Salt River. Randy Beverly. The earliest settlers in the Valley of the Sun were the Hohokam people, who lived there as early as 300 BC. 73 Joe Klecko. 'the place is hot') in Navajo (a language spoken in Arizona & New Mexico) and Fiinigis in Western Apache (a language spoken in Arizona). 13 Don Maynard. Phoenix is called Hoodzo (lit. 12 Joe Namath. It is the county seat of Maricopa County and the principal city of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Erik Coleman. Phoenix was incorporated on February 5, 1881. John McGraw. Phoenix is the capital, largest city and largest metropolitan area in the state of Arizona, United States. Eric Barton. U Turn. Jonathan Vilma. Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure. Chad Pennington. Used Cars. Laveranues Coles. The Prophecy. Kevin Mawae. Bad Santa. Curtis Martin. Jerry Maguire. Jay Fiedler. Waiting to Exhale. Wayne Chrebet. Raising Arizona. John Abraham. Psycho. Ronnie Lott. The Gauntlet. John Riggins. Chastity (http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/issues/2005-03-17/film/film.html). Joe Namath. Modem. Don Maynard. Mr. Weeb Ewbank. Frank Lloyd Wright, renowned architect. Felicity Willis. Dot Wilkinson. Danny White, former pro football star. Michele Timms. Tovrea. Edward A. Shannon Smith. Ahmed Santos. Axl Rose. Rick Romley, former Maricopa County attorney. Freddie Roach. Dan Quayle, former US Vice President. Naibe Reynoso. Nicole Powell. Sandra Day O'Connor, US Supreme Court Justice. Brandy Norwood. Leslie Nielsen. Stevie Nicks. Arturo Moreno. Phil Mickelson. Alex Kump. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross. Keating Jr. Charles H. Bil Keane. Randy Johnson. Kevin Johnson. Jenna Jameson. Carl Hayden, former US Senator. Gordon Liddy. G. Jesus Gonzalez. Luis Gonzalez. Barry Goldwater, former US Senator and 1964 presidential candidate. Cotton Fitzsimmons. Terri Fields. Louie Espinoza. Milton Erickson. Hugh Downs. John Dillinger. Joe Diaz. Jose Miguel Cotto. Alice Cooper. Jerry Colangelo, founder of Phoenix Suns and Arizona Diamondbacks. Linda Cobb. Michael Carbajal. Glen Campbell. Yori Boy Campas. Michelle Branch. Danny Bonaduce. Erma Bombeck. Charles Barkley, former basketball player for Phoenix Suns. Bruce Babbitt, former governor of Arizona, and US Interior Secretary. Joe Arpaio, sheriff of Maricopa County. The Tradition, PGA Champions Tour. Standard Register Turquoise Classic, LPGA. FBR Open, PGA TOUR. Insight Bowl at Bank One Ballpark. Fiesta Bowl at Arizona State University's Sun Devil Stadium. Sun Devil Stadium, home of the Arizona State Sun Devils. Phoenix International Raceway, Indy Racing League and NASCAR. Manzanita Speedway, sprint car racing. Glendale Arena, home of the Phoenix Coyotes. Firebird International Raceway, boat racing, drag racing, road course. Bank One Ballpark, home of the Arizona Diamondbacks. America West Arena, home of the Phoenix Suns. Arizona Sting, National Lacrosse League (team plays in Glendale). Arizona Rattlers, Arena Football League. Phoenix Roadrunners, ECHL. Phoenix Coyotes, National Hockey League (team plays in Glendale). Phoenix Mercury, Women's National Basketball Association. Phoenix Suns, National Basketball Association. Arizona Cardinals, National Football League (team plays in Tempe, and is building a stadium in Glendale). Arizona Diamondbacks, Major League Baseball. 107.9 - KMLE - Country. 103.9 - KEDJ - Alternative Rock (The Edge). 103.1 - KCDX-FM- 60s-80s album rock (no DJs, no commercials). 101.5 - KZON - Alternative Rock (The Zone). 100.7 - KSLX - Classic Rock. 97.9 - KUPD - Album Rock (98 KUPD). 96.9 - KMXP - Adult Contemporary. 95.5 - KYOT - Smooth Jazz. 93.3 - KDKB - Album Rock - Mesa. 92.7 / 101.1 KNRJ-FM - Dance/Club Music - Payson. 91.5 - KJZZ - Public Radio: News/Talk days; Jazz: M-F eve; Blues: Sun eve. 89.5 - KBAQ - Classical - Phoenix. 1580 - KMIK - Radio Disney - Mesa. 1510 - KFNN - Finance - Fox - Mesa. 1480 - KPHX - Comedy Radio (via satellite) - Phoenix. 1440 - KAZG - Oldies - Scottsdale. 1400 - KSUN - Regional Mexican Music - Phoenix. 1360 - KPXQ - Religious/Talk - Glendale. 1310 - KXAM - Talk - CNN - Mesa. 1280 - KXEG - Christian - Phoenix. 1230 - KOY - Nostalgia - CNN - Clear Channel. 1190 - KMYL - Talk - NBC - Tolleson. 1150 - KCKY - Spanish Christian - Coolidge. 1100 - KFNX - News/Talk - CNN - - Cave Creek. 1060 - KDUS - Sports - Sporting News - Tempe. 1010 - KXXT - Air America Radio - Tolleson. 960 - KKNT - "The Patriot" - News/Talk Radio - Salem Broadcasting. 910 - KGME - Sports - Clear Channel. 860 - KMVP - Sports - ESPN. 740 - KDIR - Spanish talk (Radio Formula network from Mexico) - Phoenix. 710 - KMIA - Spanish News/Talk (Radiovisa network) - Black Canyon City. 620 - KTAR - News/Talk Radio - ABC. 550 - KFYI - Conservative Talk Radio - Fox - Clear Channel. KASW-61 (WB 6, WB). KPPX-51 (PAX 51, PAX). KDRX-48 (Telemundo). KUTP-45 (UPN 45, UPN). KTVW-33 (Univision). KAZT-27 (AZTV 27 Prescott, Independent). KPAZ-21 (Channel 21, TBN). KNXV-15 (ABC 15, ABC). KPNX-12 (Channel 12, NBC). KSAZ-10 (FOX 10, FOX). KAET-8 (Channel 8, PBS). KPHO-5 (CBS 5, CBS). KTVK-3 (3TV, Independent). The Vanguard Group. Wells Fargo. Wal-Mart. UPS. Industries. Trujillo Corp. Southwest Airlines. Safeway. Shamrock Foods Company (Private). Qwest Communications. Pulte Homes, Inc (Owner of Del Webb). Motorola. Kroger (Parent of Fry's Food). Intel. Morgan Chase (Acquired Bank One). J.P. Honeywell International. General Dynamics. Gannett (Arizona Republic). Freescale (Spin-off of Motorola). Dial Corporation (Owned by Henkel KGaA). Cyclone Commerce Inc. Cox Communications. Boeing. Bashas' Inc (Private). Banner Health Systems (Formerly Samaritan Health System). Bank of America. American Express. Amerco Inc (Parent of U-Haul). Albertsons. Viad Corp. U-Haul. Industries. Trujillo Corp. Three-Five Systems Inc. Taser International Inc. Swift Transportation Co. (Goodyear-based Potato Chip maker). Poore Brothers, Inc. Chang's China Bistro, Inc. P.F. Pinnacle West Capital Corp (Parent Company of APS). Phelps Dodge Corporation. Petsmart Inc. Mobile Mini Inc. MicroChip Technology, Inc. Mesa Air Group Inc. Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp. Knight Transportation Inc. JDA Software Group Inc. Inter-Tel Inc. Insight Enterprises Inc. FINOVA group inc. eFUNDS Corp. Discount Tire Co. The Dial Corporation. Cold Stone Creamery. Best Western. Aztar Corp. Avnet, Inc. Arizona Land Income Corp. Apollo Group Inc. Amkor Technology. America West Airlines. Allied Waste Industries Inc. It has had many students with prestigious distinctions. North Canyon High School is located in the north valley and features an International Baccalaureate program. High schools
Paradise Valley. North Mountain. North Gateway. Maryvale. Laveen. Estrella. Encanto. Desert View. Desert Ridge. Deer Valley. Central City. Camelback East. Alhambra. Ahwatukee Foothills. (2000 census). the eighth-fastest growing metropolitan area in the U.S. (including Washington, DC). the largest capital city by area and population in the U.S. the 14th largest metropolitan area of the United States, with a population of 3,251,876 (2000 census). the sixth-largest city in the U.S., with a population of 1,321,045 (as of the 2000 census); however, according to a 2004 US Census estimation, Phoenix is now the fifth-largest city, surpassing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with 1.5 million people. |